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This paper brings memory and migration studies together. It focuses on the way the past was used in the context of the ‘refugee crisis’ in Germany in 2015/2016. The analysis concentrates on how politicians and journalists used the memory of Germans’ own migrations to legitimise rhetorically the political decision to open the borders and let more than a million people into the country, as well as to call for a welcoming attitude (Willkommenskultur) towards the refugees. It shows how, by doing so, they have contributed to the reframing of one of the founding identity narratives of the FRG, namely the one about ‘flight and expulsion’, and thus helped to redraw Germany’s identity boundaries in a more inclusive way.

This chapter provides an introduction to conceptual history. Conceptual history within International Relations (IR) is predominantly referred to as Begriffsgeschichte and hence a particular approach that is predominantly associated with the work of Reinhart Koselleck. In contrast, this chapter argues that it is more useful for the purpose of a historical IR to understand conceptual history as a set of questions that encompasses different approaches interested in the question of social and sematic change. To outline this suggestion, this chapter is organised in three parts. This chapter offers first a reconstruction of the ‘field’ within which Reinhart Koselleck emerged as a young scholar. This field is described as a right-Hegelian German discourse that took a particular anti-liberal shape through the thought of Martin Heidegger and Carl Schmitt. The chapter continues with a discussion of key concepts as advanced by Koselleck with a particular focus on an assumed temporalisation of concepts. The chapter closes with a juxtaposition of Koselleck and Foucault as distinct approaches to highlight the range and the question relevant for a conceptual history of the international.

In the first quarter of the thirteenth century, an anonymous Flemish writer set in writing, in Old French, a chronicle of Normandy, England, Flanders and northern France. It ranged from the arrival of the Vikings in Normandy to the early years of the reign of King Henry III of England, ending with an account of the translation of the relics of St Thomas Becket to their magnificent new shrine in Canterbury Cathedral in 1220. Along the way, it adopted and formed part of a tradition of writing of the history of the dukes of Normandy and kings of England, a tradition which had developed in Latin in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and then continued in Old French. The work is famous for vibrant and informed description of the reign of King John, in particular the period of baronial reaction, Magna Carta, ensuing civil war and the nearly-successful invasion of England by Louis, heir to the kingdom of France. Flanders supplied troops to both sides, and this Flemish author sees these events in close detail, and from the Flemish, not the French or English, point of view. He may himself have been an eyewitness, directly involved, but if not he would have known many who had fought and died in this conflict. Janet Shirley’s translation of this chronicle, the first into English, brings the work of the Anonymous of Bethune to a new audience in this volume, accompanied by an introduction and historical notes by Paul Webster.

This chapter offers consideration of the blurring of genres, particularly as it pertains to the task of writing about women's lives. Among other things, feminism and postmodernism have directed our attention to tire autobiographical dimension of the anthropological encounter, to a reconsideration of the contributions of life history to anthropological research, to the rising interest in the role of biography in women's history, and to an exploration of autoethnography. The chapter explores some of these issues by comparing the current textual undertaking with work the author engaged in many years ago that involved recording the life stories of three Portuguese migrant women. It focuses specifically on issues of genre and voice and the implications that these have for the ethnographic enterprise. Many are biographies, but within the biographical format there are diverse approaches. Some focus on the interconnections of biography and autobiography in the telling of two, and sometimes three, lives.

The Horn of Africa’s arduous environment and distinctive culture have long challenged scholars, geopolitical diplomats, and the Somali people who make a living in the deserts of the Ethiopian Ogaden, the Somali coastal cities, and on the trade routes of the region. Going well beyond the received academic theories that elevated clanship to explain everything in pastoral life, Saȉd Samatar’s deep experience in his community led him to see the importance of poetry, diplomacy, and Islamic jurisprudence in Somali affairs. The fates of fortune that brought Samatar to Rutgers University and prominence as an Africanist historian are almost stranger than fiction. This chapter details both the romance of English teacher Lydia with camel herder Saȉd, their marriage, and their respective careers. The backdrop to this remarkable story were the Mennonite programs in education, development, and health care in newly independent Somalia’s cities of Mogadishu, Chismaio, and Jamama that brought the two together.

March 31, 2017 marked the centenary of the transfer of the Danish colony—the Danish West Indies (today’s US Virgin Islands)—to the US. During the 100 years that had passed, the history had only occasionally been revisited in Danish public debate and history books—often shaped as a postcolonial nostalgic longing for what was perceived as a paradise lost. Even less often had the history of the Danish West Indies been the topic of museum exhibitions. However, the centenary sparked an unprecedented interest in the colonial past, unfolding in both public debate and nearly 30 special exhibitions all around the country on various topics related to the history of colonialism and enslavement. Instead of nostalgic longing, the questions often raised in these exhibitions were about the aftereffects in terms of continued colonialism in the Virgin Islands, racism, and global inequality. The museums involved ranged from small private collections to some of the largest state museums in and around the capital. Building on interviews with many of the curators involved, this chapter considers the challenges faced by museums that were often driven by a twofold ambition to create exhibitions that aligned with the wishes and feelings of descendant communities of enslaved Africans and that were able to engage an ethnic Danish audience with low prior awareness of the subject to arrive at new insights into the topic. These dual ambitions sometimes came under pressure from the political debate in the country.

Austria proves to be a special case, when historiographical approaches of present times within Europe since World War II are compared. Even though theoretical questions are less openly discussed than in Germany or France, one finds specific Austrian conceptions of the German term Zeitgeschichte. This chapter outlines the epistemological landscape found in the field of Austrian Zeitgeschichte. It aims to assess the chronological extents of and main hindrances to the historiographic approaches to present times and, more specifically, to the recent past. The chapter looks at a permanent source of historiographic diversion: the expression of memories and politics through historical study. In Austria, this expression is all found in “the Anschluss syndrome,” namely, the challenge of lifting a long-standing taboo from a crucial period in Austrian contemporary history. In 1961, when the first research institutes specializing in Zeitgeschichte opened their doors, different centers focused on very different historical periods.

There can be a “trauma of history’ for a people. As conceived by psychologists, psychological anthropologists and others, a people may be traumatised by a catastrophe, much as individuals may be traumatised by terrible life events. As is the case with individuals, psychologists tell us that the trauma must be realised, confronted and dealt with if healing is to occur. Such trauma has been characterised as a “soul wound;” it has even been said to be passed on from one generation to another. Native Americans in the United States suffered traumas resulting from events of colonialisation over the centuries. These include wars and massacres, removals and relocations, epidemics of European disease and the destruction of Native American societies and cultures. That Native American human remains and important cultural objects have been disenfranchised from them by the colonisers and held in museums – sometimes also displayed – has been a specific type of trauma to which Native Americans have been subjected. Some of these remains and/or objects were obtained from the worst episodes in a tribe’s history (e.g. the Sand Creek Massacre of Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho, the Wounded Knee Massacre of the Sioux). This has served to accentuate the trauma of the event. United States federal legislation in 1989 (the National Museum of the American Indian Act) and 1990 (the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act) mandated the return of Native American human remains and specified types of cultural objects under certain conditions. Many resulting repatriations have occurred. Through repatriations – including the admission of ownership by tribes and (either explicitly or implicitly) that there was a ‘wrongdoing’ – Native Americans have achieved some ‘healing of (soul) wounds’. This chapter will explore these issues in more detail and illustrate how specific repatriations have helped tribes to move beyond tragedies experienced in the United States.

It is important for managing readers lives, the daily actions of individuals, communities, corporations and governments. Mathematics has evolved in many contexts; it has been and will continue to be a tool for the solution of human problems. Few people realise that most of the mathematics taught up to age 16 in England and Wales was developed by other cultures and not brought into Western Europe until the late 15th century. Probability and statistical techniques began as rules of inheritance in Jewish and Arabic legal practices, while Mediaeval Arab scholars completed most of advanced school trigonometry. Teaching mathematics requires attention to the quality of pedagogy and to student engagement. Engagement in mathematics is necessary to go beyond procedure following, by making connections with concepts in active discussions. Mathematics has arisen wherever people have begun to settle and organise production of food, measuring land, building storage facilities, irrigating fields and so on.

Communism was merely another of the foreign systems trying to take its place on the Vietnamese scene. The Vietnamese publications have ranged from articles debating the roles of individuals and events in Vietnamese history to those researching particular historical points, from books describing centuries of development to valuable and detailed monographs on major events in the nation's history. The chief concerns in Vietnamese Communist historiography have paralleled the goals of the same years--independence, unity, and socialism for Vietnam. The Vietnamese Communists, like their Russian colleagues, rejected a universal, deterministic, gradualist emphasis for an indigenous, voluntaristic, immediate focus, though without the attendant Stalinist violence. The problem of external causation in Chinese history is easily countered on the Vietnamese side as they stress the continued development of the Vietnamese people. The Vietnamese, on the other hand, have identified strongly with past rebellions, especially the great Tay-son revolt of the late eighteenth century.

Traditionally in the writing of Indonesian history the eighteenth century has merely been a sequel to the seventeenth in the series of governor-generalships continuing up to the fall of the Dutch Republic in 1795. The history of Indonesia is fitted into the framework of eighteenth-century cultural history. Under the Manchu emperors, eighteenth-century China reached a pinnacle of political power and cultural achievement. Spain continued to exert its chief power in its American lands, using the Philippines mainly for trade with China, and hardly at all for exercising political power in southeast Asia. The English controlled the Bombay, Bengal, and China trade - which means that the most valuable parts of the internal Asian trade had slipped away from the Company. The officials in the lower ranks of the European administration followed a kampong way of life, in the cities living side by side with Orientals, Indonesian and Chinese.

Introduction, Pia Maria Jolliffe and Thomas Richard Bruce 1. Myanma identity and the shifting value of the classical past: A case study of King Kyansittha in Burmese history textbooks, 1829-2017, Rosalie Metro 2. The legend of the 'lost book' and the value of education among the Karen people in Myanmar and Thailand, Pia Maria Jolliffe 3. The Modernisation of Female Education and the Emergence of Class-conflict Between Literate Groups of Women in Siam 1870-1910, Natanaree Posrithong 4. Thailand's Early Adult Education in Textbooks: Inclusion, Exclusion and Literacy, 1940-1944, Wasitthee Chaiyakan 5. Contesting 'Chinese' Education: Schooling in the Kuomintang Chinese Diaspora in Northern Thailand, 1975 - 2015, Aranya Siriphon and Sunanta Yamthap 6. The Emergence of Vocational Education, Modern Shoemaking and a National Economy in Thailand, 1895-1973, Thomas Richard Bruce 7. Van quoc ngu: Teaching Modernity through Classics: Women's Education in Colonial Vietnam, Marta Lopatkova 8. Tinkering your way to prosperity: technical education, auto-mechanics and entrepreneurship in late-colonial Vietnam, Erich DeWald 9. Despite Education: Malaysian Nationhood and Economic Development in Retrospect, 1874-1970, Elsa Lafaye de Micheaux 10. Full colour illustrations: Presentations of race in Singapore's history textbooks, 1965-2000, Theophilus Kwek 11. State and Islamic Education Growing into Each Other in Indonesia, Kevin W. Fogg 12. American Education in the Philippines and Filipino Values, Jeremiah A. Lasquety-Reyes

In recent years, historical research on the pre-colonial period in the area between the Zambezi and Limpopo has almost ground to a standstill. A number of seminal works on the economic and social history of the area appeared in the 1960s and 1970s, each of which were underpinned by the documentary legacy of the Portuguese presence in the region from the beginning of the 16th century. Since the 1990s, it has been archaeologists that have taken up the mantle of post-1500 history, but the corpora of documentary material available is now seldom used systematically or to any great length. This article revisits the use and availability of historical documents for the study of African society in this region prior to 1840, specifically by presenting a newly constructed database of c.1,140 published and unpublished documents of relevance to African society, economy and the environment. The need for this database is first set into context by a critical overview of two of the major historiographies in pre-colonial economic and social history in this region – those of the relationships between trade and politics and drought and food production – from which a series of common problems are identified. The database is then introduced, together with an analysis of its chronological and spatial coverage and a discussion of the availability and accessibility of the documents. The article concludes by pointing to some potential future directions for a revival of pre-colonial economic and social history in south-east Africa north of the Limpopo, to which renewed interrogation of the wider range of documentary material collated here can contribute.

This chapter examines how Francis Carsten’s writings were received by his colleagues in the Federal Republic in the 1950s and 1960s. Carsten’s broad perspective on Prussian history was too novel to win immediate acceptance from traditionally-minded German historians. The few academic reviews which appeared at the time, while recognising the thoroughness of his research, regretted the deliberate neglect of political history and insisted that developments in the separate Hohenzollern territories were more differentiated than he had allowed. Reviewers had criticised Carsten’s first book for failing to draw on comparative material from other German principalities. Carsten was more inclined, in line with his earlier beliefs, to argue that there existed a close connection between National Socialism and the old elites of Germany which had throttled the genuinely democratic aspirations of the so-called masses and of the working class in particular.

This chapter discusses the emotional experience of wonder in medieval and early modern English drama from the perspective of the philosopher Jane Bennett’s useful distinction between awe and fascination. Wonder is discernible in the dramatic action of plays even when the word itself is absent from their texts. The semantic field occupied by wonder in drama is broadly consistent with C. W. Bynum’s findings that wonder appears in proximity to words exhorting the beholder to favour passive responses: the beholder should be amazed, should marvel, should have faith; should not seek to investigate, imitate, or pry into; should not exhibit curiosity. In early modern Spain and France, the main issue affecting the dramatization of wonder was not secularization but neoclassicism. William Shakespeare’s Romances frame wonder in highly staged – and stagey – ways, and convey unusually precise instructions to the actors and to the audience.

The Semitic languages have the longest recorded history of any language family, spanning some 4,500 years from the first Akkadian and Eblaite texts in the mid-third millennium bce; one of the most widely spoken of the world’s languages; Amharic, Tigrinya and other related languages in Ethiopia and Eritrea. For ease of reference, there is a tabular overview of the subgrouping of the Semitic languages; the overview is then followed by a more detailed review of the subbranches and individual languages of the family. Akkadian, along with the extinct isolate Sumerian, was the language of the great civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia. Akkadian was usually written in a cuneiform script, logo-syllabic in nature, that was borrowed from Sumerian. Eblaite is attested in several thousand cuneiform texts of the 24th century from the city of Ebla. What is clear is that Eblaite is very closely related to Akkadian, closely enough that some scholars consider it to be a dialect of Akkadian.

This chapter argues that the incorporation of various modes of intralingual translation, as an integral part of translation history, will shed light on this little-explored area of practice and serve to move the boundaries of translation studies. Based on data from previous research done within the Ottoman Turkish literary context, the paper draws attention to the culture-specific terms and aspects of translational practices. As the two cases discussed demonstrate, intralingual ‘translation’ in 19th-century Ottoman Turkish literature covered a wide range of text production practices from summarising and renewal to writing and conveying that need to be studied in order to construct a fuller picture of translation history.

The process upon which psychoanalysis is based lies at the heart of Sigmund Freud’s discoveries - the return of the repressed. Psychoanalysis treats the relation as one of imbrication, of repetition, of the equivocal and of the quiproquo. In short, the institution is a return of violence within the field of psychoanalysis, but a violence couched in words and repressed on the physical, body-to-body level. When psychoanalysis ‘forgets’ its own historicity, that is, its internal relation to conflicts of power and position, it becomes either a mechanism of drives, a dogmatism of discourse, or a gnosis of symbols. The privileged position accorded to personal history was not so much a desire to reduce psychoanalysis to individual therapy, as it was a reflection of a certain type of society. American psychoanalysis was overdetermined in its early stages by the experience of emigres, particularly Jewish and German, who were fleeing from Nazism.

Daura claims to be the earliest Hausa State in Nigeria. A written record called the Girgam appears to have been kept for many years, though it is not known at what period or by what King of Daura this writing was first undertaken.

The fundamental changes in window display were also reflected in both the development of a new profession, the decorator and the increasingly important supply of decorative products. The development of display windows had reached its quantitative limits around the turn of the century. As the complexity and artistic quality of window displays grew, so did the number of goods whose prices were plainly displayed in those windows. The expansion of window display into the interior of the shop made it possible for the front of the store to be considered more in terms of quality. The growing significance of retailing was most important to the development of the shop window. To identify its origins as early as 1830 is unusual in German historiography; the focus is usually on the changes within the production sector. The chapter concludes with some observations on the importance of the development for the history of advertising, the economy, and the society of the German Empire.