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This book argues that the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe essentially began shortly before 1600 BC, when lands rich in natural resources were taken over by military forces from the Eurasian steppe and from southern Caucasia. First were the copper and silver mines (along with good harbors) in Greece, and the copper and gold mines of the Carpathian basin. By ca. 1500 BC other military men had taken over the amber coasts of Scandinavia and the metalworking district of the southern Alps. These military takeovers offer the most likely explanations for the origins of the Greek, Keltic, Germanic and Italic subgroups of the Indo-European language family.Battlefield warfare and militarism, Robert Drews contends, were novelties ca. 1600 BC and were a consequence of the military employment of chariots. Current opinion is that militarism and battlefield warfare are as old as formal states, going back before 3000 BC.Another current opinion is that the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe happened long before 1600 BC. The'Kurgan theory'of Marija Gimbutas and David Anthony dates it from late in the fifth to early in the third millennium BC and explains it as the result of horse-riding conquerors or raiders coming to Europe from the steppe. Colin Renfrew's Archaeology and Language dates the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe to the seventh and sixth millennia BC, and explains it as a consequence of the spread of agriculture in a'wave of advance'from Anatolia through Europe. Pairing linguistic with archaeological evidence Drews concludes that in Greece and Italy, at least, no Indo-European language could have arrived before the second millennium BC.

This volume addresses philosophical questions raised by the possibility of alien life and extraterrestrial intelligence. The different philosophical perspectives and approaches presented across the chapters will provide a foundation for future work on exophilosophy.Interest in space, space exploration, and alien life has never been greater. In popular culture, for example, it has proven a persistent theme in science fiction films (e.g., Star Trek, Star Wars), books (e.g., H. G. Wells, Arthur C. Clarke, Ray Bradbury), and computer games (e.g., Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri), as well as bestselling ‘non- fiction'books (von Däniken's multimillion-selling Chariots of the Gods?), and hit ‘documentary'shows (e.g., Ancient Aliens). There has also been persistent interest in these topics amongst scientists with organizations such as NASA and SETI having an enormous impact on both the scientific and popular imagination. Yet, curiously, the topic has received relatively little philosophical attention. Whilst certain aspects of these topics remain within the proper purview of the sciences, a host of philosophical questions are raised by the possibility of alien life and extraterrestrial intelligences, and the possibility of our coming into contact with them. This collection of essays will examine some of these questions whilst laying the groundwork for future study in an as-yet under-researched area of philosophy.Exophilosophy is essential reading for scholars and students with an interest in space and philosophy, especially those working in philosophy of science, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of religion.

This book addresses a prominent group of virtues and vices as portrayed in popular films to further our understanding of these moral character traits. The discussions emphasize the interplay between the philosophical conception of the virtues and vices and the cinematic representations of character.Joseph H. Kupfer explores how fictional characters possessing certain moral strengths and weaknesses concretize our abstract understanding of them. Because the actions that flow from these traits occur in cinematic contexts mirroring real world conditions, the narrative portrayals of these moral characteristics can further our appreciation of their import. Humility, integrity, and perseverance, for example, are depicted in Chariots of Fire, The Fabulous Baker Boys, and Billy Elliot, while the vices of envy, arrogance and vanity are captured in Amadeus, Whiplash, and Young Adult. This interdisciplinary work in philosophy and film criticism will be of great interest to scholars and students of film studies, philosophy of film, ethics, aesthetics, and popular culture.

This book explores coinage and related object types as an important form of material culture that is crucial to interrogating interactions between coloniser and colonised.Money, Coinage and Colonialism is a much overdue treatment of coinage and money in debates around ancient and recent colonial practices. It argues that coinage offers unique opportunities to study interactions and effects of the meeting between colonisers and colonised, as well as the economic, political and ideological interactions between colonial communities and the state of origin. It is argued that the study of coins and other means of exchange may reveal less apparent and under-communicated processes, values and discourses in the study of colonial environments and projects, with commonalities informing a larger'global history'approach. A broad picture is built from numerous case studies, spanning from Classical Greek colonies to European colonial enterprises of the Modern period, exploring colonial histories, settings, ideology and resistance. Particular attention is paid to the role of coins in identity construction; to ambiguity, hybridity and creolisation of monetary objects in colonial contexts; and to specific uses of coins that tell of violence, oppression and resistance as well as of networks, acculturation and globalisation.Composed of chronologically broad and diverse case studies from colonial contexts, this book is for researchers in colonial and post-colonial archaeology as well as archaeological and cultural-historical numismatics.

This volume explores the topics of military revolutions, strategy, and tactics both separately and as they relate to each other. It makes important contributions to understanding European warfare in the Early, High, and especially the Late Middle Ages, as well the military transition to the Early Modern Period.Readers will find detailed analysis of how technological and non-technological developments interacted to effect major changes in how wars were fought across the period. The evolution and capabilities of the English longbow and of early gunpowder artillery are examined in depth. Changes in the tools of war naturally affected plans to employ those tools to achieve political ends – military strategy – but strategy was never dictated by technology. That point is illustrated by examinations of English efforts to conquer Wales; the Anglo-Burgundian alliance of the late Hundred Years War; and the economic factors shaping medieval conquests in general.The nine studies in the volume have all been published previously, but a new introduction shows how they fit together, particularly explaining how they collectively rebut common critiques of Rogers's controversial thesis that European warfare was reshaped by the Infantry and Artillery Revolutions during the era of the Hundred Years War. Two of the chapters have been substantially expanded, so that the versions printed here should be the ones consulted and cited in the future by scholars of medieval warfare and military revolutions.

This book examines Chinese traditional poetry with an emphasis on the sources of pleasure in creating and appreciating classical Chinese poems and the basis for valid aesthetic judgments about poetry.The pleasure derived from art plays a crucial role in people's evaluation of its worth. This book shows that Chinese classical poetics and Western aesthetics agree on the sources of aesthetic pleasure. Both hold, despite their obvious differences, that aesthetic taste essentially involves cognition. The book explores important ideas in traditional Chinese poetry, emphasizing that “Poetry is founded upon the power of judgement (shi).” This central idea guides other key concepts throughout the history of Chinese poetics, revealing the fundamental principles of creating and appreciating poetic art. The author presents new views of traditional Chinese poetry and poetics by unifying these long-dispersed basic propositions into a new coherent cognitivist framework that also gives due importance to emotion.Scholars and students studying Chinese literature, poetics, philosophy of art, and philosophy of mind will find this book interesting.

Lutes and Marginality in Pre-Modern China traces the complex history of lutes as they moved from the far west into China, and how these instruments became linked to various forms of social, cultural, ethnic, and religious marginality within and at China's borders.The book argues that the lute, a musical instrument that likely originated in the Near East or Central Asia, became a highly charged object replete with associations of ethnic and political identity, social status, and gender in China across the third to seventeenth centuries, and as such, offers a crucial vehicle for understanding interactions between the Chinese center and periphery. Using a richly interdisciplinary perspective that brings together music history, performance studies, archaeology, and art history, the author draws together the visual evidence for the history of Chinese lutes and analyzes the political and cultural dimensions of their depictions in art. In exploring the lute's reception across time and space, this book illuminates the shifting relationships between China and cultures along its frontier, as well as the dynamics of gender and social status within China's center.Comprehensive in scope, Lutes and Marginality in Pre-Modern China offers new insights for scholars of pre-modern China, art history, archaeology, music history, ethnomusicology, and Silk Road and frontier studies.

Providing a ‘short take'on the long history of political economy, this book examines both the stories about and those within economics. It traces the history of political economy from its beginnings in the Scottish Enlightenment; through its disciplinary demarcation as a science in the nineteenth century that saw its differentiation from literary, aesthetic, and moral discourses; and to its emergence as the ‘amoral'market-driven neoliberalism that dominates economic theories and policies today.In exploring the long history of economic thought, it examines and challenges both Enlightenment and contemporary grand narratives such as the stadial theory of progress, the ‘Great Divergence'and the ‘Great Convergence'that have divided the world into global norths and souths according to their economic advantages. It concludes with a study of currency as both a medium of monetary exchange and a term that denotes prevalence and acceptance to explore political economy's continuous engagement with the problem of representing value through money. Part of the series Short Takes on Long Views, this book will appeal to a traditional academic audience of scholars and students, and to a wider public audience of informed non-fiction readers interested in the long history of economics.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rarely out of the news or the public imagination. Images of red-eyed Terminators illustrate press accounts of incremental advances in medical diagnosis, facial recognition, natural language processing, and robotics. Such advances are transforming society through measurable impacts on people's decisions and opportunities.Religion and Artificial Intelligence: An Introduction explores an emerging field with a religious studies approach, drawing on cultural and digital anthropological methods to demonstrate the entanglements of religion and AI, our imaginaries of these objects and our ideas about their utopian or dystopian futures. It addresses key topics, including the following: What AI is and is not. How religions are reacting to AI with examples of rejection, adoption, and adaptation. How established religions understand creation and place human-like AI within that. How overtly secular and even ‘new atheist'groups understand AI as a tool for liberation from human evolution and religion. Religious visions of superintelligent AI. This engaging book is essential for anyone considering the relationship between religion, science and technology, and interested in the questions raised by transhumanism, posthumanism, and new religious movements.

This important book draws together new research and theories about bereavement, on the one hand, and men and masculinities on the other, to increase our understanding of men's experience of loss and contribute towards improving support services for men following bereavement.Bereavement and loss are unavoidable events in life and can be challenging experiences for anyone, regardless of gender. However, in contemporary western cultures, men's experience of bereavement continues to be framed by socially constructed ideas surrounding masculinity, which dictate that men must be stoic following a loss, with grief manifesting in either anger or despair. Men who do not grieve in accepted ‘masculine'ways can feel judged, alienated or disenfranchised. This interdisciplinary and interprofessional collection presents theoretical analysis, reports of research findings, reviews of support and interventions, and a wealth of personal accounts. It includes chapters discussing partner loss, childhood bereavement, perinatal loss and bereavement through suicide, as well as bereavement at all stages of the life course.Men and Loss is an essential read for advanced students and researchers with an interest in men's health and bereavement studies from a range of disciplinary backgrounds, including nursing, medicine, counselling, sociology, social work and psychology.

This innovative collection offers a holistic portrait of the multimodal communication potential of images from the Upper Paleolithic through to today, showcasing image-based creativity throughout the centuries.The volume seeks to extend the boundaries of our understanding of what language and writing can do to show how language can be understood as part of broader codes, as well as how images and figural objects can contribute to meaning-making in communication. The book is divided into four parts, each exploring a different dimension of the interplay between representation, symbolic meaning, and perception in the study of images, drawing on case studies from around the world. The first part looks at cognitive approaches to the earliest symbol-making while the second considers the interaction between images and writing in early scripts. The third part addresses images outside their boxes, showcasing how ancient communication devices can be reinterpreted. The final part features chapters reflecting on embodied semiotic approaches to the representation of images.This book will be of interest to scholars in semiotics, archaeology, cognitive psychology, and linguistic and cultural anthropology.

This is a book about knowledge and how it is organized.The business school has captured ideas about organization, and reduced them to questions of formal structures, documented processes, logistics and operations. This book shows how the concept can be understood more generously by illuminating the fundamental importance of culture to our understanding of organization. Using the idea of a cabinet of curiosities, the author shows how we can learn a lot about authority from choirs of angels, about secrecy from shipping containers, or work from art galleries. In disorganizing categories, forcing unusual conjunctions, the work opens itself to organization studies and studies of organizing, as well as cultural sociology, human geography, and social theory.Bringing together arguments developed over the last two decades, this book brings together and updates work that will provide a unique and valuable reference for students and scholars of management and organization around the world.

The thoroughly updated second edition of Archaeological Investigation reviews and explains the practices of field archaeology in the world today. Now co-authored by Madeleine Hummler, the book's scope has been enlarged in time and space, reaching out to the different methods and strategies applied in both the academic and commercial sectors in diverse terrain on land and under the sea.Archaeological Investigation accompanies the reader on a journey from absolute beginner to professional. Part 1 (Principles) sets the scene for newcomers, showing the axial role of fieldwork in rediscovering the past. Part 2 (In the Field) is aimed at those setting out to collect primary data by the diverse methods of modern survey and excavation. Word pictures on'First day in the field'and'First day on a dig'provide friendly introductions to the high-tech enterprise that fieldwork has become. Now fully engaged in the process, newcomers to archaeology are ready, in Part 3 (Writing Up), to take part in the process of making the discoveries known. Here the findings of fieldwork are marshalled to analyse the assemblage, the use of space and the chronology of what happened. The results are then combined in a synthesis and communicated through websites, museums, the display of sites and above all through publication. Part 4 (Design) engages the reader in archaeology's primary action: how to design projects that conserve, rediscover and explain the human past, beginning with a review of some landmark examples (Chapter 13). The final chapter (The Profession) reviews the role of the state, the academy, the commercial sector and the public in making archaeology happen – and why it matters.Building on the authors'extensive experience, Archaeological Investigation remains an inspiring, provocative, informative and entertaining book for students and professionals, arguing that the investigation of the human and environmental past is highly relevant to contemporary society and its future.

This book explores the connection between saints and animals, and how the power over animals has been a characteristic of saints from their beginnings in the Early Church.The connection between saints and humans is examined, with the saint as a human rising beyond humanity, touching the divine, and the non-human animal as a creature, which is connected to and yet removed from humanity and which may have a connection to the sacred itself. This volume transcends traditional religious boundaries by including Christian saints as well as similar figures in Islam and Norse religions. It operates on the cusp of two exciting and innovative fields: hagiographic and animal studies. It shows the complexities of human-animal interaction and the sacred: authorities clashing with experiential knowledge, metaphorical animals as opposed to real, animals ranging from helpers or opponents of saints, disguises of demons, or identity markers of a human community.Companion Species will be of value to scholars and students interested in medieval history, Europe, and religion, as well as social and cultural history.

This volume analyzes the iconography of bound foreigners on New Kingdom monuments and artifacts to better understand Egyptian perspectives on foreigners and their treatment of prisoners of war.Depictions of foreign captives in humiliating or torturous poses are ubiquitous in Egyptian iconography and reflect the celebratory nature of royal ideology, in this case by degrading enemies. Egyptologists have scrutinized these scenes for details regarding various military matters, but existing scholarly literature offers few studies focused on enemy captives and the sheer physical brutality of the depictions of their bindings. Janzen examines the bound foreigner motif in New Kingdom sources, demonstrating that these prisoners of war played vital roles in Egyptian ideology and religion. Their depictions in bizarre or torturous poses served to reinforce ideological underpinnings of pharaoh's right to rule, perpetually ritualizing their defeat and/or punishment through the presence of this iconography on ceremonial objects used primarily by the king and on temple walls and monuments. The subjugation of foreigners also constituted an important economic function, as incorporating prisoners of war into the Egyptian workforce was crucial for economic prosperity and growth in New Kingdom Egypt. The volume also explores cross-cultural and anthropological parallels, placing Egyptian treatment of foreign prisoners in its ancient context.The book provides a fascinating study of the subject suitable for scholars and students of Egyptology and ancient history, particularly that of New Kingdom Egypt, as well as those working on power, warfare, and violence in the ancient world more broadly.

This book examines the origins, development, and current state of myths surrounding'lost civilizations'and, more importantly, how these myths contribute to modern political ideologies. By examining the myths, legends, and scientific record concerning Atlantis, the Vikings, the Anglo-Saxons, and the Celts, pre-Contact North America and the Aryans, this book reveals the faulty science, logical fallacies, anti-intellectualism, and outright racism motivating the recurrent interest in them. It delineates the development of pseudohistory from its allegorical Classical origins, through renaissance and enlightenment literature, to nineteenth-century popular writing, and finally to modern pseudoscience. It describes how at every stage pseudohistory has been used to reinforce and reproduce dominant ideologies by marginalizing subordinate groups in favor of social elites. This book is ideal not only for the general reader interested in world history, but also for courses across the humanities, including pseudoarcheology, historiographic and scientific methods, and classics.

This Handbook provides the first comprehensive and global analysis of medieval military strategy, covering the period from the sixth to the seventeenth century.Challenging the widely held notion in modern strategic studies that medieval strategy was non-existent, the Handbook brings together leading scholars to explore a range of literatures, campaigns, laws, and contexts that highlight medieval warfare's multifaceted contours. The scope of the work is ambitious, with over 30 chapters dedicated to analyzing strategy across six continents. From Charlemagne to Henry V and Scandinavia to Florence; southbound to Morocco then across the Sahara to Kongo; past the Adriatic to Byzantium and Georgia and the Crusades and Egypt; further still into Indian and Chinese dynasties and Japan; and finally, to Central and South America—this Handbook provides ready access to military strategy across the medieval world stage. In the process, it fills a significant gap in the history of strategy and serves to connect the ancient world with the modern, demonstrating that—whatever the period—military leaders have consistently plied warfare in the pursuit of greater ends.This Handbook will be of much interest to researchers and students of military strategy, medieval military history, and strategic studies in general.

Employing Gramscian conceptions of hegemony, this book demonstrates the inextricable links between politics, education, culture and power.Based upon in-depth analyses of the theories of Antonio Gramsci, Lorenzo Milani, Paulo Freire, Henry Giroux, and bell hooks among others, this book shows how many hegemonic social relationships are fundamentally educational relationships. In doing so, Mayo demonstrates how popular culture, education, museums, and fine art are both sites of hegemony and contestation.This thought-provoking work will be of interest to students and scholars with an interest in sociology of art and culture, sociology of education, critical pedagogy, cultural studies, museum studies and social theory.

As the first book to examine the origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Europe and Asia as a whole, this major contribution should be essential reading for archaeologists, anthropologists, biologists and geographers. Adopting a novel approach to the subject, the authors examine it first in terms of seven different disciplinary perspectives: social, ecological, genetic, linguistic, biomolecular, epidemiological and geogrpahical. Then, 20 case studies are presented, which are based primarily on archaeological and biological evidence and which relate to three major regions: Southwest Asia, Europe and Central Asia to the Pacific. The book concludes with an overview of Eurasia as a whole.; The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture had revolutionary consequences for human society. It led to the emergence of urban civilizations and ultimately to humanity's almost complete dependence on relatively few domesticated animals and plants. The subject has been much studied, but the results have tended to be interpreted largely in terms of local cultural sequences, with insufficient comparison made with evidence from other areas. In contrast, this book provides a continental- scale framework, with its scope extended to pastoralism because in Eurasia both the raising of livestock and the cultivation of crops were integral components of the agricultural'revolution'from its inception some 10,000 years ago.; Comprehensive and authoritative,'The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia'should appeal strongly to the wide readership of students and specialists concerned with the prehistoric antecedents of modern civilization.

The'Critical Review'reflects the political, scientific and literary debate of the times. The journal was edited for its first seven years by Tobias Smollett and reflected the slashing, combative style and intellectual range of its editor. This 16-volume set reproduces this journal.

The'Critical Review'reflects the political, scientific and literary debate of the times. The journal was edited for its first seven years by Tobias Smollett and reflected the slashing, combative style and intellectual range of its editor. This 16-volume set reproduces this journal.

Part of a seven-volume facsimile set, this volume comprises firsthand accounts of France in the 1790s. It includes Helen Maria Williams'letters which narrate the fall of Robespierre in 1794 and her 1798 book on Switzerland which comments sceptically on the necessary coexistence of liberty with peace.

Founded in 1820 by Henry Southern,'The Retrospective Review'aimed to recall the public from an exclusive attention to new books, by making the merit of old ones the subject of critical discussion. This edition reproduces in facsimile all 18 volumes of the periodical published between 1820-1854.