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This chapter explores how superhero costumes are translated from the printed page to the screen in three ways. First, to provide sociocultural and historical context, the early history of comic book costuming is considered, including the role of broader cultural influences, material technologies, and live action media adaptations. Second, extensive interview excerpts are used to highlight the issues and challenges of translating between in-print and on-screen costuming, including more recent barrier-breaking superhero movies such as Captain Marvel and Black Panther. Third and finally, the relationship between print and screen superhero costumes as opposite sides of the coin are explored using two contrasting case studies, with the long-term continuity in Superman’s costuming on one side, compared to the ongoing changes and variability in Catwoman’s costuming on the other.

The societies and cultures of Britain have been subject to cultural influences as far back as we have evidence; almost as soon as there was a channel between the landmasses that were to become the island of Britain and the European continent, there was cross-Channel traffic, translocation, transport, and trade. During the medieval and early modern periods, virtually every aspect of human life was affected by the interactions between Britain and its neighbours. Contacts and exchange across political and cultural boundaries can assume many different shapes on many different levels, from simple personal encounters to culture and society through the transfer of new trade goods, ideas, texts, religions, or languages, or indeed populations, and with some effects benefitting and some harmful to one or the other parties. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book.

The explosion of interest in international professional communication represents one of the most dramatic developments in the fields of business and technical communication over the past decade. Everyone who studies international professional communication agrees that cultural factors are likely to influence how members of that culture communicate. Considering the variety of cultures to which individuals simultaneously belong, any study of cultural influence entails a critical choice about where to situate the analysis. Positing the acquisition of knowledge about a culture as the condition for understanding international professional communication distorts the relation between culture and professional communication. The goal of learning as much as possible about cultures risks establishing culture as the researcher’s object of study, instead of recalling that cultural factors are of interest to professional communicators only to the extent that they illuminate communicative practices. Professional communication textbooks typically acknowledge the tension between cultural generalizations and individual communications.

The chapter discusses therapists’ common schemas and modes and the ways they may hinder the therapy process, relationship and outcome if they remain unacknowledged and untreated. The Detached Protector, for example, can prevent a therapist from being in touch with their own pain and, at the same time, it may not ‘allow’ the patient’s pain to surface and heal. Therapists’ schemas and modes are often manifested in training and supervision with similar effect. Illustrations based on the authors’ experience as therapists, trainers and supervisors are used to demonstrate potential problems that may arise in the therapy process. The chapter also explores the impact of cultural issues and adverse life circumstances on therapists’ schemas and modes. Using specific examples drawn from the authors’ cultural backgrounds, the challenge of sameness of cultural influences and life circumstances for the therapeutic dyad is explored. Therapist self-care focuses on enhancing awareness of existing patterns and their impact on the self and the therapy relationship. Ways of healing maladaptive patterns so that the therapists’ needs are better met are discussed. Specific suggestions about strategies that therapists can employ are proposed.

In this chapter, the authors seek to highlight the critical role of cosmopolitan leaders in promoting cultural inclusion in global organizations through mediating and reconciling the tensions between various cultural influences and between the individual and the group. Thus, our focus is on the role of cosmopolitan leaders in creating a work climate that fosters a sense of belonging among culturally diverse employees while concomitantly promoting their sense of individual uniqueness and mediating the apparent contradictions between various cultural influences and between group membership and self-identity. The authors discuss the concepts of inclusion and inclusive leadership. We then explore the role of cosmopolitan leaders in fostering inclusion in global organizations. Finally, the authors discuss the implications for practice and offer brief conclusions. The growing recognition of the significance of inclusion has led to the proliferation of different and conflicting definitions and perspectives in the literature.

Our research in teacher education and our practice as teachers has led us to wonder how teacher identity develops. Here, we explore contextual factors which elicit differing and possibly contradictory teacher identities. We explore the multidimensional, multilayered and dynamic nature of teacher identity by interweaving theories with stories of our own and other people’s experience. We illuminate historical, sociological, psychological and cultural influences which shape teacher identity and endeavor to understand factors which influence the continuous process of teacher identity. We also describe some of the common tensions within individuals as well as between individual and group identities as teachers.

The Secretary of State’s decision to initiate discussions on a National Curriculum for mathematics followed from the debate started by the Cockcroft report some seven years earlier and contributed to by subsequent Her Majesty’s Inspectorate papers. The National Curriculum for mathematics is statutorily defined in orders published by the Department of Education and Science. Much of what pupils are expected to experience through Ma1 is not easily instigated and developed through the written word. Pupils can be exhorted by the text to discuss a problem, to work in a team or to develop their own line of enquiry but only a teacher can systematically monitor, develop and extend such discussions. A distinction must also be made between the mathematics education of pupils which recognize the many cultural influences which shaped the discipline and educating pupils, through using mathematics, to enable them to take their place within a society which is multicultural.

This chapter investigates the global diffusion of musical modernism, studying its adoption and development in four different countries – Argentina, Mexico, Finland and Japan – from a comparative perspective. In this way, I uncover specificities but also underlying commonalities in the ways different national and regional cultures responded to the challenges posed by musical modernity. Adopting the perspective of critical cosmopolitanism, I argue that cultural influence was at least partly reciprocal: not only were distant musical cultures affected by modernist music, but modernism at the centre would not have become what it did without its encounters with others in far-flung corners of the globe.

African football players have long sought out professional careers beyond their national borders in their pursuit of economic livelihoods and wider aspirations in their personal, familial and professional life trajectories. In the midst of the advance of wider neoliberal policies, which have constrained economic opportunities, football has increasingly come to represent a source of hope and aspiration in the imaginaries of male African youth. This chapter identifies and accounts for the multifarious nature of the factors that impact on the decision-making and career trajectories of those who both aspire to and are able to enact transnational mobility through football. It does so by assessing the big picture, macro-level dynamics that contour the out-migration of African football labour. But it also explores more localised cultural influences that feed into the micro- and meso-level construction of football, and transnational mobility through football, as pivotal to the life projects of young African players. While the focus is on Ghana, the conclusions shed light on how football migration and the aspirations for mobility through football are formed, negotiated and navigated across West Africa.

The deeper roots of Japanese population, ecological adaptation, and cultural tradition are much older, however—on current evidence reaching back to the Upper Paleolithic, about 35,000 years ago. This chapter begins with these antecedent people and traditions, describing how their huntingfishing-gathering lifeways persisted over thousands of years. It then focuses on the story of how the unique people and culture we know today came into being on Japanese soil in fairly recent times. In Late and Final Jomon times, the Jomon communities of northern Japan persisted and continued to elaborate their ceramic, artistic, social, and ceremonial productions in distinctive ways. During southern Japan's Final Jomon period, new cultural influences emanating from Korea were beginning to be felt in Kyushu. The pervasive physical presence and sheer number of Japan's kofun-period mounded tombs, and not least their often rich contents, impressively demonstrate the wealth and power enjoyed by the aristocratic families that buried their leaders in them.

There has been considerable interest in examining the educational potential of playing video games. One crucial element, however, has traditionally been left out of these discussions—namely, children's learning through making their own games. In this article, we review and synthesize 55 studies from the last decade on making games and learning. We found that the majority of studies focused on teaching coding and academic content through game making, and that few studies explicitly examined the roles of collaboration and identity in the game making process. We argue that future discussions of serious gaming ought to be more inclusive of constructionist approaches to realize the full potential of serious gaming. Making games, we contend, not only more genuinely introduces children to a range of technical skills but also better connects them to each other, addressing the persistent issues of access and diversity present in traditional digital gaming cultures.

"Bribery, cheating, violence, and killing" — no, this is not the content of the local police blotter, it's the sports pages of the San Francisco Chronicle. Certainly, cultural influences within different sports and their unique sporting cultures are important in looking at biopsychosocial factors leading to psychopathology within individual athletes in specific sports. Business and politics are deeply affected by sports culture, because they too involve aggressive competition that takes place within rules designed to limit the brutality of the conflict. Both business and politics are replete with sports metaphors and sports-inspired conduct. To summarize, it's time for sports elites to send a stronger message. Sports will continue to be the paradigm for many forms of competition in our lives, so the authors have to set a higher bar. The message needs to be that, while winning matters, fair play matters even more.

This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund. This paper reports findings from a longitudinal case study (2005–2011) of a merger between an Austrian and a German energy provider. I develop a model of socio-cultural integration processes based on an analysis of critical incidents expressed in 71 problem-centred interviews and observations with acquired and acquiring employees at four different points of time: immediately before the takeover and during the first negotiation talks, and one, three and six years after the takeover. The findings suggest that the relationship between national and organizational cultural differences and M&A outcomes is mediated by socio-cultural integration processes defined in terms of the formation of interpersonal relationships, trust and shared identity. Based on these findings I formulate specific propositions and build an evidence-based model of M&A socio-cultural integration processes that guides future research and practice.

This chapter addresses the issue of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a potential mental health concern for victims of human trafficking. It considers that current PTSD diagnostic criteria reflect Western culture and worldview, limiting the understanding of the impact of cultural influences on the experience of trauma, specifically with regard to trafficking victims from non-Western societies. But while the Trafficking Victims Protection Act makes clear that all the risk factors for severe PTSD are present in the human trafficking experience, the mitigating factors that might help prevent the long-term mental health consequences, such as family and social supports, are generally absent. Neurobiological findings show that trauma entails a fundamental dysregulation of arousal modulation at the brain stem level. Traumatized victims suffer from baseline autonomic hyperarousal and lower resting heart rate compared to controls, suggesting that they have increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic tone.

Bringing together many of the biggest names in the study of media and sport, this powerful new collection examines how the media influences our understanding of the world’s most important sports events. It sheds new light on how these events have been changed by, and have used, media to extend their brands and wield cultural influence. Focusing on the central concept of ‘mediatization’ – the infusion of a media logic across all spheres of contemporary life – the book presents original case studies of major events including the Olympics, the World Cup, Masters golf, Tour de France, the Super Bowl, the World Series and Wimbledon. This is a seminal work in the media, sport and cultural studies.

The current research explores young adults’ beliefs, awareness and understanding surrounding help-seeking behaviour in relation to barriers preventing access to counselling support. The literature ...

As more than 30 million Latin American transnational migrants (IOM 2008; Durand 2009, 35) carve out “new forms of dwelling and circulating” in the world (Clifford 1988), they bring their cultural influences and representations to bear on local-global exchanges, including participation in transnational music scenes. This chapter centers on the growing number of Latin American indigenous ethnic migrant communities that have found a cultural niche in musical production and performance abroad. Specifically, I focus on the participation of a group of Otavalans or Otavalenos, a Quichua ethnic community from northern Andean Ecuador, in the transnational Andean music scene in Japan. I analyze here the unique ways by which a group known as Sisay-one of several Andean music groups performing in Japan-contributes to this music scene abroad, redefining it in important ways. Beyond the context of Andean musicians in Japan, I show how Sisay’s performance practices aim to include Japanese audiences as active participants in the musical experience and the Andean music scene abroad.

This paper analyses how and why cultural diversity is relevant to children with speech and language difficulties and the professionals who work with them. The relevance of various aspects of culture including the development of communication skills, language socialisation, adult-child interaction, child care, attitudes, beliefs, and the epidemiology of speech and language difficulties is described and illustrated with examples from the literature in a number of fields. The author encourages all professionals who work with children who have speech and language difficulties to increase their cultural awareness and for training establishments to consider how they may contribute to raising cultural awareness. Further research is needed in this area. A further challenge is to consider whether and how practice should be adapted to take account of cultural diversity.

Spirituality, Loss, and Grief Ethnicity and Culture Varied Experience: Gender, Development, Class, and Cultural Influences on Grief Making Sense Out of Loss Conclusion

With over forty chapters, written by leading scholars, this comprehensive volume represents the best work in America, Europe, and Asia. Geographical diversity of the authors is reflected in the different perspectives devoted to the subject, and all major disciplinary developments are covered.There are also sections concerning the countries that have made the most significant contributions, the relationship between science and industry, the importance of instrumentation, and the cultural influence of scientific modes of thought. Students and professionals will come to appreciate how, and why, science has developed - as with any other human activity, it is subject to the dynamics of society and politics.

Names We Call Home is a ground-breaking collection of essays which articulate the dynamics of racial identity in contemporary society. The first volume of its kind, Names We Call Home offers autobiographical essays, poetry, and interviews to highlight the historical, social, and cultural influences that inform racial identity and make possible resistance to myriad forms of injustice.

The aim of this paper is to examine inclusive education in multicultural contexts from an interaction networks perspective. The paper is based on the idea that inclusive education can be better understood by studying how native and nonnative students interact, and what kinds of networks they establish in school. To do so, we assume two premises: (a) class-group dynamics can have a socially inclusive impact and (b) the composition of classroom social networks often plays a significant role in educational achievement, especially in classes with students with different cultural backgrounds. Starting from these premises, we firstly discuss the relevance of research and theory on social and personal networks regarding both social inclusion and academic performance. We subsequently review recent literature on 'social support' as a factor that is directly related to the inclusion of minority cultural groups in school. We then discuss the importance of the relationships developed among them and their influence on academic performance. School relationships student networks in and out of school and classroom dynamics can be developed and shaped in many different ways and across numerous opportunities to enhance educational performance in inclusive multicultural environments.

To understand the complex relationship between curriculum materials and the practices they facilitate, consider an example from jazz. The song Take the A Train, written by Billy Strayhorn, was the signature tune of the Duke Ellington Orchestra, and was performed by countless others. If we compare Duke’s rendition to one by Ella Fitzgerald, we have little difficulty identifying each rendition as being the same song. Yet, despite their essential similarities, the songs sound distinctly different. (The same can often be said for two renditions by the same artist.) We can examine some of the sources of this variation – ranging from obvious differences such as instruments used to less obvious ones such as cultural influences, contextual factors, and stylistic preferences. But it is also the case that, although performers use pre-rendered scores as foundations to support their practice, a great deal of the creative work takes place during the performance.

Culture influences every aspect of life. It defines who we are as human beings. Culture has multiple dimensions that intersect in time and space with common and distinct manifestations for individuals, groups and societies. Culture is a paradox-as its many dimensions remain constant yet others evolve and change-and it is both learned and unlearned. This chapter explores the cultural influences on child development during the middle years from ages 5 to 13. It is hypothesized that providers of behavioral health services must have a solid understanding of the multiple dimensions and dynamics of culture for this age group and that the efficacy of any evidence-based approaches to prevention and treatment must be implemented within the cultural contexts of children, their families and communities.

Language brokering describes the task in an intercultural language event undertaken by children in families with one or two non-national languaged parents or caregivers. This paper examines the complex issues involved in being a language broker and explores these as they apply to a group of adolescents in Chinese families in the UK. The findings show that for these children the language brokering activities they undertake are not only complex and demanding, but make a significant economic contribution to family life.

The great strength of attachment theory in guiding research is that it focuses on a basic system of behavior – the attachment system – that is biologically rooted and thus species-characteristic. This implies a search for basic processes of functioning universal in human nature, despite differences attributable to genetic constitution, cultural influences, and individual experience. Substantial progress has been made toward understanding what are the basic developmental processes relevant to attachment in infancy; now research is needed to find out what they are throughout later phases of development. That is the first major concern of this chapter.

Political Change in South-East Asia takes up the debate between those who resist the pressure for democracy and point to unchanging 'Asian' values, and those who believe that the appeal of democracy is universal. The author examines the case for both sides and concludes that the strong state will be a fixture of South-East Asian politics for some considerable time to come. Increasingly close links between the ten states of South-East Asia are likely to reinforce perceptions of a common culture and in the end put up more effective defences against external cultural influence.