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This chapter demonstrates the continuing importance of speech and thought presentation in the stylistic analysis of prose fi ction. It focuses in particular on the category of free indirect thought, which has historically been of great interest to narratologists and literary critics. Recent attacks on the usefulness of the speech and thought presentation categories, for example by adherents of a ‘theory of mind’ approach, have singled out free indirect thought as being unrepresentative of the variety of mental functioning to be found in prose fi ction. While supporting many of this group’s insights concerning the importance of ‘intermental thought’ and ‘the intermental mind’ in the novel, this chapter argues that this does not mean that the traditional categories of speech and thought presentation should be disregarded altogether. With particular attention to one recent experimental novel, David Foster Wallace’s posthumously-published The Pale King (2011), the chapter suggests that free indirect thought remains widespread in twenty-fi rst century fi ction, albeit in a different form to the most commonly studied examples of the style in the nineteenth-and twentieth-century novel. It demonstrates that free indirect thought can do more than represent a solitary individual consciousness in isolation, and that it is in fact ideally suited to the contemporary novel’s depiction of the confl ict between the individual and the vast impersonal and institutional forces of our current age.

This article explores one of the largest property transfers in modern European history: the confiscation of real estate and movables left behind by up to 12 million Germans who fled or were expelle...

Family formation, a process that includes union formation, fertility, and their timing and order, has become increasingly diverse and complex in Europe. We examine how the relationship between socio-economic background and family formation has changed over time in France, Italy, Romania, and Sweden, using first wave Generations and Gender Survey data. Competing Trajectories Analysis, a procedure which combines event-history analysis with sequence analysis, allows us to examine family formation as a process, capturing differences in both the timing of the start of family formation and the pathways that young adults follow. Regarding timing, socio-economic background differences in France and Sweden have remained relatively small, whereas in Italy and Romania higher parental education has become more strongly associated with postponement. Pathways tend to diverge by socio-economic background, particularly in Sweden and France. These results indicate that while family formation patterns have changed, they continue to be stratified by socio-economic background.

The infant school was a nineteenth-century innovation with British roots that quickly achieved an international reputation. This article contributes to the study of the transnational dissemination of the infant schools by examining the case of Swedish infant schools. Using theoretical concepts from the transnational history of education, this article focuses on how the model of infant schools was transferred to Sweden, and how this model was translated and transformed in this process and by local Swedish contexts. Combining printed handbooks and unprinted archival materials from infant school societies, this article emphasises the role of travels, handbooks, and the infant school society of Stockholm in this transfer process, and its inherent contradictions. This study indicates the vital role that religion played in transforming the content of the teaching taught at infant schools, and the impact of primary schools on the educational practices. As elsewhere, Swedish infant schools were sometimes transformed into a kind of preparatory primary school.

This essay applies Karl Polanyi’s concepts of embedding and countermovement to provincial Hungary during and after socialism. Comprehensive state socialist repression in the 1950s was a politics-led disembedding. An economy-led countermovement began in the 1960s, later augmented by elite discourses of civil society. The 1970s and 1980s were decades of socialist embeddedness. Neoliberal configurations after 1990 dislocated both economic and associational life. The illiberal democracy of Viktor Orbán is a more consequential countermovement than the earlier countermovements to state socialism. The argument is illustrated with data from long-term fieldwork in southern Hungary, in the region of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve.

IN I44I ANTAO GONCALVES, the young captain of a small vessel dispatched by the infante Dom Henrique of Portugal to take on a cargo of seal skins and oil, put ashore a landing party on the coast of northern Mauretania for the express purpose of capturing blacks. After light skirmishing one black male and one black female were taken prisoner. Shortly afterwards, Goncalves was joined by Nuno Tristao, a knight of the infante's household, who had been commissioned to sail his armed caravel as far as possible down the coast of West Africa and take captives. The two captains combined their forces to assault coastal villages by night and succeeded in taking ten more captives. On their return to Portugal they paraded their trophies before an appreciative Dom Henrique.' Initial Portuguese reaction was cool, but entrepreneurial and commercial instincts were soon fanned by the arrival in the Algarve of further consignments of blacks from the sub-Saharan region. Lancarote da Ilha, collector of royal taxes (almoxarife) in the port of Lagos, gained the infante's permission to organize a trading expedition to Mauretania. Six caravels under Lancarote's general command left Lagos with no other objective than the capture of what were described as "black Moors. " On August 8, 1444 some 235 blacks were unloaded at Lagos.2 This event heralded a new era in the social, economic, and ideological history of Portugal, and its legacy was to survive the separation in I822 of Portugal's largest and richest colonyBrazil. The arrival of this cargo of black slaves was hardly the first encounter of the Portuguese with the institution of slavery. Slavery had declined in the Iberian peninsula after the Visigothic era, only to increase in the ninth century with

The ninth-century poet and musician, Ziryab, is synonymous with the musical cultures of Muslim Spain (al-Andalus) and the idea of commonality between different genres across the Mediterranean. While some scholars have deconstructed the myth of Ziryab at a historiographical level, there has been less consideration of how the myth is interpreted in contemporary musical practice. This article examines how Ziryab is reinterpreted in the present through intercultural music making. Drawing on fieldwork in Madrid and Valencia (2016), I focus on the Ziryab and Us: A New Vision of the Arab-Andalusian Heritage project, in which French, Israeli, Moroccan and Spanish musicians sought to reinterpret the legend of Ziryab through the lens of their own musical traditions. I argue that Ziryab functioned as a discursive trope that engendered a series of micro-social relations between the musicians, framed by ideas of musical affinity, a shared cultural space (the Mediterranean) and cross-cultural exchange. But beyond the ideals of musical connection that Ziryab implies, the relational processes that characterised the project were not always unified. Therefore, I examine some of the points of tension that emerged when the musicians brought together distinct traditions under the rubric of a shared ‘Andalusian’ or Mediterranean heritage.

The article sets out to show the ideological significance of the quotations from Vergil, Lucan, Horace, Homer, and Ovid found in Vita Nova 16 [XXV], the celebrated passage where Dante cites these poets as examples of personification in classical literature. In the quotations from Vergil’s Aeneid, Aeolus and Juno speak to each other, and Apollo speaks to the Trojans. In his framing of the quotations, Dante appears implicitly to regard pagan deities like Aeolus, Juno, and Apollo as inanimate things, raising the question as to why the author of the Vita Nova understood pagan gods in terms of poetic tropes. Focusing on the Vergilian quotations, this essay argues that Servius’s commentary to the Aeneid represents one of the major sources that might have led Dante to construe pagan deities as rhetorical personifications.

This article analyses how British popular music culture defined and responded to Krautrock, a subgenre of West German underground rock, during the 1970s. It examines and contextualises British and West German interactions in popular music immediately before Krautrock and at the time of its early definition. The article then explores how so-called Krautrock bands related to the British public and press and how they were described and understood in relation to their nationality. The article suggests that stereotypes and prejudices, shaped by the memory of World War 2, remained a significant aspect of British discourse on West Germany into the 1970s. However, interest in Krautrock gave rise to social and cultural interactions that inspired some to challenge and renegotiate ideas of Germany and Germanness. To some, bonds made through music, culture and politics proved more profound than the history of conflict between Britain and Germany.

This article explores discussions of family planning and the contraceptive pill in the popular Irish women’s magazine Woman’s Way between 1963 and 1973. Contraception was criminalised in Ireland in 1935 and literature relating to birth control was banned under the 1929 Censorship of Publications Act. The contraceptive pill was marketed as a cycle regulator from 1963 until legalization in 1979. This article outlines how women accessed the contraceptive pill, the geographical and class inequalities around this access and how Woman’s Way was an important vehicle for debates around the pill. The article assesses what discussions of the contraceptive pill can tell us about marriage dynamics, the role of sympathetic doctors, the power of the Catholic Church. Ultimately, it illustrates how the magazine was an important source of information on family planning for Irish women and how it also enabled women to air their views on the issue.

This article responds to the statistically established finding in democratisation studies that British rule seems to have been good for the survival of democracy in its former empire, and that the longer a nation spent under British rule, the likelier it is to have sustained democracy since independence. This is a finding which puzzles political scientists because they think of democracy and empire as opposites. The article considers the uses made of democratic innovation by the British and the responses anti-colonial nationalists made to the offer to ‘lead them to democracy’. It places democracy and empire in a different, more complex relationship. It also considers the contribution of anti-colonial protest to the working of democracy.

Despite more than 20 years of Welsh democratic devolution, the Welsh Government, and Welsh Ministers particularly, have not generally been an object of academic study. There has been little systematic historical analysis of the new institution of the Welsh Government, its structures, operations and practices. In recent years, a variety of insider accounts by former Welsh Ministers and former First Ministers have started to appear in print, and 1997 Cabinet papers relating to the making of devolution policy have been released. This paper performs two functions. It will explore the learning so far, examining the limited ‘insider accounts’ which have appeared in the context of the documentary evidence, and the light that they shine on everyday life in Welsh Government, its hidden wiring and emergent cultural practices, addressing questions such as internal power structures, the governance innovations of the Welsh Government, and the continuities and contrasts with Westminster and Whitehall traditions. The paper also attempts a contextual, integrated and thematic overview of the making of Welsh Government over this period.

This contribution addresses some studies of Ottoman banners produced in the late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century State of the Church. The banners discussed were part of a larger European phenomenon of spoils taken during the wars with the Ottoman Empire and then donated to religious sanctuaries as ex-votos. The scientific approach that inspired the interpretation of the banners produced some of the earliest modern works devoted to objects from Islamic lands. Case studies with a particular focus on Ottoman objects held in the Italian cities of Rome, Loreto and Urbino highlight how the expanding familiarity with Oriental languages in Europe helped in the interpretation of Islamic objects and gave them a place that they had never had before in the European geography of knowledge.

Millenarian movements used to be regarded as native reactions to enormous social disruptions caused by colonial intrusion, doomed to failure and at best a step on the way to more “modern” forms of collective social resistance. In fact, they have both pre-dated and outlasted colonialism, featuring in ethnic politics across Asia and beyond to this day. Nevertheless, its encounter with modernity has not left millenarianism unchanged, as is shown in this article’s historical case study. A comprehensive timeline and mapping of past and present Hmong-Miao millenarian activity highlights several enduring features including a context of economic and political crisis, their transnational nature, the prevalence of manipulation and/or coercion, and specific cultural symbols within supernatural predictions. Equally important are the historical developments, from pan-ethnic to mono-ethnic and from violent to peaceful (but still threatening to political and religious authorities), reflecting historical trends of ethnicisation and territorialisation. The mechanics of such reproductions and transformations are then unpacked, before the Hmong-Miao experience is compared with millenarian activity from other groups of upland Southeast Asia. Millenarianism continues to play a role in voicing social discontent, challenging power structures and moulding ethnic relations, but needs to be examined and understood within evolving socio-political contexts.\ud \ud

By the end of the nineteenth century, reforms across the British common law world—often labelled ‘The Slander of Women Acts’—enabled women to sue more easily for sexual slander by removing the burden of proving economic loss, known as ‘special damage’. Sexual slander was a pressing and highly gendered issue. Women brought actions in the thousands seeking to vindicate their reputations when subject to slurs of prostitution, unchastity, fornication, or adultery. These cases spurred transnational debates about the status of white women in the transpacific New World and English law's failure to incorporate their interests and experiences. This article compares and connects reform efforts in New York with those in Victoria. It argues that whereas New York cases and legislators emphasised the need to ‘protect innocent females’ and employed racially coded language linking sexual morality with whiteness, Victorian judges and politicians framed sexual slander reform as an issue of women's rights.

The transformation of politically affiliated Jamaican gangs into transnational criminal organizations in the 1980s generated media reports that criminalized black masculinity and associated Jamaica...

This article discusses the diagnosing and treatment of behavioural problems in a pioneering Dutch child psychiatric clinic in the 1950s. This was headed by Theo Hart de Ruyter, the first Dutch professor of child psychiatry and a psychoanalyst. It is generally assumed that during postwar years child psychiatry was primarily influenced by Freudianism with its focus on a nurture-related aetiology of children’s behavioural problems. This assumption has, however, not been tested for the clinical practice. Did nature-bound explanations – referring to a child’s neurological constitution, hereditary predisposition or brain dysfunction – disappear from the consulting room and was treatment with psychotropic drugs anathema to Freudians, in the way it has been suggested? We compare Hart de Ruyter’s theoretical work with the contemporary expert discourse and with the way he and his team diagnosed and treated children, using clinical records. It turns out that both theory and practice and both aetiology and treatment mixed up nature and nurture. The use of an electro-encephalogram to rule out organic causes and of medication to speed up improvement of a child’s behaviour does, however, not undo the predominant adherence of the clinic’s staff to updated versions of Freudianism. It also demonstrates the semi-improvisational nature of early academic child psychiatry.

In this article, Jansen attempts to demonstrate that addressing the religious practices of Jews and Muslims from the perspective of a religio-secular framework in today’s European context underestimates the complexity of semiotic relations between Muslims, Jews and other Europeans. She discusses this complexity in terms of ‘intercultural semiotics’ between the three groups. In particular, she focuses on what she calls ‘mirroring relations’, drawing on an expression from Yirmiyahu Yovel about a ‘crooked, passion-laden mirror’ characterizing the ways in which modern Europeans imagined their Jewish neighbours in early twentieth-century Europe. In order to further explain this, Jansen analyses a passage from Marcel Proust’s novel In Search of Lost Time, which concerns a group of people in late nineteenth-century France, following the Dreyfus Affair, who are perceived by the narrator as Jewish. Thereafter, drawing on Gil Hochberg’s notion of the ‘re-membering’ of the Semite, Jansen analyses semiotic mirroring in the work Projet Deburkanisation (2017) by the Belgian author Rachida Lamrabet, which she reads as a contemporary meta-reflection, involving Muslims, on the mirroring relations between Jews and other Europeans first discussed via her reading of Proust.

Michael Elliott is a visual artist based in Jamaica. A number of Elliott’s paintings make explicit reference to Jamaica’s high levels of violent crime; to the entanglement of Jamaican party politics and criminal organizations in what is known as “garrison politics”; and to the so-called “Tivoli Incursion”, the 2010 security operation to capture the criminal don, Christopher “Dudus” Coke, which involved the deaths of sixty-nine residents of Tivoli Gardens and led to a Commission of Enquiry. In this interview, the author invites Elliott to reflect on how his work connects to, and intervenes in, other representations of crime, violence and Jamaica.

In the economists’ old conception of a market, perfection would arrive when all participants had complete knowledge. However, economists and psychologists have lately realized that ignorance and bias more accurately describe the state ofhuman knowledge even around those hallowed moments of transactional decision making. In these new academic stories, these models of irrationality and bias often take the form of basic cognitive features or evolutionary mal-adaptations. However, it’s just, as is often the case, that there is also a historically specific story about local culture to be told about ignorance. This paper will report back from field-work conducted with contemporary, computerized stock traders, develop a typology of the things they say they don’t know, and then suggest what this has to do with some of the more durable features and behaviours of contemporary financial markets.

The first names parents give to their female versus male children have different phonological (sound) characteristics. My work extends this from the real to the fictional world, studying name given by authors to their romance heroes -gay and straight—as well as to straight heroines. My corpus contains 2,536 contemporary romance novels: 1,668 with a male/female pairing and 868 with a male/male couple, resulting in 3,404 heroes (1,668 straight; 1,736 gay) and 1,668 (straight) heroines. Given that gay romance is a fast-growing sub-genre predominantly written and read by straight women, I explore possible cultural implications of this finding and how it may feed stereotypes and shape perceptions within straight and queer societies.

Volume 1: The Operation of the Slave Trade in Africa John Hawkins, A true declaration of the troublesome voyage of M John Hawkins to the parties of Guynea and the West Indies, in the yeares of our Lord 1567 and 1568 (1569) John Matthews, A Voyage to the River Sierra-Leone (1788) John Adams, Sketches taken during Ten Voyages to Africa between the years 1786 and 1800 (1821) Gomer Williams, excerpt from History of the Liverpool Privateers and Letters of Marque, with an Account of the Liverpool Slave Trade (1897) Volume 2: The Royal African Company Certain Considerations relating to the Royal African Company of England ... (1680) A True State of the present difference between the Royal African Company and the Separate Traders ... written by a true lover of his country (1710) The Case of the Royal African Company of England (1730) Charles Hayes, The importance of effectually supporting the Royal African Company of England, impartially consider'd ... (1744) Malachy Postlethwayt, The African Trade, the Great Pillar and Support of the British Plantation Trade in North America (1745) Malachy Postlethwayt, The National and Private Advantages of the African Trade Considered (1746) Volume 3: The Abolitionist Struggle: Opponents of the Slave Trade Robert Boucher Nickolls, Letter to the Treasurer of the Society for the Purpose of Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1787) Thomas Cooper, Letters on the Slave Trade (1787) [William Roscoe], A General View of the African Slave-Trade (1788) James Field Stanfield, Observations on a Guinea Voyage (1788) Thomas Cochrane, Answers to the Fifth Table of Queries (1789) Thomas Clarkson, The Substance of the Evidence of Sundry Persons on the Slave Trade (1789) [William Fox], An Address to the People of Great Britain, on the Utility of Refraining from West India Sugar and Rum (1791) Volume 4: The Abolitionist Struggle: Promoters of the Slave Trade A Planter, Commercial Reasons for the Non-Abolition of the Slave Trade, in the West-India Islands, by a Planter and Merchant of many Years Residence in the West-Indies (1789) [Gilbert Francklyn], Observations, Occasioned by the Attempts made in England to Effect the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1789) William Knox, A Letter from W K Esq To W Wilberforce, Esq (1790) [Capt. Macarty], An Appeal to the Candour and Justice of the People of England in Behalf of the West India Merchants and Planters (1792) Report from the Committee of the Honourable House of [the Jamaican] Assembly (1800) Mercator, Letters Concerning the Abolition of the Slave-Trade and Other West-India Affairs (1807)

The Tariff Problem [1903] William James Ashley 220pp, Imperial Fiscal Reform [1903] Vincent Henry Caillard 312pp, Compatriots' Club Lectures [1905] Committee of the Compatriots' Club 338pp, The Path of Empire [1912] Henry Page Croft 134pp, The Empire and the Century [1905] Charles Sydney Goldmann 924pp, The Nation and the Empire [1913] Alfred Milner 568pp