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We report the design, chemical synthesis, and flexizyme-catalyzed transfer RNA (tRNA) acylation of a variety of fluorescent amino acids (FAAs). The fluorescent groups include pyrene, coumarin, nitrobenzoxadiazole, and fluorescein variants. We further demonstrate site-specific incorporation of the FAAs into peptides by the ribosome in vitro through genetic code reprogramming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate in vitro incorporation of cyclic β-amino acids into peptides by the ribosome through genetic code reprogramming. Further, we show that incorporation efficiency can be increased through the addition of elongation factor P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel-based catalysts have been good candidates for steam reforming of methane, but their stability has been restricted due to the agglomeration among particles at high temperature. In the present work, a new type of Ni@SiO2yolk-shell nanoreactor framework comprising Ni cores inside hollow silica shells has been prepared through direct silica coating and subsequent selective etching of the metal cores. This nanoreactor framework is remarkably stable at high temperatures up to 973 K, because the silica hollow shells around the nickel cores essentially block particle sintering. The Ni@SiO2nanoreactor structure is employed as a model catalyst for the steam methane reforming reaction. The catalysts exhibit a continuous conversion rate of methane and hydrogen, and significantly enhanced stability at high temperatures, leading to high recyclability without loss of catalytic activity. These reaction properties are superior to Ni/MCF catalysts, and comparable with state-of-the-art commercial catalysts. This catalyst design can be generalized for other bifunctional systems, such as Co@SiO2and Fe@SiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]