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This short film introduces students to the concept of two generations in the Romantic period. It considers why this might be the case for this period of literature when it is not for others, proposing three reasons: the relative brevity of the period, the effect of a period of war followed by peace, the division of major male writers into these two groups. The second half of the film then focusses on the First Generation and the contemporary concept of “the Lake School”. This relates primarily to William Wordsworth and his decision to write in withdrawal from the world in the North of England. Core principles of British Romanticism are articulated by him – that poetry is of the people and in the language of the people and that it is fundamentally expressive. Wordsworth was joined in the lakes by Coleridge and Southey, allowing these poets to be called “The Lake School”. However, these principles were not universally accepted and Francis Jeffrey (editor of The Edinburgh Review) took every opportunity to attack them.

This chapter is about surveys and retrospective reports as measurement tools for learning strategies and strategic processing. It starts with a historical overview of the first generation of surveys and self-report inventories in the area of student learning strategies from the early 1970s onward. The emergence of research on metacognition in the mid-1980s gave rise to the development of a second generation of student learning strategy instruments, broader in nature and including metacognition as a central concept. Two widely used instruments will be discussed. The chapter continues with very recent developments in this area, characterized by new instruments, new measurement and analytical techniques, and the inclusion of new populations and contexts including teachers’ learning. This is followed by a critical discussion of the domains of applicability and limitations of inventories and questionnaires on learning strategies. The chapter closes with a discussion of future directions for research and implications for practice.

This book describes the history of machizukuri and how the term has evolved to acquire its current meaning. From the 1960s to the 1970s, machizukuri rose as an opposed force to traditional urban planning. This chapter describes the gradual accumulation of experiences, which became the first foundation for contemporary machizukuri. The first generation of practice originated in anti-kogai (pollution and public nuisance) movements, from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. In this context, machizukuri was promoted through coordination of residents, local governments, and experts, who developed formal participatory methods and systems to face diverse social and urban problems. At the time, the word “machizukuri” also embraced the different actions that originated independently from a particular district or area aiming at rebuilding democracy within the Japanese cultural background. Here, the development of principles, justified goals and methods, democratic systems, and procedures that could consolidate such novel initiatives was of utmost importance for the first machizukuri generation.

Sitting in the silent Reading Room of the British Library, nestled between two diligent and well-seasoned scholars, the author plunged into the pile of rare books that she had just ordered at the circulation desk. The pile of books in front of the author was an odd amalgamation of materials that she had felt initially drawn to read. Published at the beginning of the Quaker movement, they were primarily accounts of the earliest Meetings for Worship, as described by Friends and non-Friends alike. Melvin Endy introduced the author to Fox’s ‘Book of Miracles’, a record of all the hands-on healings the founder and other Friends performed as they walked in the footsteps of Christ. George Fox had preached that he and all Friends must know their faith ‘experimentally’: that is, first-hand, experientially and viscerally. The knowledge the author had gained on Firbank Fell was not intellectual at all; rather, it had penetrated deep into her flesh.

This chapter examines the religious Right in Pakistan and its evolution in the political process, as it is in the backdrop of the rise of the obscurantist forces that the religious women's groups can be best understood. It attempts to identify the "fundamentalist" women, their background, the needs and dynamics of their ideology, and the other less known mechanisms initiated to spread and consolidate the obscurantist right. The struggle for women's rights in Pakistan has been one of consistent opposition from the religious-orthodox quarters. The rise of the religious Right in Pakistan is closely linked with the peculiar nature of political development in the country. The social base of the Jamaat-e-Islami is the newly urbanized, upwardly mobile classes of Pakistan's expanding cities. Like men, women who believe in the ideology of the religious Right are first generation educated women who have for the first time entered universities and professional institutions and are working outside the home.

Foreign direct investment in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is on the increase following the implementation of the open-door policy in 1978, and the establishment of the four Special Economic Zones, supplemented in 1984 by the opening of 14 coastal cities, namely Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingtao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang and Baihai. Zhejiang Province began setting up overseas non-trade enterprises in 1982. Up to 1991, there were 29 overseas production enterprises approved by the Zhejiang Provincial Government. During the first six months of 1992, Tianjin approved 15 overseas enterprises, more than half of which are in the former Soviet Union. The first generation of enterprises in Hong Kong was set up before the Communist Party took over China in 1949. Among them were the China Resources Co., the China Merchants Steam Navigation Co. and the Hong Kong branches of the Bank of China.

The present research deals with the investigation of code-switching in three Italian communities in the UK, Bedford, Cambridge, and Peterborough. We focus on the use of three language varieties (Italian dialect, Standard Italian, English) in the speech of first generation Italian migrants. The chapter aims at the investigation of the functional aspects of code-switching, which has been considered as a strategy that speakers have to build up and expresses their own identities. Our research perspective is interactional sociolinguistic in the opinion that both the sociolinguistic contexts and the historical background are a set of unavoidable conditions for understanding the structural features of the languages in contact and the identities speakers play with

Offering a critique of “first generation” research on China–Africa relations for paying disproportionate attention to the Chinese side, this chapter examines agency in Kenya–China relations. By shifting the focus to Kenya, and multiple scales of reference, it explores governance as the locus where different forms of agency are found and exercised. The Chinese role in Kenya is bound up in different types, and levels, of domestic politics. Treating agency as the negotiation of governance offers a better means to understand actual dynamics in Kenya–China relations. It unpacks governance processes by examining how Kenyan actors mobilise and negotiate interests and resources, and whether they do so according to existing norms of practice, thus fitting the Chinese into pre-existing frameworks, or whether they deviate from such procedural and normative standards, either for short-term self-interest or to renew obsolete systems of governance. Such an analysis of different Kenyan layers of engagement with China provides a lens through which to approach other African cases.

This chapter reflects the direction and evolution of my scholarly endeavors as a sociologist of more than four decades in the field of aging and thoughts on the future direction and challenges for the field. My perspective is located within two frameworks of active debate: the sociology of knowledge(s) (Gouldner, 1970) and public sociology (Burawoy, 2005). I ground the more abstract argument about critical gerontology with references to my own biography, including experiences in my own family, in my career as a graduate student, and, ultimately, in my varied professional career. It is consistent with the sociological imagination, and with feminist epistemologies, that we connect our personal and public words.

“Little Italies exist no more.” So say some people. But others say they never really existed. And others, instead, claim that that they still exist; that they have reemerged with more life than ever, although in a different form. (See Color Plates 22 and 23.) Some say that Italian Americans used to be embarrassed by Little Italies. Yet it is also probably true that the continuing existence of Little Italies was reassuring, not only for the Italian immigrants of the first generation who lived there, but also for the successive generations that abandoned them for more comfortable surroundings. Indeed there are people today who are proud to promote their survival.

Born into a Quaker family in rural Cattaraugus County of upstate New York in 1854, Anna Botsford Comstock lived until she was three years old in a log cabin which she remembers well enough to describe in her autobiography, The Comstocks of Cornell. An educated female neighbour, Mrs. Ann French Allen, was an important influence in directing Anna Botsford towards higher education. Anna Comstock experienced the natural world in emotional terms and felt a sense of personal relationship and responsibility to living things around her. Comstock also faced sexist societal barriers as a member of the first generation of American women with university educations. During her Cornell career, Comstock worked with other founders of the nature-study movement. She called Wilbur Samuel Jackman of Chicago the father of nature-study. She also believed nature was a nurse for human health, an elixir of youth for the teacher, and a cure for problems of school discipline.

The international Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) is currently supplementing ISO 14001, the standard on environmental management systems, with a number of guidance documents. This chapter analyses the ISO 14031 guidelines and provides a description of the guidelines. It examines their strengths and weaknesses and positions them in terms of a three-generational model of environmental performance evaluation (EPE). The ISO 14031 guidelines can be seen as reflecting the experience of first-generation and, to some degree, second-generation approaches. The first generation of EPE comprises companies whose environmental policies are mainly reactive. Second-generation EPE is influenced by total quality management. The chapter provides a 'diamond' model to position different types of 'third-generation' indicator. The central feature of ISO 14031 is a definition and detailed discussion of three basic types of indicator that can be used to support environmental management. They are environmental condition indicators, operational performance indicators, and management performance indicators.

This chapter presents research conducted within the framework of Critical Discourse Studies (CDS), which deals with political issues of various kinds, exploring how it draws on a range of theories in its multi-, inter-, transor post-disciplinary empirical work. While focusing on how research in CDS has drawn on a range of theoretical frameworks and disciplinary fields (including sociology, history, and so forth), the chapter first looks at the most explicit references to Marx and the neo-Marxism of Antonio Gramsci before moving, second, to Foucault and the discourse theory of Laclau. The chapter also looks at neo-Marxism and discusses the Critical Theory of the first generation of the Frankfurt School and Habermas. It moves on to Pierre Bourdieu's influence on CDS before providing a brief summary of the impact of Begriffsgeschichte (conceptual history) on CDS. The chapter concludes with a brief summary.

The experience showed, in any event, that infantile personality features could be induced in a relatively short time among large numbers of adult human beings coming from very diverse backgrounds. The immense revelation for psychology in the concentration-camp literature has been the discovery of how elements of dramatic personality change could be brought about in masses of individuals. The immense revelation for psychology in the concentration-camp literature has been the discovery of how elements of Negro personality change could be brought about in masses of individuals. The new adjustment, to absolute power in a closed system, involved infantilization, and the detachment was so complete that little trace of prior cultural sanctions for behavior and personality remained for the descendants of the first generation. It is hoped that the very hideousness of a special example of slavery has not disqualified it as a test for certain personality features of a far milder and more benevolent form of slavery.

The first generation of labour historians had no trouble identifying the causes and significance of the New Unionism. The New Unionism reflected an initial response to a slowly gathering and fractured shift in economic development from competitive to monopoly capitalism whose most visible manifestation was the collection of 'inflammable material' at the workplace waiting to be set alight by trade cycle movements or the pressure of work intensity. Social relations of production in the semi-skilled sector, then, were primarily disrupted between the men and the employers, and the basic question was to what extent their material base had altered to allow permanent organization. The conventional explanation of the New Unionism typically conflates cause and effect. It attributes the ability of the New Unionism to emerge at the end of the 1880s to the arrival of socialist propagandists from outside the group in question to show them the tricks of the trade.

This chapter takes a closer look on implementation of and more precisely compliance with international environmental agreements (IEAs). Barrett considers IEA formation as a process consisting of five stages – pre-negotiation, negotiation, ratification, implementation and renegotiation. The chapter considers theoretical background and presents the basic mechanics of the model by Dai. The majority of formal models analysing the implementation stage assume that countries will comply with the IEA without considering international and national processes influencing the compliance decision. Instead of automatically complying, the chosen compliance level is the result of a complex domestic policy-making process, which is influenced by national and international determinants. Literature on international cooperation in general has gained importance over the last decades. Gilligan and Johns distinguish three generations of formal models on international cooperation. First generation models explained compliance with international agreements in anarchy through basic repeated prisoner's dilemma models and hegemonic theory.

In the twentieth century, academic art history was given an essential boost by the undoubtedly most talented art historian of that first generation of students, Erwin Panofsky. Panofsky constantly sought to promote and develop inter- and transdisciplinarity, which are the foci and hallmarks of international research in the world of art history. Panofsky’s retreat from the visual and tactile world following his death corresponded exactly to the activity on which his life as a historian had been focused: envisioning life past in the mind’s eye in order to disclose the future to the humane human being. Hercules am Scheidewege of 1930 was the work on which Panofsky’s reputation and renown as an iconographer are based, and “iconographic” is the key word which first meets the reader’s eye in the preface. In combination with the English versions of 1939 and 1955 it made Panofsky the leading theoretician of iconography and iconology.

This chapter starts with the disparity because it provides the ground for the twin goals: to offer a succinct and coherent account of the work of that first generation and to revise the standard narrative about their importance and influence. The revised narrative counters that the first generation's failure to dislodge the New Criticism has obscured the success of the Chicago School over the long term. The chapter begins with the metacritical dimension because it helps contextualize the interpretive one. School project, that the chapter considers how well the Chicago Critics claims for superiority to the New Critics. The first generation's interpretive project, with its emphasis on the multiple causes of the artistic whole, its understanding of language as the means rather than the end of that construction. It is too early to tell how much influence the fourth generation will have or just how they will further revise and expand the work of the Chicago School.

For a long time, developing countries acted only as host countries for multinational activities and never as home countries. But multinational activities are no longer monopolised by developed countries. Since the late 1960s, we have witnessed the rise of transnational corporations (TNCs) from developing countries, led by Hong Kong TNCs and those from Taiwan and South Korea, among others. We call these the first generation of TNCs from less developed countries (LDCs). Since the 1990s, more and more TNCs from developing countries have emerged; these ‘second-generation’ TNCs from LDCs include the Chinese TNCs such as Haier, TCL, Huawei and Lenovo that have received worldwide attention.