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This article analyze how a group of people realized, in the mid-1960s, problems related to the way in which Brazilian territory was occupied and how, in a dictatorship, they created the ABRA to propose an agrarian reform as a solution. The evidence results from qualitative research that combined a literature review with interviews and questionnaires. The analysis shows that for almost fifty years this group tried to take advantage of windows of opportunities to propose legal mechanisms for regulating the right to land property (such as social function or obligation) and land redistribution (such as taxation or expropriations) to include the rural workers in national development. However, the expectations around these mechanisms triggered reactions that reduced the group's relative participation in decision-making. In developmentalism echoes, this analysis raises concerns about who, when and how can speak about the problems and solutions to conflicts over land and territory in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debating the development of family farming demands the interpretation of multiple contexts. It was proposed to analyze the pentagon of capitals (human, social, physical, financial and natural) of family farmers inserted in the settlements of Bom Jardim and Facão, located in the municipality of Cáceres, Mato Grosso, based on the conception of rural development of settled family farming. For this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 114 farmers from the settlements, in which the data were analyzed from the pentagon of capitals (human, social, physical, financial and natural). Multidimensional adversities were identified in the five capitals, antagonistic to the development of family farming. Overcoming the stagnation of settlements requires the organization of a set of specific policies, and/or facilitating access to existing programs, reinforcing the accumulation of capital from family farming to then achieve rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting in 2005, the National Colonization Institute (INC) generated a change in the focus of public policy; focusing its actions on the promotion of associative efforts in its most diverse forms, to promote social and economic integration of family farmers. By surveying of the trajectory of two groups of settlers, family cattle in Uruguayan coast, we sought to understand the internal processes of collective self-management of INC lands; particularly, in aspects to the management of the natural grassland as a resource of common use. The methodology was based on semi-structured interviews carried out with extension technicians and the farmers of the analysed groups. The analysis of the information shows that, in this type of venture, trust between the members is a key factor to achieve the objectives set by the group. Of the operation, the establishment and evolution from learning, of the operative and collective rules, which have a relevant incidence in the management of the common good, stand out. The social interaction and the involvement of the members in the actions of the collective is what sustains the continuity of the venture in common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the different configurations of production for self-consumption in the family farming trajectory in Salvador das Missões-RS. The article takes a longitudinal study of 58 families, whose data, through structured questionnaires, were collected in January 2003 (concerning to the year 2002) and January 2018 (concerning to the 2017). The results show that productive (increase in the production of commodities and other commercial crops), demographic (aging and decreasing family size) and socioeconomic (social security and urban migration) changes influence the production for self-consumption. Although present in different family trajectories, over the years, production for self-consumption has lost absolute and relative importance, even if accounting for significant per capita values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sought to verify the implementation of food procurement from family farming (AF) in Federal Universities (IFES) in the south of the country, identifying which processes of purchasing/contracting services used and the forms of management of the University Restaurants (RU), the routes used to purchase AF products in each institution / state, the difficulties reported by the social actors involved and the mechanisms of access to these markets built by farmers' organizations and Executing Entities. For this purpose, quantitative and qualitative research was used in 19 IFES based on data collected through questionnaires and interviews with managers, technicians and farmers. Of the 51 Units analyzed, 47% have already purchased from AF at some point, with Rio Grande do Sul the state with the most cases and UFRGS the IFES with the highest percentage of acquisitions. The massive outsourcing, the lack of commitment of the actors involved, the ignorance of the legislation and the change in the political scenario were identified problems. As access mechanisms, some IFES with outsourced management sought through clauses in public notices to encourage or compel private companies to make these purchases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notwithstanding the reinsertion of the extension service into the Brazilian national political agenda at the beginning of the 21st century, the acquisition of scientific and technological innovations, knowledge and the inclusion in public policies has been limited in the country. In this sense, we analyze, in this article, a set of data in the 2006 and 2017 Agricultural Censuses regarding access to rural extension service by agricultural establishments of family farmers and patronal agriculture. The territory analyzed in this research included Brazil, the state of Goiás and its five Geographical Mesoregions. Based on an interpretation and examination of the census data, we found that there are still profound socio-spatial inequalities in obtaining this service in the Brazilian and Goiás countryside, in addition to an increase in the number of agricultural establishments that use pesticides and a decrease in those that practice organic agriculture and / or organic livestock production. In the context of the imposition of neoliberal economic reforms and the rise of a neo-fascist government, the Brazilian State is increasingly absent and omitted in promoting rural extension services to family farming, which accentuates the difficulties faced by this segment and deepens their vulnerabilities, intensifying their dependence and subordination to large companies and private rural extension organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is assumed that the entry of capital into the field, with the use of pesticides and transgenic seeds, from modernization of agriculture. This process, being one of the ones that helped to legitimize land concentration, reinforces expropriation and is harmful to health, being unequal and excluding. In Brazil, legislation and government officials regulate and allow a policy that encourages the increase in the use of pesticides and transgenic seeds, bringing an increase in poisoning, cancer, respiratory, reproductive, endocrine problems, etc. With this, the article aims to apprehend the modernization process of Brazilian agriculture, understand this from the use of pesticides and highlight its typology and the risks to health and the environment. For this, a quantitative approach is taken, based on a critical reading of the data collected from the supplying agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the settlement policy has benefited about one million families since 1985, studies evaluating advances and challenges in its implementation are scarce. Accordingly, there are gaps in families' own assessment of their current life situations in settlements. This study searches for the main factors in agrarian settlements implementation policy that contribute to socioeconomic development of settled families. Data from the "Pesquisa sobre Qualidade de Vida, Produção e Renda nos Assentamentos da Reforma Agrária" realized by INCRA in 2010 were used. The data analysis through logistic regression support the discussion between public policies access and families' satisfaction. The results demonstrate the existence of different responses at national and regional levels, which can be explored for the settlements' development. The main findings are related to the impact of technical assistance policies, housing and the relevance of the time living in the settlement increasing the satisfaction of the beneficiary families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of pesticides in Brazil has been increasing, with consequences for the health of rural workers and consumers. Historically with a predominance of sugarcane monoculture, in the last decades, the rural scenery of the state of Alagoas has been transformed with the creation of agrarian reform settlements, increasing the importance of family farming, as well as new crops and animal husbandry has been gaining importance. The objective of this work was to analyze the agricultural production and the use of pesticides in Dom Helder Câmara settlement, located in Murici - "Zona da Mata Alagoana". The methodology used was the semistructured interviews, applied in 29 families, from January to July 2018. It was found that 11% of the families use pesticides and 34% have organic certification. Regarding the declaration of suitability for Pronaf, 66% of households do not have the document, which prevents the number of OCS certified farmers from increasing. The lack of technical assistance and credit makes it difficult to improve production, and 47% of households do not use any inputs for crop management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the result of research carried out in the agricultural community of Monte Café in the African country of São Tomé and Príncipe (STP). In the first few months of 2018, field activities were completed, and the bibliographic analysis and revision extended through 2018 and 2019. The objective of this work was to throw much light on the concrete reality of farmers in the country based on the presented case. With the exhaustion of sugar cane, coffee and cocoa production outweighed that of the sugar cane in the 19th century. This is a fact that currently exists. Stacked in an economy based on the exportation of primary goods, the country has not developed an effective industrial process that could change the current image of the economy. In addition, the state's low capacity registered after the country's independence contributed so that subsistent agriculture could generate income to reproduce materials for the farmers by its integration in an incipient market. São Tomé and Príncipe is currently an agroexporter country characterized by low developmental indices that is much evident in the rural territories. This underlying problem is a contributive factor of poverty in almost all the rural population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the pedagogical and socioeconomic contributions of the six Family Agricultural Schools (Escolas Família Agrícola - EFAs) that exist in Amapá, using as a parallel, the methodology of the alternation pedagogy and understanding its results in the local development and social education. The pedagogy of the alternation is understood as an important tool for the qualification of the students who deal directly with the rural environment, interconnecting the theoretical with the practical reality, improving their knowledge in an holistic conception and critical formation. Field interviews were carried out, as well as a bibliographic review and statistical data from a quali/quantitative approach. As a conclusion, resulting from the several problems encountered, it is observed that the "EFAs" contribute to the students' qualification, and although they are an important pedagogical tool for the rural education, they depend on political interests and on the community involved, along with investment and understanding of the reality, in order to target better professional qualification and to promote social advances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forms of occupation of the Brazilian countryside in recent years have denied the contribution of the peasantry to the formation of Brazilian society. This article aims to revisit, through a bibliographical research, some discussions about peasantry in Brazil, considered by several authors as a way of life, a culture. Present in Brazilian territory from Brazil colony, the peasantry contributes to the formation of the Brazilian agrarian space, even in the majority of cases, excluded from the main public policies, being installed in precarious spaces of agricultural production. This social category is made up of non-landowners and non-landowners who develop their own ways of living and working. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to critically analyze Sustainable Rural Development (SRD) in rural settlements in the semi-arid region of Ceará, identifying the elements of exclusion, subordination or emancipation of family field farming to capitalist production relations. The survey data is of primary origin, collected from a sample. After the data collection, the data were prepared for the measurement of the Sustainable Rural Development Index (SRDI). The method of analysis used was dialectical historical materialism, which through empirical research made it possible to make inferences about the reality of the agrarian space of Ceará, specifically the areas of established federal settlements. The analyzed territory was the Cariri territory, with the specific object of investigation being the Acoci settlement, located in the municipality of Campos Sales (CE). It presented an SRDI of 0.516 and was therefore in an intermediate situation, that is, it partially achieved the structural elements for subordination to the dynamics of capitalist accumulation, but the elements of emancipation that would promote sustainable rural development are not yet found present, revealing only their unequal and combined character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to characterize and understand the colonial cheese market in the Capanema microregion, southwest of Paraná, identifying the attributes valued by consumers, producers and technicians / managers in the qualification of these cheeses. To answer this objective, a qualitative research was carried out, with semi-structured interviews applied to 12 producers, 12 consumers and 8 technicians / managers of food inspection agencies. The results revealed a significant number of informal colonial cheese agroindustries in the region. From the evaluated cases, it was verified that informal agroindustries sell their products from short supply chains of the face-to-face type, while formal agroindustries expand their scope to short chains of spatial proximity and for long chains of supply, losing in part the craftsmanship of their products. On the one hand, the quality of the cheeses in the formal markets is essentially evaluated by their sanitary aspect, the quality most valued in the informal markets of colonial cheese revolve around other attributes like taste, culture, tradition and nature. These qualities, added to the trust given by tradition and knowledge between producers and consumers, seem to promote these markets that continue to survive alongside hegemonic markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Latin American governments of Colombia and Brazil offer health services to rural populations who, according to the peasant movements themselves, often do not address their specific needs. In order to better understand this reality, an analysis of the spatial practices and experiences related to the health of the peasant communities in Brazil and Colombia was carried out, reflecting on their conditions, their knowledge, the influences that this knowledge has, trying to identify the reality of the health care for these communities and listening to the opinion of the rural population about this issue. Understanding that health promotion is beyond just living in the countryside, there is a need for minimum conditions to guarantee the quality of life, through care for nature, water and food. In Brazil, the strong influence of the city in the countryside makes the communities dependent on the products and processes that urbanity offers. In Colombia, the clash with urban realities has been even stronger, since indigenous people have had to live in a reality that they did not know in their ancestral communities and have had to live with people who do not listen to them, do not understand them, and are not open to understand them. This constant dichotomy between field and city, in the two realities visited, causes that the practices of space go through changes constantly. From these visits we learned that health has been weakened because 'Mother Earth' is not being respected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the role of the cooperative of family farming in the action of buying oily raw materials under the Selo de Combustível Social do Programa Nacional para Produção e Uso de Biocombustíveis - PNPB - in the state of Goiás. The process emerged in the state from a public action of share information leveling and a work of mobilization of public base. It was verified that cooperatives make a significant difference in increasing market power, scale, and value added for farmers. It was emphasized also that cooperative organizations, whose nature is economic, beyond this, articulate with the sociopolitical representations of family farmers to plead improvements in the provisions of the program, pricing, payments and services, increasing considerably the bargaining power of family farming. However, critical points of weakness have been raised for the sustainability of program in relation to the socioeconomic characteristics of family agriculture and socio-spatial dynamics of this in the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil's development cooperation policy with Sub-Saharan Africa has intensified since the end of the 2000s, Mozambique being the country's largest partner. This South-South Cooperation enterprise has shown intents to share elements drawn from previous experiences of programmes implemented in Brazil, particularly in the rural sector. However, Brazilian agricultural policy is notorious for its dualistic structure and dominant political strategy has been marked by the accommodation of two different - occasionally contradictory - agricultural policy agendas, reflecting how current political forces are organized. This dualistic structure not only shapes Brazil's technical cooperation with Mozambique, but also leads to important constraints and substantial transformation on its appropriation by Mozambican stakeholders. This article seeks to discuss some of these challenges in Brazil's development cooperation in the rural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to identify the advances and challenges of the National Policy of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension-PNATER, Through the implementation of the Program of Technical assistance, Social and Environmental-ATES focusing on the performance of the technical team. The study cut is the Settlement Projects- PA's, in the communities of Jequiriçá and Rancho Alegre, located in the municipalities of Santa Inês and Ubaíra-BA. For this research, were used secondary data from the official website of the federal government and interviews were carried out with the technical team of ATES and the settlers, besides that, participatory diagnosis were performed. In this sense, the results of this work can contribute and allow a reflection on possible changes in the policy of ATES and also on the adequacy of development strategies for PAs in the communities of Jequiriçá and Rancho Alegre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research analyzed the land tenure of the Zona da Mata Pernambucana with the dates of the National System of Rural Cadastre (SNCR) and System of Information of Land Reform's Projects (SIPRA), both from INCRA. From the dates, the properties were ranked in smalholding, small, medium and large; the latter, with the dates of the productivity, was ranked in productive large and unproductive large. After study of existing settlements, the GINI Índex to the Land Concentration (IG-CF) was calculated, in relation to the cities, before and after to the implantation of the settlements, to measure the impacts in the land concentration. We verified that, in the region, there are 560 large properties (1,88% of the total), concentrating 248.000 hectares (40,05% of the total), in which half is unproductive and concentrates more than 127.000 hectares. The settlement of the 14.977 families promoted a reconfiguration of land ownership, in which the small properties increased their share in the total of properties from 17,6% to 59,0% and their share in the occupied area from 11,6% to 31,8%. The IG-CF reduced 15,81% in hole region. In eight cities the reduction was grater than 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess the demand for food from family farms and the factors reported by the actors that frustrate or influence the purchase of organic and agro-ecological products by the National School Feeding Programme in the southwest of Paraná. We conducted a study based on public calls for analysis of a representative sample of municipalities and semi-structured interviews in two municipalities, who acquired and acquired other than organic/agro-ecological food, with managers, farmers and consumers. Most analyzed municipalities demanded more than the minimum of 30% for purchases of family farmers. No public call showed demand for organic and agro-ecological products, but some municipalities reported the purchase of these products. There was contradiction between the speeches, which are based on the recognition of the agro-ecological model for its virtuosity and environmental health, but discredited as its economic viability. The purchase of family farming products is consolidating, but still lack awareness, knowledge, public dialogue and policies that encourage the purchase of environmentally friendly products for school feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for subsidy in the construction of indicators that are relevant to the management of agricultural production units is constant. The objective of this thesis was to identify and analyze the main socio-economic indicators in the management of agricultural production units of family type in land reform settlement. This is a qualitative and quantitative study with exploratory and descriptive character. As for the technical procedures or form of data collection, the research strategy used, was the collection of information through on-site interviews. There was also the use of exploratory, descriptive and documentary studies.In the sample, 59 rural families were interviewed in Teijin settlement, Nova Andradina city - MatoGrossodoSul, State. Among the main activities exploited by settler families, are: milk production, practiced in 69.6% of the Agricultural Productions Units (APUs), beef cattle, 6.8%, and the production of fresh produce, cassava. It also is highlighted the part time activity. Each APU has an area for exploration of 14.52 hectares. The family emerged as a leading indicator that affects, the sustainability of the APUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, the Food Acquisition Program (PAA), implemented in 2003 under the administration of the former president Lula, is a two-pronged public policy which creates rural employment while reducing food insecurity among vulnerable segments of the Brazilian population. Since 2012, small-scale pilot projects inspired by PAA have been implemented in five African countries, including Mozambique, under the PAA Africa initiative with the support of the Brazilian government. Based on interviews and fieldwork conducted in Mozambique, this article examines the PAA pilot project in Tete province - implemented by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Food Program (WFP). The program's implementation process, its relationship to the PRONAE (school lunch) pilot projects, as well as its main achievements, benefits and challenges are highlighted. The author holds that the creation of institutional markets in Mozambique through local foodpurchasing and school-feeding programs, like the PAA and PRONAE, promotes an endogenous and sustainable form of rural development that has considerable potential to reduce rural poverty and food insecurity in a far-reaching manner in the long term. Considerations for the future of the PAA are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural sector policies in Latin America have tried to mitigate the prevailing contradictions and encourage their participation in economic development, in the pursuit of improving the welfare of society. However, these strategies and actions emerge from a particular understanding of 'development' and the appropriate ways to achieve it; in this context, provides a leading or marginal role to family farming. However, after decades of policies and programs implementation aimed to the "rural development", them have failed to result in structural changes or improves in the living conditions of the less capitalized producers sector. Thus, the dominant development policies frame them as dependent subjects in an ongoing process of disappearance, and not as subjects in constant transformation dynamics looking to ensure their reproduction. At this, this article restates this discussion, with reference to two Latin American countries, with the aim of finding continuities and ruptures in the dominant development paradigms, and revealing the paper of family farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Institute of Colonization created Maestro Soler colony in 2011, and target groups are family farmers. This new form of colonization is an experimental model. The problem at hand is research is whether new forms of colonization are able to generate a sustainable rural development model. The questions guiding this study are: i) This colonization model overcomes some of the limitations of classical colonization and has positive impacts on producers beneficiaries? ii) This model fits the expectations and requirements of family farmers of the colony? The overall objective of the paper is to analyze the impact of the new form of colonization, in a perspective of Rural Development, through the experience of the colony Maestro Soler. The methodology used is of inductive character and the procedures used are qualitative. The procedures were individual, semi-structured, beneficiaries, technical and rice farmer producer, and two focus group interviews. At present, the result has been very positive, both in increased production, income, organization, participation and institutional relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Fernandes (2009) definition of territory, agrarian capitalism development and state policies carried on in Uruguay in response to globalization are analyzed. From this point of view soybean production expansion, known as *sojizacion*, is the result of a development model having the land as its centre (in terms of ownership and use). The Uruguayan government, since the arriving of the left coalition to power, has supported changes in the agriculture policies favoring the development of big capital investment (mainly foreign ones) and agri-business without generating the development of non-capitalist relationships. Under these terms, the agricultural restructure conditions and endanger the national sovereignty of Uruguayan people and economical development with social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a reflection of pluriactivity - part-time farming, mixed with other economic activity - as a phenomenon of contemporary capitalism that has negative consequences for Brazilian peasants and the agrarian reform project. The article contrasts concepts that set courses that sail away in opposite directions: that of the dichotomy between peasant agriculture/agrarian reform and family farming/pluriactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia, supported on the hypothesis that international trade is the main source of economic growth and institutional modernization, chooses the exportation of agricultural products in which this country has comparative advantages. The agrarian policy in the Neoliberal Model (years 1990- ) has been orientated towards the above mentioned intentions. This article intends to demonstrate that the agrarian policy has strengthened the intensive business production of the tropical cultivations resulting in the detriment of the peasant production. This policy, with the argument of turning the rural people into business people, has managed to lead these people into poverty. The thesis underlying this analysis is that whereas under the model of substitution of the imports the peasants were functional to the model, under the Neoliberalism Model they stop being functional and, in consequence, from being "exploited and included" they become "exploited and excluded". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]