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Herein, we developed a facile method for the synthesis of battery-grade ferric phosphate (FePO 4 ·2H 2 O) using high-pressure hydrolyzed precipitates of cobalt-iron alloy acid solution. The size of the prepared FePO 4 ·2H 2 O samples was about 5-10 μm, and the microstructure of FePO 4 ·2H 2 O was polyhedral. The FePO 4 ·2H 2 O samples exhibited a high Fe/P ratio (1.03) compared with standard ferric phosphate (0.98-1.02), indicating potentially good electrochemical performance. The significance of the current work is that we have developed an effective method for the resource utilization of solid waste containing iron.

Two host-guest Ti-oxide clusters, Ti 14 (NH 4 ) 2 and Ti 14 Cs 2 , were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. They possess a rarely seen biloculate structure that encapsulates two NH 4 + and Cs + guests, respectively. Interestingly, alkali metal cations can exchange places with NH 4 + . The ability of the host to capture the guest cations follows the order Cs + > NH 4 + > Rb + > K + . The guests heavily influence the physiochemical properties and photocatalytic activities of the complexes. Ti 14 Cs 2 exhibits a redshifted visible-light absorption edge, increased charge-separation properties, and enhanced interfacial charge-transfer ability compared to Ti 14 (NH 4 ) 2 . It also demonstrates excellent performance in photocatalytic CO 2 /epoxide cycloaddition reactions regarding the reaction rate, scalability, sunlight usage, catalyst recyclability, and stability. This study presents a novel Ti-oxide-based cage cluster with exchangeable guests and provides insights for enhancing the solar harvesting applications of Ti-oxide cages., Competing Interests: There is no conflict to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Two pairs of chiral enantiomers D/L-Dy(PMP) 3 ·2H 2 O (D-1/L-1) and D/L-Yb(PMP) 3 ·2H 2 O (D-2/L-2) were synthesized by the introduction of enantiomerically pure D/L-PMP (PMP = (phosphonomethyl)proline) ligands into lanthanide coordination chemistry. The chiral characteristics of these products were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction, second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. These complexes are composed of 1D chains constructed from lanthanide ions with a trigonal prismatic coordination geometry and PMP ligands. The assembly of the 1D chains led to the formation of a lanthanide hydrogen-bonded organic framework with 1D water chains filled in the channels. Zero-field slow relaxation of magnetization was detected in L-1, whereas L-2 showed field-induced single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior. Complexes D-1, L-1 and L-2 show proton conductive ability and their conductivity values reach the order of 10 -5 S cm -1 at 90 °C and 98% relative humidity.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated immunogenic cell death (ICD) is crucial in radioimmunotherapy by boosting innate antitumor immunity. However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) often impedes ROS production, limiting the efficacy of radiotherapy. To tackle this challenge, a combination therapy involving radiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been explored to enhance antitumor effects and reprogram the immunosuppressive TME. Here, we introduce a novel PD-L1 aptamer-functionalized nanoradiosensitizer designed to augment radiotherapy by increasing X-ray deposition specifically at the tumor site. This innovative X-ray-activated nanoradiosensitizer, comprising gold-MnO 2 nanoflowers, efficiently enhances ROS generation under single low-dose radiation and repolarizes M2-like macrophages, thereby boosting antitumor immunity. Additionally, the ICB inhibitor BMS-202 synergizes with the PD-L1 aptamer-assisted nanoradiosensitizer to block the PD-L1 receptor, promoting T cell activation. Furthermore, this nanoradiosensitizer exhibits exceptional photothermal conversion efficiency, amplifying the ICD effect. The PD-L1-targeted nanoradiosensitizer effectively inhibits primary tumor growth and eliminates distant tumors, underscoring the potential of this strategy in optimizing both radioimmunotherapy and photothermal therapy.

Cleavage of the C-N bond of a secondary amide could provide alternative access to primary amides; however, this strategy remains challenging due to oxidation resistance of the amide. Herein, we employed the cobalt(II)/Oxone catalytic system, one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), to make it available to break the strong C-N bond of various secondary (sulfon)amides, especially those bearing electron-poor or ortho -substituted N -arenes, en route to desirable primary (sulfon)amides. Control experiments showed that it was probably not the generally-considered persulfate anion radical in the cobalt/peroxymonosulfate (Co/PMS) system but the proposed high-valent cobalt-oxo intermediate that should be the major active species for the initial N-H oxidation of N -aryl amides. In the case of N -alkylated secondary amides, the α-C-H bond, rather than the N-H bond, should be oxidized first by both the reactive radicals and high-valent cobalt-oxo species. This work not only establishes an efficient method for removing the N -substituents of secondary amides at low cost, with readily available and eco-friendly reagents, but also demonstrates further synthetic application and provides more insight into intermediates for metal-based AOPs in environmental remediation.

Chiral organometallic Pt(ii) complexes have been demonstrated to be excellent circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials due to their rich phosphorescence and strong self-assembly characteristics. However, it remains a formidable task to simultaneously achieve high luminance ( L ) and electroluminescence dissymmetry factor ( g EL ) values for circularly polarized electroluminescence (CP-EL) devices of Pt(ii) complex-based emitters. In this study, we carry out a straightforward and efficient protocol to construct highly CPL-active helical columnar () emitters by using chiral homoleptic triazolatoplatinum(ii) metallomesogens ( R / S -HPt). The peripheral flexible groups can not only improve solubility but also favor the induction of chirality and liquid crystal behavior. The resultant complexes R / S -HPt can self-assemble into the mesophase over a broad temperature range (6-358 °C) and exhibit excellent phosphorescence ( Φ : up to 86%), resulting in intense CPL signals after thermal annealing ( λ em = 615 nm and | g em | = 0.051). Using emitting layers (EML) based on R / S -HPt in solution-processed CP-EL devices, L max and | g EL | of CP-EL can reach up to 11 379 cd m -2 and 0.014, respectively. With comprehensive consideration of L max and g EL , this investigation shows the excellent performances among Pt(ii) complex-based CP-EL devices., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Soy isoflavones from soy sauce residues have important biological activities. However, the anti-aging and reproduction-promoting effects of glycitein are still rarely reported. Here, we systematically evaluated and explored the anti-aging and reproduction-promoting effects of glycitein in Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ). Firstly, we analyzed the effects of glycitein on the lifespan under normal and heat stress, reproduction, locomotion, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of C. elegans . The results showed that 100 μmol L -1 glycitein increased the anti-stress ability of nematodes and activated the antioxidant defense system. Secondly, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies were further used to explore in-depth the anti-aging and reproduction-promoting mechanisms of glycitein in C. elegans . The results showed that both differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) including PDE-2 and MSRA-1 and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including skpo-2 and cytochrome P450 ( cyp-35A3 , cyp-35A5 , cyp-35C1 , cyp-35D1 ) were associated with the extension of the lifespan and the exertion of antioxidant capacity. VIT-1, plx-2 , and Y73F8A.35 were related to promoting reproduction. ASP-1, DNJ-10, and abu-1 were related to the anti-stress ability of glycitein. Pathway analysis revealed that the longevity regulation pathway and FOXO signaling pathway were regulated by the changes in genes and proteins to improve the lifespan of the nematode. Moreover, hydrogenase regulation, longevity regulation, and lipid metabolism were regulated by the changes in genes and proteins to promote the reproduction of nematodes. This study not only demonstrates a viable strategy for utilizing soy sauce residues, but also provides a theoretical foundation and developmental insights for the future application of glycitein.

A highly effective and enantioselective vinylogous Mannich reaction between benzothiazolimines and γ-butenolides catalyzed by a quinine based squaramide has been disclosed. A series of chiral benzothiazole amines containing a γ,γ-disubstituted butanolide scaffold bearing an adjacent chiral stereocenter have been successfully obtained in good to excellent yields (up to 91%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) and diastereoselectivities (>20 : 1 dr) with broad substrate generality under mild conditions. The new scaffold integrated with both chiral benzothiazolimine and γ-butenolide moieties may provide a possibility for the development of new pharmaceutical entities.

Delayed fluorescence (DF) is a unique emitting phenomenon of great interest for important applications in organic optoelectronics. In general, DF requires well-separated frontier orbitals, inherently corresponding to charge transfer (CT)-type emitters. However, facilitating intrinsic DF for local excited (LE)-type conjugated emitters remains very challenging. Aiming to overcome this obstacle, we demonstrate a new molecular design strategy with a DF-inactive B,N-multiple resonance (MR) emitter as a model system. Without the necessity of doping with heavy atoms, we synthesized a co-facial dimer in which an excimer-like state (S exc ) was expected to facilitate efficient reverse intersystem crossing (RISC, T 1 → S exc ) and intrinsic DF. Benefiting from greatly enhanced SOC and reduced Δ E ST , the proof-of-concept emitter Np-2CzB exhibited k RISC up to 6.5 × 10 5 s -1 and intrinsic DF with >35% contribution ( Φ DF / Φ F ) in dilute solution. Further investigation indicated that S exc state formation relies on an optimized co-facial distance ( d = ∼4.7 Å), strong inter-chromophore interaction ( J coul > 450 cm -1 ) and a rigid structure ( Γ S 1 →S 0 < 350 cm -1 ). Although our strategy was demonstrated with a B,N-MR emitter, it can be applicable to many LE-type conjugated emitters without intrinsic DF. By triggering potential DF emission, many classic emitters might play a more important role in optoelectronics., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Skin wound infection has become a global clinical problem in recent years. Curcumin (Cur) and polylysine (PLL) are natural products with strong antibacterial properties. However, the poor water solubility and low stability of Cur and the cationic toxicity of PLL limit their application. In this study, we synthesized a macromolecular hyaluronic acid (HA)-curcumin drug (HC) via esterification. HC was attracted by electrostatic interactions with positively charged PLL to form a spherical nanocomplex (HCP) with hyaluronidase (HAase) and pH dual response under ultrasonication. HCP was found to target the bacterial infection microenvironment and release Cur and PLL for synergistic antibacterial action. In addition, HCP was proven to exhibit good biocompatibility and broad spectrum antibacterial activity to bacterial strains S. aureus and E. coli and antibacterial biofilm activities in vitro . In vivo experiments showed that HCP could inhibit pathogens and promote wound healing. These results prove that HCP can be used as a new strategy for the treatment and management of infected wounds.

Vertical flow assay (VFA) is an effective point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tool for widespread application. Nevertheless, the lack of multi-target detection and multi-signal readout capability still remains a challenge. Herein, a brand new VFA scheme for multi-target saliva detection based on electronic tags was proposed, where AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensors modified with different bio-receptors as electronic tags endowed the VFA with multi-target detection capability. In addition, the use of electronic tags instead of optical tags allowed the VFA to simultaneously carry out direct multi-target readouts, which ensure effective POC diagnostics for saliva analysis. Moreover, by integrating a hydrophilically optimized micro-sieve, impurities like sticky filaments, epidermal cells and other large-scale charged particles in saliva were effectively screened, which enabled the direct detection of saliva using AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensors. Glucose, urea, and cortisol were selected to verify the feasibility of the multi-target e-VFA scheme, and the results showed that the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 100 aM. The linear response was demonstrated in the dynamic range of 100 aM to 100 μM, and the specificity, long-term stability and validity of the actual saliva test were also verified. These results demonstrated that the as-proposed e-VFA has potential for application in saliva detection for simultaneous multi-target detection, and it is expected to achieve the real-time detection of more biological targets in saliva.

The rapid emergence of anisotropic collagen fibers in the tissue microenvironment is a critical transition point in late-stage breast cancer. Specifically, the fiber orientation facilitates the likelihood of high-speed tumor cell invasion and metastasis, which pose lethal threats to patients. Thus, based on this transition point, one key issue is how to determine and evaluate efficient combination chemotherapy treatments in late-stage cancer. In this study, we designed a collagen microarray chip containing 241 high-throughput microchambers with embedded metastatic breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231-RFP. By utilizing collagen's unique structure and hydromechanical properties, the chip constructed three-dimensional isotropic and anisotropic collagen fiber structures to emulate the tumor cell microenvironment at early and late stages. We injected different chemotherapeutic drugs into its four channels and obtained composite biochemical concentration profiles. Our results demonstrate that anisotropic collagen fibers promote cell proliferation and migration more than isotropic collagen fibers, suggesting that the geometric arrangement of fibers plays an important role in regulating cell behavior. Moreover, the presence of anisotropic collagen fibers may be a potential factor leading to the poor efficacy of combined chemotherapy in late-stage breast cancer. We investigated the efficacy of various chemotherapy drugs using cell proliferation inhibitors paclitaxel and gemcitabine and tumor cell migration inhibitors 7rh and PP2. To ensure the validity of our findings, we followed a systematic approach that involved testing the inhibitory effects of these drugs. According to our results, the drug combinations' effectiveness could be ordered as follows: paclitaxel + gemcitabine > gemcitabine + 7rh > PP2 + paclitaxel > 7rh + PP2. This study shows that the biomimetic chip system not only facilitates the creation of a realistic in vitro model for examining the cell migration mechanism in late-stage breast cancer but also has the potential to function as an effective tool for future chemotherapy assessment and personalized medicine.

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is one of the most valuable clean energy sources with a rapidly growing requirement in industry and daily life. The direct synthesis of H 2 O 2 from hydrogen and oxygen is considered to be an economical and environmentally friendly manufacturing route to replace the traditional anthraquinone method, although it remains a formidable challenge owing to low H 2 O 2 selectivity and production. Here, we report a catalyst consisting of Pd(111) nanocrystals on TiO 2 modified with single Pt atoms (Pt 1 Pd(111)/TiO 2 ), which displays outstanding reactivity, producing 1921.3 μmol of H 2 O 2 , a H 2 conversion of 62.2% and H 2 O 2 selectivity of 80.3% over 30 min. Kinetic and isotope experiments confirm that the extraordinary catalytic properties are due to stronger H 2 activation (the rate-determining step). DFT calculations confirm that Pt 1 Pd(111) exhibits lower energy barriers for H 2 dissociation and two-step O 2 hydrogenation, but higher energy barriers for side reactions than Pt 1 Pd(100), demonstrating clear facet dependence and resulting in greater selectivity and amount of H 2 O 2 produced., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR-7/8) agonists serve as a promising class of pattern recognition receptors that effectively evoke the innate immune response, making them promising immunomodulatory agents for tumor immunotherapy. However, the uncontrollable administration of TLR-7/8 agonists frequently leads to the occurrence of severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Thus, it is imperative to strategically design tumor-microenvironment-associated biomarkers or exogenous stimuli responsive TLR-7/8 agonists in order to accurately evaluate and activate innate immune responses. No comprehensive elucidation has been documented thus far regarding TLR-7/8 immune agonists that are specifically engineered to enhance immune activation. In this feature article, we provide an overview of the advancements in TLR-7/8 agonists, aiming to enhance the comprehension of their mechanisms and promote the clinical progression through nanomedicine strategies. The current challenges and future directions of cancer immunotherapy are also discussed, with the hope that this work will inspire researchers to explore innovative applications for triggering immune responses through TLR-7/8 agonists.

Mucosal antibodies in the upper respiratory tract are the earliest and most critical responders to prevent respiratory infections, providing an indication for the rapid evaluation of immune protection. Here, we report a microfluidic particle counter that directly visualizes mucosal antibody levels in nasal mucus. The mucosal anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies in nasal secretions first react with magnetic microparticles (MMPs) and polystyrene microparticles (PMPs) that are surface-modified to form a "MMPs-anti-spike RBD IgG-PMPs" complex when RBD is present. After magnetic separation and loading into the microfluidic particle counter, the free PMPs, which are reduced with increasing anti-spike RBD IgG antibody levels, are trapped by a microfluidic particle dam and accumulate in the trapping channel. A sensitive mode [limit of detection (LOD): 14.0 ng mL -1 ; sample-to-answer time: 70 min] and an equipment-free rapid mode (LOD: 37.4 ng mL -1 ; sample-to-answer time: 20 min) were achieved. Eighty-seven nasal secretion (NS) samples from vaccinees were analyzed using our microfluidic particle counter, and the results closely resemble those of the gold-standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analysis shows that higher antibody levels were found in convalescent volunteers compared to noninfected volunteers. Together, we demonstrate a rapid kit that directly indicates immune status, which can guide vaccine strategy for individuals and the government.

Glass microfluidic chips are suitable for coupling with mass spectrometry (MS) due to their flexible design, optical transparency and resistance to organic reagents. However, due to the high hardness and brittleness of glass, there is a lack of simple and feasible technology to manufacture a monolithic nanospray ionization (nESI) emitter on a glass microchip, which hinders its coupling with mass spectrometry. Here, a continuous fluid-assisted etching strategy is proposed to fabricate monolithic three-dimensional (3D) nESI emitters integrated into glass microchips. A continuous fluid of methanol is adopted to protect the inner wall of the channels and the bonding interface of the glass microfluidic chip from being wet-etched, forming sharp 3D nESI emitters. The fabricated 3D nESI emitter can form a stable electrospray plume, resulting in consistent nESI detection of acetylcholine with an RSD of 4.5% within 10 min. The fabricated 3D emitter is integrated on a glass microfluidic chip designed with a T-junction droplet generator, which can realize efficient analysis of acetylcholine in picoliter-volume droplets by nESI-MS. Stability testing of over 20 000 droplets detected by the established system resulted in an RSD of 9.1% over approximately 180 min. The detection of ten neurochemicals in rat cerebrospinal fluid droplets is achieved. The established glass droplet microfluidic chip-MS system exhibits potential for broad applications such as in vivo neurochemical monitoring and single-cell analysis in the future., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Freezing is a serious problem that affects the power, transport, and transmission industries and is a major concern for the national economy and safety. Currently, several engineering de-icing methods, such as thermal, mechanical, and chemical de-icing, have shown problems related to energy consumption, efficiency, and the environment. Superhydrophobic materials have high droplet contact and roll angles, which can reduce the droplet residence and ice adhesion on their surfaces and have unique advantages in the self-cleaning and anti-icing fields. This paper introduces the development of infiltration theory and superhydrophobic materials and their principles of anti-icing and de-icing. Herein, the preparation and coating methods of superhydrophobic materials in applications are summarised, the performance and lifetime issues of superhydrophobic materials in applications are clarified, and the research progress on superhydrophobic materials in different fields is reviewed. Prospects for the application of superhydrophobic materials in electrified railways are also presented. A feasibility study was conducted to solve some of the existing problems of electrified railways, providing a theoretical basis for the development of electrified railways., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Vibrational coherence has attracted considerable research interests because of its potential functions in light harvesting systems. Although positive signs of vibrational coherence in metal nanoclusters have been observed, the underlying mechanism remains to be verified. Here, we demonstrate that robust vibrational coherence with a lifetime of 1 ps can be clearly identified in Ag 44 (SR) 30 core-shell nanoclusters, in which an icosahedral Ag 12 core is well protected by a dodecahedral Ag 20 cage. Ultrafast spectroscopy reveals that two vibrational modes at around 2.4 THz and 1.6 THz, corresponding to the breathing mode and quadrupolar-like mode of the icosahedral Ag 12 core, respectively, are responsible for the generation of vibrational coherence. In addition, the vibrational coherence of Ag 44 has an additional high frequency mode (2.4 THz) when compared with that of Ag 29 , in which there is only one low frequency vibration mode (1.6 THz), and the relatively faster dephasing in two-layer Ag 29 relative to that in Ag 44 further supports the fact that the robust vibrational coherence in Ag 44 is ascribed to its unique matryoshka-like core-shell structure. Our findings not only present unambiguous experimental evidence for a multi-layer core-shell structure protected vibrational coherence under ambient conditions but also offers a practical strategy for the design of highly efficient quantum optoelectronic devices., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Polyphenol hydrogels have garnered widespread attention due to their excellent adhesion, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Gallic acid (GA) is a typical derivative of pyrogallol that is used as a hydrogel crosslinker or bioactive additive and can be used to make multifunctional hydrogels with properties superior to those of widely studied catechol hydrogels. Furthermore, compared to polymeric tannic acid, gallic acid is more suitable for chemical modification, thus broadening its range of applications. This review focuses on multifunctional hydrogels containing GA, aiming to inspire researchers in future biomaterial design. We first revealed the interaction mechanisms between GA molecules and between GA and polymers, analyzed the characteristics GA imparts to hydrogels and compared GA hydrogels with hydrogels containing catechol. Subsequently, in this paper, various methods of integrating GA into hydrogels and the applications of GA in biomedicine are discussed, finally assessing the current limitations and future development potential of GA. In summary, GA, a natural small molecule polyphenol with excellent functionality and diverse interaction modes, has great potential in the field of biomedical hydrogels.

Titanium-oxide clusters (TOCs) are well-defined molecular models for TiO 2 materials and provide the opportunity to study the structure-activity relationships of TiO 2 . Here, we report a new Pb-doped TOC, Ti12Pb2, which resembles a two-layer decker of the {TiTi 6 } structural units of rutile TiO 2 with two Ti 4+ ions replaced by two Pb 2+ ions. Its electronic structure, photoresponse, and photocatalytic performances were investigated and compared with those of the Ti14 cluster, which is isostructural to Ti12Pb2. Our results indicate that Pb 2+ does not affect the electronic structure, but it greatly enhances the photocatalytic activity by improving the charge-separation and interfacial charge-transfer properties of the TOC. The successful synthesis of Ti12Pb2 highlights the roles of closed-shell heterometal ions in the construction of new TOCs. Our mechanism may be an inspiration for understanding the structure-activity relationships of closed-shell heterometal-doped TiO 2 .

Photoactive main-group complexes have been relatively underexplored in photocatalytic applications. Herein, we report a family of indium(III) complexes (In-1-In-4) containing pyridylpyrrolide ligands with different amounts of methyl groups, which all exhibit intense visible-light absorption as well as blue-green emission with nanosecond emission lifetimes and emission quantum yields of 6.7-12.5%. Electrochemical studies and quantum chemical calculations indicate that their (photo-)redox processes involve only ligand-centered events, which efficiently mediate photocatalytic dehalogenation and olefin reduction.

Cortisol hormone imbalances can be detected through non-invasive sweat monitoring using field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors, which provide rapid and sensitive detection. However, challenges like skin compatibility and integration with sweat collection have hindered FET biosensors as wearable sensing platforms. In this study, we present an integrated wearable sticker for real-time cortisol detection based on an extended-gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) combined with a soft bottom substrate and flexible channel for sweat collection. The developed devices exhibit excellent linearity ( R 2 = 0.990) and a high sensitivity of 1.245 μA dec -1 for cortisol sensing from 1 nM to 100 μM in high-ionic-strength solution, with successful cortisol detection demonstrated using authentic human sweat samples. Additionally, the chip's microminiature design effectively reduces bending impact during the wearable process of traditional soft binding sweat sensors. The extendedgate structure design of the HEMT chip enhances both width-to-length ratio and active sensing area, resulting in an exceptionally low detection limit of 100 fM. Futhermore, due to GaN material's inherent stability, this device exhibits long-term stability with sustained performance within a certain attenuation range even after 60 days. These stickers possess small, lightweight, and portable features that enable real-time cortisol detection within 5 minutes through direct sweat collection. The application of this technology holds great potential in the field of personal health management, facilitating users to conveniently monitor their mental and physical conditions.

A ratiometric fluorescent probe ( MeO-CNPPV Pdots ) based on the principle of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was designed for hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) detection. The presence of HOCl can block the energy transfer from CNPPV to MeOTPATBT, resulting in a ratio change in the fluorescence of Pdots ( I 600 nm / I 680 nm ). This strategy provides a valuable paradigm in early RA evaluation.

Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) have gained significant attention as potential antimicrobial agents due to their cytocompatibility and reduced drug resistance. However, AMPs often suffer from low stability due to their vulnerable molecular structure. This study presents a one-pot synthesis method for ellagic acid (EA)-based, flower-like AMPs@EAMP particles, combining the antibacterial properties of EA with AMPs. The resulting particles exhibit an enlarged surface area for the adsorption or embedding of AMPs, enhancing their antibacterial efficacy. Furthermore, in vitro evaluations demonstrate excellent biocompatibility and broad-spectrum activity against bacterial strains including both Gram-positive S. epidermidis and Gram-negative E. coli . In vivo studies indicate AMPs@EAMPs' potential to reconstruct the immune barrier, inhibit pathogens, and reduce inflammation, promoting orderly tissue repair. This innovative synthesis strategy provides a straightforward and effective approach for large-scale production of flower-like AMPs@EAMP particles with remarkable antibacterial properties, addressing the challenges associated with MDR infections.

A polymeric engineering design principle is proposed for the construction of small-sized (∼20 nm) NIR-II AIEgen-doped nanodots (AIEdots) with high brightness and prolonged circulation time in blood vessels. With the utilization of the as-designed NIR-II AIEdots, the successful achievement of high-resolution NIR-II fluorescence imaging of tumor vessels and precise detection of abdominal metastases of ovarian cancer has been attained.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are the promising candidate for energy storage where safety and low cost are the major concerns. However, the uneven and random electrodeposition of Zn has become a serious impediment to the deep recharging of AZIBs. Conventional modifications on zinc substrate can promote homogenous zinc deposition initially, but not sustainably. Here, an oxidized polyacrylonitrile (OPAN) membrane with a conjugated planar structure is proposed as a zinc ion battery separator. This separator can continuously regulate the growth of Zn with (002) texture to inhibit dendrites. In addition, the separator has a fast Zn 2+ ion transfer, which can spontaneously repel SO 4 2- and relieve side reactions. As a result, the Zn-symmetric batteries show cycle lifetime of more than 1300 hours at 1 mA cm -2 and 1 mA h cm -2 //Zn full celled assembled with an OPAN separator had very little decay for 5000 cycles at 2 A g 2 //Zn full celled assembled with an OPAN separator had very little decay for 5000 cycles at 2 A g -1 . This work provides a new method for realizing the continuous and uniform deposition of Zn metals, which also provides a new route for batteries with metallic anodes., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Our previous studies have shown that highly phosphorylated casein phosphopeptides (residues 1-25) P5 could efficiently bind calcium and promote intestinal calcium absorption, and enhanced bone development in rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the phosphorylation structure in P5 on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and its mechanism. P5 was obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and non-phosphorylated peptide P5-0 was obtained by chemical synthesis. Compared with the control group, the proliferation rate of MC3T3-E1 cells treated by P5 was 1.10 times that of P5-0 at 200 μg mL -1 . P5 caused the cell cycle retention of MC3T3-E1 cells in the G2/M phase, while P5-0 had no significant difference in the G2/M phase. MC3T3-E1 cells incubated with P5 showed stronger alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity than with P5-0, suggesting a tendency to promote cellular differentiation. Compared to the P5-0 treatment group, the P5 treatment group at concentrations of 10 μg mL -1 showed significant differences in the mineralization rates ( p < 0.05). P5 significantly upregulated the expressions of Runx2, ALP, ColIα1, and OCN compared with the control group ( p < 0.05). In addition, in silico molecular docking showed that the binding force of the P5-EGFR complex was stronger than that of the P5-0-EGFR complex, which was significantly related to the phosphorylation structure in P5 and might be an important reason for osteoblast proliferation. In conclusion, the phosphorylation structure and amino acid composition in P5 stimulated the osteogenic activity of MC3T3-E1 cells, and could be expected to be a functional food for the prevention of osteoporosis.

In order to realize a sustainable bio-based future, it is essential to fully harness the potential of biomass, including lignin - a readily available biopolymer that ranks second in abundance and serves as a renewable source of aromatics. While lignin has traditionally been used for lower-value applications like fuel and power generation, unlocking its higher-value potential through diverse conversion and upgrading techniques is of paramount importance. This review focuses on the catalytic conversion of lignin, with a specific emphasis on selective depolymerization, a process that not only supports economically and environmentally sustainable biorefineries but also aligns with Green Chemistry principles, mitigating adverse environmental impacts. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive discussion of reaction pathways and mechanisms, including C-O and C-C bond cleavage, among different catalysts. Lastly, we analyze and briefly discuss the prospects of rational catalyst design in biomass valorization., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest in any capacity, i.e., competing or financial., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Although hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a well-known toxic gas, its vital role as a gas transmitter in various physiological and pathological processes of living systems cannot be ignored. Relevant investigations indicate that endogenous H 2 S is involved in the development of ulcerative colitis pathology and is overexpressed in ulcerative colitis, and hence can be considered as an ulcerative colitis biomarker. Herein, an isophorone-xanthene-based NIR fluorescent probe (IX-H 2 S) was constructed to image H 2 S. Owing to its large conjugated structure, the probe exhibits a near-infrared emission wavelength of 770 nm with a large Stokes shift (186 nm). Moreover, IX-H 2 S has excellent selectivity for the detection of H 2 S without interference from other analytes including thiols. In addition, the probe has been successfully applied not only in fluorescence imaging of endogenous and exogenous H 2 S in living cells, but also in imaging of H 2 S in normal and ulcerative colitis mice. Encouraged by the eminent performance, IX-H 2 S is expected to be a potent "assistant" for the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis.

Advanced flexible electronic devices make urgent demand for wearing comfort and data accuracy. Piezoelectric composites exhibit great potential, but mutually constrained mechanical strength and electrical output limit their further applications. Here, we design a gradient PMN-PT/PVDF nanocomposite via a non-equilibrium process integrated with a modified electrospinning and hot-pressing process to modulate the piezoelectric output and mechanical strength. The enhanced piezoelectric output together with the mechanical strength of the gradient structure are verified from both the experimental and simulation results. Ascribed to a unique three-dimensional gradient distribution, the prepared PMN-PT/PVDF nanocomposite exhibits an excellent mechanical strength (830 MPa) and piezoelectric performance (1.08 V), which are substantially higher than those of a randomly dispersed nanocomposite. The enhancement mechanism is revealed in terms of polarization, stress and crystallinity. These results of the gradient structure offer new opportunities to understand the structure-related mechanical and electrical behaviors of a nanocomposite, and support the design of a nanocomposite with overall performance.

The imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity is strongly associated with the development of numerous degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Therefore, monitoring oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in vivo is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and the stability of the organism's internal environment. Here, we present the findings of our study on DQ1, a dual-responsive indicator designed specifically for imaging H 2 O 2 and NAD(P)H, which are critical indicators of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. DQ1 facilitated the colorimetric and fluorescence detection of H 2 O 2 and NAD(P)H in two well-separated channels, exhibiting a detection limit of 1.0 μM for H 2 O 2 and 0.21 nM for NAD(P)H, respectively. Experiments conducted on living cells and zebrafish demonstrated that DQ1 could effectively detect changes in H 2 O 2 and NAD(P)H levels when exposed to exogenous hypoxic conditions and chemical stimuli. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the as-fabricated indicator was investigated in two distinct mouse models: evaluating H 2 O 2 and NAD(P)H levels in myocardial cell dysfunction during acute myocardial infarction and liver tissue damage under trichloroethylene stress conditions. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the levels of the two cardiac biomarkers increase progressively with the development of myocardial infarction, eventually reaching a steady state after 7 days when the damaged cells in the infarcted region become depleted. Moreover, during 14 continuous days of exposure to trichloroethylene, the two biomarkers in liver tissue exhibited a sustained increase, indicating a significant enhancement in intracellular oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity attributed to the mouse liver's robust metabolic capacity. The aforementioned studies underscore the efficacy of DQ1 as a valuable tool for scrutinizing redox states at both the single-cell and biological tissue levels. It presents significant potential for investigating the dynamic alternations in oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity within disease models as the disease progresses, thereby facilitating a more profound comprehension of these processes across various disease models., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

MXenes, two-dimensional nanomaterials, are gaining traction in catalysis and biomedicine. Yet, their oxidation instability poses significant functional constraints. Gaining insight into this oxidation dynamic is pivotal for designing MXenes with tailored functionalities. Herein, we crafted VO x C nanosheets by oxidatively engineering V 4 C 3 MXene. Interestingly, while pristine V 4 C 3 displays pronounced antioxidant behavior, its derived VO x C showcases enhanced peroxidase-like activity, suggesting the crossover between antioxidant and pro-oxidant capability. The mixed valence states and balanced composition of V in VO x C drive the Fenton reaction through multiple pathways to continually generate hydroxyl radicals, which was proposed as the mechanism underlying the peroxidase-like activity. Furthermore, this unique activity rendered VO x C effective in dopamine and glutathione detection. These findings underscore the potential of modulating MXenes' oxidation state to elicit varied catalytic attributes, providing an avenue for the judicious design of MXenes and derivatives for bespoke applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

NIR-fluorescent LCST-type single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) change their photophysical behaviour upon heating, caused by depletion of water from the swollen SCNP interiors. This thermoresponsive effect leads to a fluctuating photoacoustic (PA) signal which can be used as a contrast mechanism for PA imaging.

Two sets of 1D/2D lanthanide coordination polymers with formulas of Ln(oqa) 3 ·2H 2 O [Hoqa = 2-(4-oxoquinolin-1(4 H )-yl) acetic acid, Ln = Dy (1), Yb (2)] and Ln(oaa) 2 (HCOO)(H 2 O) [Hoaa = 2-(9-oxoacridin-10(9 H )-yl) acetic acid, Ln = Dy (3), Yb (4)] have been synthesized and their physical properties were investigated. All four complexes are constructed from seven-coordinate lanthanide ions and corresponding organic linkers. The lanthanide ions in 1 and 2 adopt a pentagonal bipyramid coordination geometry, whereas the coordination geometry of lanthanide ions in 3 and 4 can be described as a capped octahedron. Slow magnetic relaxation behaviors were observed in these four products at a zero/non-zero static magnetic field. Complexes 1, 2 and 4 exhibit the characteristic emission of Ln(III) ions, whereas complex 3 shows ligand-based emission. Bright yellow light emission was also observed when a voltage was applied, demonstrating the potential of 1 for application in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Compounds 3 and 4 are the first examples of lanthanide complexes based on Hoaa ligands.

Using the ab initio molecular metadynamics method, the adsorption of the structure of 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) on the Fe 3 O 4 surface and subsequent detachment of Fe atoms from the surface were simulated, and the dissolution mechanism by which HEDP dissolves Fe 3 O 4 scale at room temperature while other organic acids cannot was elucidated. The adsorbed hydroxyl groups, water and HEDP on the Fe 3 O 4 surface play a synergistic role in detaching the Fe ions, which increases the coordination number of the Fe atoms and weakens the original Fe-O bond strength. In addition, the strong coordination ability and flexible molecular structure of HEDP also facilitate dissolution of Fe 3 O 4 scale by breaking down the chemical bonds and forming Fe-HEDP complexes. The free energy surface for the dissolution reaction shows a low barrier, and the descaling reaction is easily accomplished.

The performance of NiCo 2 O 4 //GO asymmetric supercapacitors was found to decline after many tests. It was found that the performance of the GO electrode was almost unchanged, while the performance of the NiCo 2 O 4 electrode declined rapidly. Therefore, porous spherical NiCo 2 O 4 nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. A NiCo 2 O 4 //GO asymmetric supercapacitor was made, which can be charged and discharged 3000 times in the current density of 10 A g -1 . The surface morphology, crystal structure and elemental composition were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. By comparing the surface morphology, crystal structure and elemental composition of the NiCo 2 O 4 electrode before and after the cycle, it was found that the performance of NiCo 2 O 4 electrode declines rapidly after the cycle due to the formation of new substances and the destruction of the crystal structure of NiCo 2 O 4 electrode. Therefore, maintaining the stability of the crystal structure of the electrode material is an important means to ensure the stability of the performance of the supercapacitor. It provides a meaningful strategy for studying the degradation of supercapacitor electrode materials., Competing Interests: None., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The mechanism of immobilization of heavy metals in the soil using biochar has been studied extensively. However, the decomposition of biochar by biological and abiotic factors can reactivate the immobilized heavy metals in soil. Previous research showed that the addition of biological calcium carbonate (bio-CaCO 3 ) can significantly increase the stability of biochar. However, the influence of bio-CaCO 3 on the ability of biochar to immobilize heavy metals remains unclear. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of bio-CaCO 3 on the use of biochar to immobilize the cationic heavy metal lead and the anionic heavy metal antimony. The addition of bio-CaCO 3 not only significantly improved the passivation ability of Pb and Sb but also reduced their migration in the soil. Mechanistic studies have shown that the reasons for the enhanced ability of biochar to immobilize heavy metals can be summarized in three aspects. First, the introduced inorganic component CaCO 3 can precipitate and exchange ions with lead and antimony. Second, the N element in the organic component of bio-CaCO 3 underwent polycondensation with the organic carbon in biochar to form pyridine N and pyrrole N structures, which can form a strong complex with lead and antimony. Pyridine N complexes more strongly than pyrrole N. Third, bio-CaCO 3 increased the degree of aromatization and the surface π-electron density of biochar, which enhanced the ability of biochar to adsorb heavy metals. This study will provide a new concept for the application of biochar as an amendment to remediate heavy metals in the soil.

In this study, we propose a novel ion formation simulation method for electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmosphere pressure interface (API). In this method, not the sheer particle trajectory, but the evolution of droplets and the offspring of gaseous ions are introduced instead. For the first time, the dynamic droplet-to-ion transformation process in the API of ESI-MS is visualized. The results suggest that this model provides a better understanding of the ion evolution mechanism and we propose a way for mass spectrometer structure optimization and ion source parameter adjustment in new aspects.

Bovine casein hydrolysates (CHs) have demonstrated sleep-promoting activities. However, only few peptides were identified from CHs with sleep-promoting effects. In this work, an in vitro model based on the electrophysiology of brain neurons was established for the evaluation of sleep-promoting effects. Based on this model, four novel peptides were systematically separated from CH. Compared with the control group, the action potential (AP) inhibitory rate of four peptides increased by 38.63%, 340.93%, 233.28%, and 900%, respectively, and the membrane potential (MP) change rate of four peptides increased by 319.78%, 503.09%, 381.22%, and 547.10%, respectively. These results suggested that four peptides have sleep-promoting activities. Furthermore, Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ) sleep behavior results indicated that all the four peptides could significantly increase the total sleep duration, the motionless sleep duration of C. elegans , implying that these four peptides can significantly improve sleep. The LC-MS/MS results showed that the primary structures of these novel peptides were HQGLPQEVLNENLLR (α s1 -CN, f8-22), YKVPQLEIVPNSAEER (α s1 -CN, f104-119), HPIKHQGLPQEVLNENLLR (α s1 -CN, f4-22), and VPQLEIVPNSAEER (α s1 -CN, f106-119). Overall, this study revealed that the four novel sleep-promoting peptides identified were strong candidates as potential functional ingredients in the development of sleep-promoting products.

Targeting the functional groups present in analytes by nanozyme-catalyzed systems is a promising strategy to construct sensitive and selective platforms for the sensing of specific analytes. Herein, various groups (-COOH, -CHO, -OH, and -NH 2 ) on benzene were introduced in an Fe-based nanozyme system with MoS 2 -MIL-101(Fe) as the model peroxidase nanozyme, H 2 O 2 as the oxidizing agent, and TMB as the chromogenic substrate, and the effects of these groups at both a low concentration and high concentration were further investigated. It was found that the hydroxyl group-based substance catechol showed an "on" effect at a low concentration to increase the catalytic rate and enhance the absorbance signal, whereas an "off" effect at a high concentration with a decreased absorbance signal. Based on these results, the "on" mode and "off" mode for the biological molecule dopamine, a type of catechol derivative, were proposed. In the control system, MoS 2 -MIL-101(Fe) catalyzed the decomposition of H 2 O 2 to produce ROS, which further oxidized TMB. In the "on" mode, the hydroxyl groups of dopamine could combine with the Fe(iii) site of the nanozyme to lower its oxidation state, resulting in higher catalytic activity. In the "off" mode, the excess dopamine could consume ROS, which inhibited the catalytic process. Under the optimal conditions, by balancing the "on" and "off" modes, the "on" mode for the detection of dopamine was found to have better sensitivity and selectivity. The LOD was as low as 0.5 nM. This detection platform was successfully applied for the detection of dopamine in human serum with satisfactory recovery. Our results can pave the way for the design of nanozyme sensing systems with sensitivity and selectivity., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials into van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) is regarded as an effective strategy for fabricating multifunctional devices. Herein, the effects of the vertical electric field and biaxial strain on the electronic, optical and transport properties of SeWS (SWSe)/h-BP vdWHs are systematically investigated using density functional theory calculations. The study shows that electric fields and biaxial strain can modulate not only the band gap but also the band alignment to produce multifunctional device applications. The SWSe/h-BP vdWHs can be used as highly efficient 2D exciton solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of up to 20.68%. In addition, the SWSe/h-BP vdWHs present a significant negative differential resistance (NDR) with a peak-to-valley ratio of 1.12 (1.18). The present work may provide a direction for tunable multiple-band alignments in SWSe/h-BP vdWHs and help achieve multifunctional device applications.

Noble metal nanoporous materials hold great potential in the field of catalysis, owing to their high open structures and numerous low coordination surface sites. However, the formation of porous nanoparticles is restricted by particle size. Herein, we utilized a Pt 1 Bi 2 intermetallic nanocatalyst to develop a dealloying approach for preparing nanoparticles with a bi-continuous porous and core-shell structure and proposed a mechanism for the formation of pores. The particle size used to form the porous structure can be <10 nm, which enhances the nanocatalyst's performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This study provides a new understanding of the formation of porous materials via a dealloying approach.

An efficient protocol has been developed herein for the site-selective alkylation of silyl enol ethers with arylsulfonium salts giving access to valuable aryl alkyl thioethers under visible light conditions. Enabled by copper (I) photocatalysis, the C-S bond of arylsulfonium salts can be selectively cleaved to deliver C-centered radicals under mild conditions. This developed method provides a straightforward approach to utilize arylsulfonium salts as sulfur sources for the synthesis of aryl alkyl thioethers.

An NQO1-responsive precursor, named R848-QPA, has been developed to evoke an anti-tumor immune response. R848-QPA can induce innate immune activation when activated by overexpressed NQO1 in the tumor microenvironment while showing lower activity in NQO1-deprived environments. This strategy provides a new method for the development of tumor-microenvironment-responsive prodrugs for antitumor immunotherapy.

1-Oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (OPL), a key structural lipid in the breast milk fat, plays a critical role in providing nutrients and energy for infants. OPL is more abundant in Chinese breast milk fat and might be better for Chinese infants' growth. However, few studies have investigated the effect of OPL on the growth and intestinal health of the organism in early life. OPL-rich oil with 45.77% OPL was prepared by immobilized lipase-catalyzed synthesis and purification. The effects of OPL on the nutritional properties and the regulation of intestinal microbiota in early life were further investigated in vivo ( Micropterus salmoides ). Dietary OPL-rich oil significantly increased the juvenile fish weight gain rate, protein content, and muscular polyunsaturated fatty acids, which in turn markedly altered the muscle texture in springiness and cohesiveness. Dietary OPL-rich oil could also protect intestinal tissues by significantly increasing fish intestinal fold height, mucosal thickness, and intestinal wall thickness. Furthermore, dietary OPL-rich oil regulated intestinal microbiota. Particularly, OPL significantly increased the probiotics ( Cetobacterium&#95;sp014250685 , Streptomyces&#95;mutabilis , Saccharopolyspora&#95;spinosa , and Nocardiopsis&#95;kunsanensis ) and reduced the potential pathogens ( Staphylococcus&#95;nepalensis , Salmonella&#95;enterica , the Candidatus&#95;berkiella ). The structured OPL significantly promoted fish growth and improved nutritional composition due to its higher bioavailability relative to tripalmitate (PPP). Moreover, OPL significantly improved the growth, cholesterol metabolism, and intestinal health than the mixed oil (MO), which was attributed to the higher palmitic acid content in the sn-2 position. Overall, the structure of triacylglycerols and its distribution of fatty acids affected early growth and intestinal health, and OPL was more effective in the improvement of juvenile growth and intestinal health.

Neutral electrosynthesis of H 2 O 2 via the 2e - ORR is necessary. Herein, we report the embedding of transition metal single atoms (TM SAs) in g-C - ORR is necessary. Herein, we report the embedding of transition metal single atoms (TM SAs) in g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets (CNNS). The introduction of TM SAs increases the N-CN content and reduces the C-C/CC content in CNNS, which contributes to the increased selectivity of TM SA/CNNS for the 2e - ORR. TM SA is the main reason for the enhanced activity of the 2e - ORR. Based on the results obtained by replacing a series of TM SA, the Ni 0.10 SA/CNNS with optimal N-CN content exhibited the best selectivity (∼98%) and highest yield of H 2 (∼503 mmol g 2 (∼503 mmol g cat ), which is ∼14.6 times higher than that of CNNS (∼34.4 mmol g -1 h -1 ), which is ∼14.6 times higher than that of CNNS (∼34.4 mmol g cat -1 h -1 ). Other TM SA/CNNS also exhibited high activity and selectivity. This study demonstrates the ability of TM SA to modulate the selectivity and activity of CNNS, making it a promising candidate for the 2e - ORR and providing more reference ideas for the preparation of H 2 O 2 .

The pioneering work on the newly experimentally synthesized biphenylene network C has triggered a worldwide tide of research on its family material counterparts. In this study, a biphenylene network BN structure was theoretically characterized by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Initially, the structure's mechanical and thermal stabilities were evaluated. There were no imaginary frequencies in the phonon dispersion curve, indicating that the structure was mechanically stable. Additionally, the energy barrier for forming a biphenylene network BN structure from perfect pristine 2D h -BN is substantially less than that for forming a biphenylene network C from a perfect graphene sheet, as can be explained from the greater structure distortion in the biphenylene network BN with lower bond stress which thus caused lower energy. The electronic band structure and detailed projected density of states analysis indicated that the biphenylene network BN is a semiconductor with the valence band maximum (VBM) and the conduction band minimum (CBM) states from the p z orbitals of N and B atoms with sp 2 hybridization. Finally, a bilayer structure was also proposed. Our obtained results provide more insights into two-dimensional biphenylene network BN based structures and those family materials which could be widely used in relevant nanoelectronic devices.