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Two non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs indomethacin and mefenamic acid were coordinated to Ru(II)-arenes to afford four new complexes. The cytotoxic activities of the ligands and ruthenium complexes were tested in three human cancer cell lines (K562, A549, MDA-MB-231) and non-tumour human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5) by MTT assay. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that indomethacin Ru(II)-arene complexes 1 and 3 displayed good cytotoxicity and apparent cytoselective profiles. The IC50 values obtained in leukemia K562 cells were comparable to those of cisplatin (10.3 mu M (CDDP), 11.9 mu M (1) and 13.2 mu M (3)). Flow cytometric analysis of 1 and 3 in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells revealed an interesting mechanism of action. At IC50 concentrations, 1 and 3 arrested cell cycle progression in S phase and caused rapid accumulation of cells in sub-G1 phase (up to 48%), while Annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed simultaneous occurrence of apoptotic and necrotic cell populations at approximately similar levels of 20%. Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by DCFH-DA staining confirmed the potential of 1 and 3 to increase ROS even more than cisplatin. The interaction of the complexes with serum albumins showed their potential ability to bind tightly and reversibly to albumins. The affinity of the complexes to calf-thymus DNA was investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, viscosity measurements and fluorescence emission spectroscopy for competitive studies of the complexes with ethidium bromide, revealing that their interaction probably occurs via intercalation. Taken together, the results strongly suggest the potential of complexes 1 and 3 to alter cell cycle progression and cause DNA-damage by means of direct DNA-binding or indirectly by ROS production.

Two non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs indomethacin and mefenamic acid were coordinated to Ru(II)-arenes to afford four new complexes. The cytotoxic activities of the ligands and ruthenium complexes were tested in three human cancer cell lines (K562, A549, MDA-MB-231) and non-tumour human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5) by MTT assay. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that indomethacin Ru(II)-arene complexes 1 and 3 displayed good cytotoxicity and apparent cytoselective profiles. The IC50 values obtained in leukemia K562 cells were comparable to those of cisplatin (10.3 mu M (CDDP), 11.9 mu M (1) and 13.2 mu M (3)). Flow cytometric analysis of 1 and 3 in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells revealed an interesting mechanism of action. At IC50 concentrations, 1 and 3 arrested cell cycle progression in S phase and caused rapid accumulation of cells in sub-G1 phase (up to 48%), while Annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed simultaneous occurrence of apoptotic and necrotic cell populations at approximately similar levels of 20%. Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by DCFH-DA staining confirmed the potential of 1 and 3 to increase ROS even more than cisplatin. The interaction of the complexes with serum albumins showed their potential ability to bind tightly and reversibly to albumins. The affinity of the complexes to calf-thymus DNA was investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, viscosity measurements and fluorescence emission spectroscopy for competitive studies of the complexes with ethidium bromide, revealing that their interaction probably occurs via intercalation. Taken together, the results strongly suggest the potential of complexes 1 and 3 to alter cell cycle progression and cause DNA-damage by means of direct DNA-binding or indirectly by ROS production.

Two non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs indomethacin and mefenamic acid were coordinated to Ru(II)-arenes to afford four new complexes. The cytotoxic activities of the ligands and ruthenium complexes were tested in three human cancer cell lines (K562, A549, MDA-MB-231) and non-tumour human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5) by MTT assay. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that indomethacin Ru(II)-arene complexes 1 and 3 displayed good cytotoxicity and apparent cytoselective profiles. The IC50 values obtained in leukemia K562 cells were comparable to those of cisplatin (10.3 mu M (CDDP), 11.9 mu M (1) and 13.2 mu M (3)). Flow cytometric analysis of 1 and 3 in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells revealed an interesting mechanism of action. At IC50 concentrations, 1 and 3 arrested cell cycle progression in S phase and caused rapid accumulation of cells in sub-G1 phase (up to 48%), while Annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed simultaneous occurrence of apoptotic and necrotic cell populations at approximately similar levels of 20%. Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by DCFH-DA staining confirmed the potential of 1 and 3 to increase ROS even more than cisplatin. The interaction of the complexes with serum albumins showed their potential ability to bind tightly and reversibly to albumins. The affinity of the complexes to calf-thymus DNA was investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, viscosity measurements and fluorescence emission spectroscopy for competitive studies of the complexes with ethidium bromide, revealing that their interaction probably occurs via intercalation. Taken together, the results strongly suggest the potential of complexes 1 and 3 to alter cell cycle progression and cause DNA-damage by means of direct DNA-binding or indirectly by ROS production.

Two non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs indomethacin and mefenamic acid were coordinated to Ru(II)-arenes to afford four new complexes. The cytotoxic activities of the ligands and ruthenium complexes were tested in three human cancer cell lines (K562, A549, MDA-MB-231) and non-tumour human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5) by MTT assay. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that indomethacin Ru(II)-arene complexes 1 and 3 displayed good cytotoxicity and apparent cytoselective profiles. The IC50 values obtained in leukemia K562 cells were comparable to those of cisplatin (10.3 mu M (CDDP), 11.9 mu M (1) and 13.2 mu M (3)). Flow cytometric analysis of 1 and 3 in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells revealed an interesting mechanism of action. At IC50 concentrations, 1 and 3 arrested cell cycle progression in S phase and caused rapid accumulation of cells in sub-G1 phase (up to 48%), while Annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed simultaneous occurrence of apoptotic and necrotic cell populations at approximately similar levels of 20%. Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by DCFH-DA staining confirmed the potential of 1 and 3 to increase ROS even more than cisplatin. The interaction of the complexes with serum albumins showed their potential ability to bind tightly and reversibly to albumins. The affinity of the complexes to calf-thymus DNA was investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, viscosity measurements and fluorescence emission spectroscopy for competitive studies of the complexes with ethidium bromide, revealing that their interaction probably occurs via intercalation. Taken together, the results strongly suggest the potential of complexes 1 and 3 to alter cell cycle progression and cause DNA-damage by means of direct DNA-binding or indirectly by ROS production.

A simple and efficient procedure is described for electrochemical determination of trifluoperazine (TFP), a prominent compound in a large group of phenothiazine derivatives with potent physiological activity. This method is based on the electrochemical oxidation of TFP in Britton-Robinson buffer solution in pH 6 at a boron-doped diamond electrode. Cyclic voltammetry provided a four well defined oxidation peaks at + 0.65, + 0.83, + 1.06 and + 1.35 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl electrode). Differential pulse voltammetry was applied as a very sensitive analytical technique for the determination of micromolar amounts of TFP. Two oxidation peaks on higher potentials were chosen for quantification of TFP. Under optimized conditions, the analytical curves obtained were linear in the TFP concentration range of 1.0 to 37.0 mmol L-1, with a detection limit of 0.7 and 0.6 mmol L-1, respectively. The effect of interfering agents (common urinary compounds) appeared to be negligible confirming the favourable selectivity of the method. The proposed method was analytically applied by determination of trifluoperazine content in model human urine samples with good accuracy (recoveries varied from 97% to 104%). The developed approach could be beneficial in analysis of TFP in biological samples using a boron-doped diamond electrode as an up-to-date electrochemical sensor and could represent an inexpensive analytical alternative to separation methods.

A simple and efficient procedure is described for electrochemical determination of trifluoperazine (TFP), a prominent compound in a large group of phenothiazine derivatives with potent physiological activity. This method is based on the electrochemical oxidation of TFP in Britton-Robinson buffer solution in pH 6 at a boron-doped diamond electrode. Cyclic voltammetry provided a four well defined oxidation peaks at + 0.65, + 0.83, + 1.06 and + 1.35 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl electrode). Differential pulse voltammetry was applied as a very sensitive analytical technique for the determination of micromolar amounts of TFP. Two oxidation peaks on higher potentials were chosen for quantification of TFP. Under optimized conditions, the analytical curves obtained were linear in the TFP concentration range of 1.0 to 37.0 mmol L-1, with a detection limit of 0.7 and 0.6 mmol L-1, respectively. The effect of interfering agents (common urinary compounds) appeared to be negligible confirming the favourable selectivity of the method. The proposed method was analytically applied by determination of trifluoperazine content in model human urine samples with good accuracy (recoveries varied from 97% to 104%). The developed approach could be beneficial in analysis of TFP in biological samples using a boron-doped diamond electrode as an up-to-date electrochemical sensor and could represent an inexpensive analytical alternative to separation methods.