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Background: One of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) is knee osteoarthritis (KO), which results in patients experiencing significant pain, decreased function and range of motion, lower income, decreased social contact, and ultimately diminished quality of life. This study sought to evaluate the risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in women between the ages of 40 and 55 because several studies have shown that KO is frequent among these females. Methods: One hundred of the 198 individual who were randomly chosen for this descriptive-analytical study were eligible and included because they met the inclusion criteria. The amount of protective behavior was assessed using a 38-item self-design checklist. Knee function and pain intensity were assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and the visual analog scale (VAS). In addition, a muscle strength assessment and a self-efficacy questionnaire were applied. Using SPSS version 24, analytical tests were run on the collected data. Results: This study showed there is a significant relationship between knee osteoarthritis and various factors such as age, body mass index, educational status, other diseases (blood pressure and diabetes), muscle strength, daily housewives’ performance, knee-protective behaviors, and self-efficacy in the field of knee-protective behaviors (P < 0.05 in all instances). Conclusion: Providing educational and training programs for women to prevent knee osteoarthritis is highly advised since, as this study's findings showed, the majority of risk factors linked to knee discomfort from osteoarthritis can be managed.

Background: Neck pain is a common problem among teachers. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an instrument for measuring occupational neck pain preventive behaviors among teachers. Method: In order to develop a neck pain preventive behavior this study was conducted in December 2020 in two phases: qualitative, and quantitative. In qualitative phase a purposeful sample of teachers were interviewed to generate an item pool. Then content validity and face validity were performed to provide a provisional version of the questionnaire. In the next stage, to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, a cross sectional study was conducted. In total, 146 teachers participated in this study (with a mean age 36.7; SD 8.92 years). The questionnaire was distributed among a sample of teachers. Exploratory factor analysis was used to obtain the factor structure of the questionnaire. The item-scale correlation matrix was examined to further evaluate the validity of the questionnaire. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated to assess reliability and intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess stability.Results: Based on analysis of the exploratory factor, 8 factors with 43 substances, that together accounted for 65,25% variances were obtained. Also, the correlation matrix in the case scale to establish the validity of the questionnaire showed satisfactory results. The results of face validity showed that 4 factors were not approved and were removed from the questionnaire. Reliability evaluation with internal consistency method (Cronbach's alpha) showed excellent compatibility (0.87). The intra class correlation reliability assessment showed that the questionnaire has satisfactory stability (ICC) (0.92).Conclusion: This study provides the reliability and validity for the Occupational Pain Neck Preventive Behaviors Questionnaire. The questionnaire evaluates occupational neck pain prevention behaviors among teachers and possibly is useful for using in other settings.

Background: Neck pain is one of the most common work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Which has important social and economic consequences such as reduced productivity due to absenteeism, leave and early retirement and financial losses due to medical expenses for the workforce, especially teachers, and is a serious problem among teachers. This study aims was to evaluate whether a theory-based intervention social media could change the high-risk behaviors that cause to job-related neck pain among teachers.Methods: This is a community-randomized controlled trial that will be done in three steps. The stages of the study include: The first stage is a qualitative study to obtain the items and areas of the researcher-made questionnaire based on the health belief model (HBM), the second stage is the psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire and the third stage is the design and implementation of model-based educational intervention in social media. The study population is middle school teachers in the 19th district of Tehran, which are randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group receives training packages on social media and the control group does not receive any training. The intervention tries to improve the knowledge, attitude, skills and self-efficacy in adopting neck pain prevention behaviors among teachers. The study will also assess whether the intervention can reduce disability caused by neck pain among teachers.Discussion: Job-related neck pain can have a negative impact on teachers' health. This study is an attempt to investigate the impact, development and implementation of interventions in reducing job-related neck pain on social media.Trial registration number: IRCT20210301050542N1Registered on 16 March 2021 in IRCT (Iranian registry of Clinical TrialEthics Code: IR.MODARES.REC.1399.163

Background: Development and psychometrics of a questionnaire for preventive occupational pain behaviors in teachers.Quantitative and qualitative research plan in tool development and validation.Method: A qualitative study was conducted in December 2020 with 25 participants to obtain the initial information of the questionnaire. Then content validity and face validity were performed. In the next stage, a questionnaire was distributed among the sample of teachers. In total, 146 teachers participated in this study (with a mean age 36.7; SD 8.92 years). Exploratory factor analysis was used to obtain the factor structure of the questionnaire. The correlation matrix in the case scale has been used to evaluate the validity of the structure. Internal stability (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated to assess reliability and internal correlation coefficient to assess stability.Results: Based on analysis of the exploratory factor, 8 factors with 43 substances, that together accounted for 65,25% variances were obtained. Also, the correlation matrix in the case scale to establish the validity of the questionnaire showed satisfactory results. The results of face validity showed that 4 factors were not approved and were removed from the questionnaire. Reliability evaluation with internal consistency method (Cronbach's alpha) showed excellent compatibility (0.87). The Intraclass correlation reliability assessment showed that the questionnaire has satisfactory stability (ICC) (0.92).Conclusion: This study provides the reliability and validity of the Occupational Pain Neck Preventive Behaviors Questionnaire. This study provides an instrument for evaluating occupational neck pain prevention behaviors among teachers. The instrument is useful for teachers and staff of administrative units and healthcare settings to implement appropriate interventions.

Background: According to the studies conducted, adolescence and its related health issues are of the most significant issues. The purpose of the study was to develop a Musculoskeletal Health intervention-training program using intervention mapping approach (IMA).Methods: The present study was a study protocol where IMA was used as a planning framework for developing musculoskeletal Health intervention-training program. Six intervention mapping steps were completed in the study. As the first step, needs assessment was performed by reviewing the studies, qualitative evaluation and interviews. In the second step, matrix of change objectives was designed. Later on, after designing the program and planning the program implementation, the program evaluation plan was developed.Results: IMA guided us in designing and implementing a control-oriented training program with the participation of the participants along with the definition of outcomes, performance goals and determinants, theoretical methods and practical applications, intervention program, implementation and step by step assessment.Conclusion: Intervention mapping is a participation-based approach to design and implement promotion programs.

Background: According to the studies conducted, teenage and its related health issues are of the most significant issues. The purpose of the study was to develop a Musculoskeletal Health intervention-training program using intervention mapping approach (IMA)for teenagers 12 to 14 years old.Methods: The present study is a study protocol where IMA has been used as a planning framework for developing musculoskeletal Health intervention-training program. Six intervention mapping steps have been completed in the study. As the first step, needs assessment has been performed by systematic review and qualitative evaluation . In the second step, matrix of change objectives was designed. Later on, after designing the program and planning the program implementation, the program evaluation plan was developed.Results: IMA guided us in designing and implementing a control-oriented training program with the participation of the participants along with the definition of outcomes, performance goals and determinants, theoretical methods and practical applications, intervention program, implementation and step by step assessment.Conclusion: Intervention mapping is a participation-based approach to design and implement promotion programs.

Background: According to the studies conducted, adolescence and its related health issues are of the most significant issues. The purpose of the study was to develop a Musculoskeletal Health intervention-training program using intervention mapping approach (IMA).Methods: The present study was a study protocol where IMA was used as a planning framework for developing musculoskeletal Health intervention-training program. Six intervention mapping steps were completed in the study. As the first step, needs assessment was performed by reviewing the studies, qualitative evaluation and interviews. In the second step, matrix of change objectives was designed. Later on, after designing the program and planning the program implementation, the program evaluation plan was developed.Results: IMA guided us in designing and implementing a control-oriented training program with the participation of the participants along with the definition of outcomes, performance goals and determinants, theoretical methods and practical applications, intervention program, implementation and step by step assessment.Conclusion: Intervention mapping is a participation-based approach to design and implement promotion programs.

Background In Afghanistan, adolescents and young people are the most important at risk groups for substance abuse. Considering the importance of model-based interventions, this study aims to design and validate a questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) for assessing the beliefs of Afghan students regarding substance abuse prevention behavior. Methods This study was conducted in two stages. Firstly, the items of the questionnaire were designed by conducting a combined documentary literature review and qualitative study. In the next step, its psychometric properties were evaluated through qualitative and quantitative formal validity (calculation of impact score), qualitative and quantitative content validity - Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI)- and structural validity through Factor Explanatory Analysis (FEA). Finally, consistency compatibility through Cronbach’s alpha as well as reliability (internal correlation) test re-test were assessed. To above steps, the SPSS version 18 was applied. R esults 74 items were obtained for the questionnaire by performing a qualitative study and using existing scientific sources for literature review. In the study of formal validity of quantitative items, the effect coefficient of all above 1.5 was calculated. The CVR of each item was more than 0.8 (mean 0.93), and their CVI was more than 0.79. In this stage, 12 items related to cues to action hanged to 1 item with 12 options so all 63 remained items were retained in the questionnaire. In FEA 40 items related to main constructs of HBM were assessed by which, by eliminating 2 items, structural validity was confirmed for 38 items in 5 factors and covering about 40% of the variance for EFA 408 students with average age of 23 years old were assessed. In the internal compatibility process, the acceptable values ​​of Cronbach's alpha between 0.71 and 0.81 were calculated for all factors. Test re test approved to assess reliability of the instrument. Conclusion The HBM-SAPQA tool obtained the acceptable validity/reliability to apply the beliefs of Afghan students regarding substance abuse preventive behavior. Although the result of this study showed, this questionnaire has good validity and reliability, but this result should be confirmed in future studies.

Background: Nurses are put at high risk of work-related low back pain (LBP) due to the nature of their work. There is wide scientific evidence that the incidence and prevalence of LBP in nurses is high. Therefore, promoting behaviors for low back health in nurses is essential. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a theory-based educational intervention on promoting behaviors of low back health via in-person and social media education among nursing personnel with LBP. Methods: The educational content was developed with six modules: knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, reinforcing factors, enabling factors and behavior. Evaluation of the content was undertaken in nurses, mean age 36.50 ± 5.79 years, with LBP recruited to a community randomized controlled trial with two modes of delivery: in-person (n=60) and social media (n=60). Data were collected with a self-designed questionnaire at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Baseline comparisons between groups were made with Mann-Whitney U Test for non-normal data and T-Test for normal data. Comparison of change scores between groups and two delivery types across the three time periods used the mixed between-within subject analysis of variance. Results: A total of 120 nurses received the allocated intervention and completed the baseline and follow-up questionnaires. The results indicated there were no significant statistical differences between two delivery types in the variables at the baseline (p > .05). All educational component scores increased at 3-months in both groups. At the 6-month follow-up scores increased for enabling factors and behavior in the in-person group, while in the social media group all scores increased except for attitude. Based on Bonferroni Post hoc analysis there was the difference between the delivery types; social media was more effective in knowledge (p = .01), self-efficacy (p = .03), reinforcing factor (p = .05) and behavior (p = .001) than the in-person intervention. Conclusion: An educational program for low back health was developed based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model and proved effective at improving knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, reinforcing factors, enabling factors and behavior. However, delivery via social media was more successful than in-person in the maintenance of behavior over the long-term.

Background Low back pain in nursing profession remains an important health issue. This study aims to assess whether a theory based interactive social media intervention could change job-related risk behaviors among nursing personnel. Methods This is a community-randomized controlled trial. Three settings of hospitals will randomly be assigned to the study arms: Intervention setting 1 receiving an in-person educational package; intervention setting 2 receiving the same material a web-based; and a control setting receiving nothing. The intervention would contain materials related to occupational risk behaviors and will try to promote the knowledge, attitude, skill, and self-efficacy of nurses on low back pain preventive behaviors. The primary outcome will be reduction in low back pain. The study also will assess whether the intervention could reduce pain-related disability and improve the quality of life. Discussion Occupational low back pain among nurses could adversely affect both patients and nurses’ health. This study is an attempt to see if social media could play a role to guide the development and implementation of future interventions.

Background: Occupational back pain is the most prevalent health problem among nurses that needs to be assessed by a valid and multi-factorial questionnaire. The purpose of the present study was to design and develop an instrument for assessing job-related back pain prevention behaviors among nursing professionals. Methods: First an item pool of 49 items was generated. Then, content and face validity was carried out. Consequently, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Mazandaran, Iran. The questionnaire was distributed among a sample of nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the factor structure of the questionnaire. Item-scale correlation matrix employed to examine the construct validity. The Cronbach’s alpha was estimated to assess the reliability and the intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to examine stability. Results: In all 155 nurses participated in the study. The mean age of respondents was 34.1 (SD = 7.66) years, and 83.2% were female. Six factors with 30 items emerged from the exploratory factor analysis: knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, reinforcing factors, enabling factors and behavior that jointly accounted for %66.5 of variance observed. Item-scale correlation matrix showed satisfactory results lending support to construct validity of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed excellent internal consistency (alpha=0.92). The intraclass correlation coefficient with 2-weeks interval also indicated that the questionnaire has satisfactory stability (ICC = 0.97). Conclusions: The findings showed that the Occupational Back Pain Prevention Behavior Questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring occupational back pain prevention behaviors among nurses. Keywords: Occupational Back Pain, Prevention behaviors, Psychometric evaluation, PRECEDE-PROCEED model, Nurse