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The Mid-Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian) karstic Grotte de Cussac (France) contains two areas of human remains in the context of abundant (and spectacular) parietal engravings. The first area (loci 1 and 2) includes the skeleton of a young adult male in a bear nest, rearranged by postdecomposition inundation, and the variably fragmentary remains of at least two individuals distributed across two bear nests, sorted anatomically and with most of the elements constrained to one side of one nest. The second area (locus 3) retains remains of two adults and an adolescent, in upper hollows and variably distributed down the slope, largely segregated into upper versus lower body groups. The only decoration associated with the human remains is red pigment on some of the bones or underlying sediment. The human remains indicate variable nonnatural deposition and manipulation of human bodies, body portions, and skeletal elements of at least six individuals. Moreover, Cussac is unusual in the association of these remains with exceptional parietal art. The complex Cussac mortuary pattern joins growing evidence from other Gravettian sites of variable treatment of individuals after death, within and across sites, in terms of formal deposition of the body versus postmortem manipulation versus surface abandonment. It provides a window onto the social diversity and the complex interactions of the living and the dead among these successful Late Pleistocene foragers.

Traditional approaches to coaching fail to account for the way organizations really work. Attempts to enhance leadership capability one person at a time, through private one-to-one coaching sessions, are unlikely to succeed by themselves. Coaching in Three Dimensions: Meeting the Challenges of a Complex World offers a more connected, systemic approach, aligning coaching with the realities and challenges of organizations operating in an ever more complex world.

Rail organizations are very complex systems involving both the physical aspects of the rail system and the human aspects of the operating organization. Introduction of new technologies to the physical system affects the human aspects, so rail managers are concerned with maintaining the integrity across the whole system as it evolves. This paper describes a modelling framework based on the ISO42010 standard which allows for generating consistent models that help with overcoming the challenges raised by interconnectivity of the physical system and organization components. The foundation of the framework is a metamodel (an abstract model of the whole domain) which can be instantiated to various real organizations. The interconnected elements of the metamodel holds the relationships between the model elements which are mapped to the domain elements, so the interconnectivity among the rail system components and the human related requirements can be traced and maintained.

Rail organizations are very complex systems involving both the physical aspects of the rail system and the human aspects of the operating organization. Introduction of new technologies to the physical system affects the human aspects, so rail managers are concerned with maintaining the integrity across the whole system as it evolves. This paper describes a modelling framework based on the ISO42010 standard which allows for generating consistent models that help with overcoming the challenges raised by interconnectivity of the physical system and organization components. The foundation of the framework is a metamodel (an abstract model of the whole domain) which can be instantiated to various real organizations. The interconnected elements of the metamodel holds the relationships between the model elements which are mapped to the domain elements, so the interconnectivity among the rail system components and the human related requirements can be traced and maintained.

Rail organizations are very complex systems involving both the physical aspects of the rail system and the human aspects of the operating organization. Introduction of new technologies to the physical system affects the human aspects, so rail managers are concerned with maintaining the integrity across the whole system as it evolves. This paper describes a modelling framework based on the ISO42010 standard which allows for generating consistent models that help with overcoming the challenges raised by interconnectivity of the physical system and organization components. The foundation of the framework is a metamodel (an abstract model of the whole domain) which can be instantiated to various real organizations. The interconnected elements of the metamodel holds the relationships between the model elements which are mapped to the domain elements, so the interconnectivity among the rail system components and the human related requirements can be traced and maintained.

Traditional approaches to coaching fail to account for the way organizations really work. Attempts to enhance leadership capability one person at a time, through private one-to-one coaching sessions, are unlikely to succeed by themselves. Coaching in Three Dimensions: Meeting the Challenges of a Complex World offers a more connected, systemic approach, aligning coaching with the realities and challenges of organizations operating in an ever more complex world.

Traditional approaches to coaching fail to account for the way organizations really work. Attempts to enhance leadership capability one person at a time, through private one-to-one coaching sessions, are unlikely to succeed by themselves. Coaching in Three Dimensions: Meeting the Challenges of a Complex World offers a more connected, systemic approach, aligning coaching with the realities and challenges of organizations operating in an ever more complex world.

Traditional approaches to coaching fail to account for the way organizations really work. Attempts to enhance leadership capability one person at a time, through private one-to-one coaching sessions, are unlikely to succeed by themselves. Coaching in Three Dimensions: Meeting the Challenges of a Complex World offers a more connected, systemic approach, aligning coaching with the realities and challenges of organizations operating in an ever more complex world.

Rail organizations are very complex systems involving both the physical aspects of the rail system and the human aspects of the operating organization. Introduction of new technologies to the physical system affects the human aspects, so rail managers are concerned with maintaining the integrity across the whole system as it evolves. This paper describes a modelling framework based on the ISO42010 standard which allows for generating consistent models that help with overcoming the challenges raised by interconnectivity of the physical system and organization components. The foundation of the framework is a metamodel (an abstract model of the whole domain) which can be instantiated to various real organizations. The interconnected elements of the metamodel holds the relationships between the model elements which are mapped to the domain elements, so the interconnectivity among the rail system components and the human related requirements can be traced and maintained.

Young people with complex support needs who live outside metropolitan areas face unique challenges. Issues such as poor educational and employment opportunities, homelessness, racism, problematic substance use, challenging behaviour, disability and mental illness can be magnified and lead to judgment and marginalisation in small communities such as those in rural and regional areas. As a result of poor resourcing of services in these areas, young people may be forced to transition from place to place, service to service as a way of coping with life challenges. This paper presents findings from interviews and focus groups with service providers who support such young people in regional and rural Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria in Australia. Service providers reported similar challenges to professionals working in urban areas, such as navigating inter-agency and inter-professional work and dealing with funding shortages. However, these issues were amplified by the need to work across broad geographical areas, to recruit and retain skilled workers and to respond to the many structural and resource inadequacies in smaller communities. While services aimed to be responsive to young people, the challenges of providing support in a non-metropolitan context could create a context in which young people either disengaged from services or poor response resulted in systemic escalation to crisis. The implications for policy and practice are explored.

Low-grade platinum-group element mineralisation in the Volspruit Sulphide Zone is sulphide-poor (%), distributed over a ~60 m-thick horizon in the lowermost cumulates of the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex. Unlike any other platinum-group element (PGE) deposit of the Bushveld Complex, the Volspruit Sulphide Zone is hosted exclusively within harzburgitic and dunitic cumulates in the Lower Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite. Here, we present a petrological investigation on the distribution of PGEs and chalcophile metals in mineralised pyroxenite cumulates from the Volspruit Sulphide Zone, to determine the origin of the PGE mineralisation in ultramafic cumulates and evaluate whether Volspruit-style mineralisation could occur in the stratigraphically lowest, ultramafic portions of other layered intrusions.

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Arts-based methods reduce reliance on verbal communication. This makes them particularly useful for exploring sensitive and controversial topics, which can often be difficult to articulate verbally, and capturing the experiences and insights of marginalised groups including people with complex support needs. The visual arts-based method of body mapping provides an alternative way for participants to express their views and experiences through non-verbal storytelling. In this article, we report on the adaptation of body mapping to conduct research with two disadvantaged groups: adults with cognitive disability and complex support needs; and young people with complex support needs. We identify the potential of the method to promote participants' choice and control over the research process and the onus on researchers to create and maintain a mutually safe and supportive environment. Body mapping is also identified as a useful practical tool for use by individuals and their supporters. Arts-based methods, including body mapping, have the potential to empower people with complex support needs to engage more fully in research, which provides a greater understanding of their experiences, views, and feelings.

This article reports on the second stage of a national study of how the effects of alcohol and other drugs are treated by criminal laws and the criminal justice system. Based on a mixed methods analysis of more than 300 appellate court decisions from all Australian jurisdictions handed down in the period 2010-2014, we identify the multiple points at which legal significance is attached to evidence that the accused, the victim or a witness was 'intoxicated' at the time of the alleged commission of a criminal offence. Focusing on the rules and principles endorsed by appellate courts in relation to four key 'sites' of criminal justice decisionmaking - the admissibility of police interviews, the credibility and reliability of witness testimony, adjudication on the criminal responsibility of the accused, and determination of sentence for convicted offenders - we show that the impact of intoxication on the enforcement of the criminal law is complex. There is no single characterisation that can account for the multiple points at which intoxication may need to be assessed, and the divergent ways in which it can impact on adjudication. Depending on a range of site-specific and case-specific considerations, intoxication evidence may expand/contract the parameters of criminal responsibility, and it may yield higher or lower criminal penalties.

The high price of synthetic fertilisers and the price barrier for biochar as a soil amendment have encouraged the exploration of using biochar in fertiliser replacement formulations. Biochars coupled with fertilisers can be applied at lower application rates to achieve benefits in plant growth and nutrition, as well as soil biological fertility. It is necessary to evaluate the use of biochar as a fertiliser substitute. Therefore, this study investigated the comparative influences of biochars, including Acacia saligna (AS), Simcoa jarrah (SJ) and Wundowie jarrah (WJ), mineral fertiliser with microbes (MF + M), biochar-mineral complex (BMC) and their combination on mycorrhizal colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat in a glasshouse experiment and sorghum in field conditions. BMC + MF + M treatment produced higher mycorrhizal colonisation than MF + M alone, indicating that BMC had a significant role in increasing mycorrhizal colonisation. SJ (treated with acetic acid) and MF + M treatments, as well as AS + MF + M application, showed similar effects on mycorrhizal colonisation, but lower colonisation than the BMC + MF + M treatment. Overall, the BMC + MF + M treatment supported the maximum shoot, root and total plant dry weight followed by AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M. The MF + M treatment had the maximum shoot N and K concentrations, while BMC + MF + M application had the maximum shoot P concentration. AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M treatments supported the maximum N uptake by wheat shoots, while BMC + MF + M supported the maximum P uptake. The results showed that biochars and BMCs could increase mycorrhizal colonisation, plant growth and nutrient uptake of wheat, particularly N, P, K, S and Zn. The field experiment confirmed that BMC application at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 could increase the yield of irrigated sorghum on a loam soil and provide better applied P use efficiency compared to a water-soluble fertiliser alone. These results indicated that biochar-based fertili

The high price of synthetic fertilisers and the price barrier for biochar as a soil amendment have encouraged the exploration of using biochar in fertiliser replacement formulations. Biochars coupled with fertilisers can be applied at lower application rates to achieve benefits in plant growth and nutrition, as well as soil biological fertility. It is necessary to evaluate the use of biochar as a fertiliser substitute. Therefore, this study investigated the comparative influences of biochars, including Acacia saligna (AS), Simcoa jarrah (SJ) and Wundowie jarrah (WJ), mineral fertiliser with microbes (MF + M), biochar-mineral complex (BMC) and their combination on mycorrhizal colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat in a glasshouse experiment and sorghum in field conditions. BMC + MF + M treatment produced higher mycorrhizal colonisation than MF + M alone, indicating that BMC had a significant role in increasing mycorrhizal colonisation. SJ (treated with acetic acid) and MF + M treatments, as well as AS + MF + M application, showed similar effects on mycorrhizal colonisation, but lower colonisation than the BMC + MF + M treatment. Overall, the BMC + MF + M treatment supported the maximum shoot, root and total plant dry weight followed by AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M. The MF + M treatment had the maximum shoot N and K concentrations, while BMC + MF + M application had the maximum shoot P concentration. AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M treatments supported the maximum N uptake by wheat shoots, while BMC + MF + M supported the maximum P uptake. The results showed that biochars and BMCs could increase mycorrhizal colonisation, plant growth and nutrient uptake of wheat, particularly N, P, K, S and Zn. The field experiment confirmed that BMC application at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 could increase the yield of irrigated sorghum on a loam soil and provide better applied P use efficiency compared to a water-soluble fertiliser alone. These results indicated that biochar-based fertili

The high price of synthetic fertilisers and the price barrier for biochar as a soil amendment have encouraged the exploration of using biochar in fertiliser replacement formulations. Biochars coupled with fertilisers can be applied at lower application rates to achieve benefits in plant growth and nutrition, as well as soil biological fertility. It is necessary to evaluate the use of biochar as a fertiliser substitute. Therefore, this study investigated the comparative influences of biochars, including Acacia saligna (AS), Simcoa jarrah (SJ) and Wundowie jarrah (WJ), mineral fertiliser with microbes (MF + M), biochar-mineral complex (BMC) and their combination on mycorrhizal colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat in a glasshouse experiment and sorghum in field conditions. BMC + MF + M treatment produced higher mycorrhizal colonisation than MF + M alone, indicating that BMC had a significant role in increasing mycorrhizal colonisation. SJ (treated with acetic acid) and MF + M treatments, as well as AS + MF + M application, showed similar effects on mycorrhizal colonisation, but lower colonisation than the BMC + MF + M treatment. Overall, the BMC + MF + M treatment supported the maximum shoot, root and total plant dry weight followed by AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M. The MF + M treatment had the maximum shoot N and K concentrations, while BMC + MF + M application had the maximum shoot P concentration. AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M treatments supported the maximum N uptake by wheat shoots, while BMC + MF + M supported the maximum P uptake. The results showed that biochars and BMCs could increase mycorrhizal colonisation, plant growth and nutrient uptake of wheat, particularly N, P, K, S and Zn. The field experiment confirmed that BMC application at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 could increase the yield of irrigated sorghum on a loam soil and provide better applied P use efficiency compared to a water-soluble fertiliser alone. These results indicated that biochar-based fertili

The high price of synthetic fertilisers and the price barrier for biochar as a soil amendment have encouraged the exploration of using biochar in fertiliser replacement formulations. Biochars coupled with fertilisers can be applied at lower application rates to achieve benefits in plant growth and nutrition, as well as soil biological fertility. It is necessary to evaluate the use of biochar as a fertiliser substitute. Therefore, this study investigated the comparative influences of biochars, including Acacia saligna (AS), Simcoa jarrah (SJ) and Wundowie jarrah (WJ), mineral fertiliser with microbes (MF + M), biochar-mineral complex (BMC) and their combination on mycorrhizal colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat in a glasshouse experiment and sorghum in field conditions. BMC + MF + M treatment produced higher mycorrhizal colonisation than MF + M alone, indicating that BMC had a significant role in increasing mycorrhizal colonisation. SJ (treated with acetic acid) and MF + M treatments, as well as AS + MF + M application, showed similar effects on mycorrhizal colonisation, but lower colonisation than the BMC + MF + M treatment. Overall, the BMC + MF + M treatment supported the maximum shoot, root and total plant dry weight followed by AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M. The MF + M treatment had the maximum shoot N and K concentrations, while BMC + MF + M application had the maximum shoot P concentration. AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M treatments supported the maximum N uptake by wheat shoots, while BMC + MF + M supported the maximum P uptake. The results showed that biochars and BMCs could increase mycorrhizal colonisation, plant growth and nutrient uptake of wheat, particularly N, P, K, S and Zn. The field experiment confirmed that BMC application at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 could increase the yield of irrigated sorghum on a loam soil and provide better applied P use efficiency compared to a water-soluble fertiliser alone. These results indicated that biochar-based fertili

We present negative ion formation from collisions of 100 eV neutral potassium atoms with acetic acid (CH3COOH) and its deuterated analogue molecules (CH3COOD, CD3COOH). From the negative ion time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra, OH- is the main fragment detected accounting on average for more than 25% of the total anion yield. The complex internal rearrangement processes triggered by electron transfer to acetic acid have been evaluated with the help of theoretical calculations at the DFT levels explaining the fragmentation channel yielding OH-.

Background: Deep-sequencing allows for an in-depth characterization of sequence variation in complex populations. However, technology associated errors may impede a powerful assessment of low-frequency mutations. Fortunately, base calls are complemented with quality scores which are derived from a quadruplet of intensities, one channel for each nucleotide type for Illumina sequencing. The highest intensity of the four channels determines the base that is called. Mismatch bases can often be corrected by the second best base, i.e. the base with the second highest intensity in the quadruplet. A virus variant model-based clustering method, ViVaMBC, is presented that explores quality scores and second best base calls for identifying and quantifying viral variants. ViVaMBC is optimized to call variants at the codon level (nucleotide triplets) which enables immediate biological interpretation of the variants with respect to their antiviral drug responses. Results: Using mixtures of HCV plasmids we show that our method accurately estimates frequencies down to 0.5%. The estimates are unbiased when average coverages of 25,000 are reached. A comparison with the SNP-callers V-Phaser2, ShoRAH, and LoFreq shows that ViVaMBC has a superb sensitivity and specificity for variants with frequencies above 0.4%. Unlike the competitors, ViVaMBC reports a higher number of false-positive findings with frequencies below 0.4% which might partially originate from picking up artificial variants introduced by errors in the sample and library preparation step. Conclusions: ViVaMBC is the first method to call viral variants directly at the codon level. The strength of the approach lies in modeling the error probabilities based on the quality scores. Although the use of second best base calls appeared very promising in our data exploration phase, their utility was limited. They provided a slight increase in sensitivity, which however does not warrant the additional computational cost of running th

The South China Sea is often characterised as a complex and highly contested maritime space. This large, semi-enclosed sea is host to convoluted coastal geog - raphy, complicated in particular by the presence of numerous island groups and other insular features of diverse types. Problematically, many of these offshore features are subject to assertions of sovereignty by multiple states. Moreover, the fact that the South China Sea is bordered and largely encircled by claimants with often competing national interests gives rise to pressing concerns of a geo - political nature. Adding to the complexity of this scenario are international legal uncertainties, especially with respect to key law of the sea issues, such as the definition of baselines, the regime of islands, historic rights, and con cerning potential extended continental shelf rights. As a consequence of contested sover - eignty over South China Sea islands, coupled with the above-mentioned geo - graphical and legal complexities, together with competing geo political interests, broad, though ill-defined, areas of overlapping maritime claims exist in the South China Sea. These multifaceted and interrelated factors contribute to the seemingly intractable nature of the territorial and maritime disputes that exist among the South China Sea littoral states. The objective of this chapter, therefore, is to explore geographical, geopolitical and legal dimensions of the South China Sea disputes with a view to highlighting and, to the extent possible, clarifying issues arising. The chapter concludes that the the resolution of these long-standing and arguably increasingly contentious disputes is unlikely in the near term, suggesting that the South China Sea states are indeed likely 'adrift on complex waters' for the foreseeable future, as the title to the contribution suggests.

This paper presents and illustrates FlowLogo, an interactive modelling environment for developing coupled agent-based groundwater models (GW-ABMs). It allows users to simulate complex socio-environmental couplings in groundwater systems, and to explore how desirable patterns of groundwater and social development can emerge from agent behaviours and interactions. GW-ABMs can be developed using a single piece of software, addressing common issues around data transfer and model analyses that arise when linking ABMs to existing groundwater codes. FlowLogo is based on a 2D finite-difference solution of the governing groundwater flow equations and a set of procedures to represent the most common types of stresses and boundary conditions of regional aquifer flow. The platform is illustrated using a synthetic example of an expanding agricultural region that depends on groundwater for irrigation. The implementation and analysis of scenarios from this example highlight the possibility to: (i) deploy agents at multiple scales of decision-making (farmers, waterworks, institutions), (ii) model feedbacks between agent behaviours and groundwater dynamics, and (iii) perform sensitivity and multi-realisation analyses on social and physical factors. The FlowLogo interface allows interactively changing parameters using 'tuneable' dials, which can adjust agent decisions and policy levers during simulations. This flexibility allows for live interaction with audiences (role-plays), in participatory workshops, public meetings, and as part of learning activities in classrooms. FlowLogo's interactive features and ease of use aim to facilitate the wider dissemination and independent validation of GW-ABMs.

The NSW Sentencing Council is considering proposals to change the laws designed to address alcohol-related violence, including whether people who commit crimes while intoxicated should always be treated as more culpable when being sentenced. Like many attention-grabbing quick fixes to society’s ills, this is a really bad idea. If adopted, the reform could lead to even tougher sentences for crimes committed by people affected by alcohol. Although it’s tempting to think of such crimes as new problems requiring novel solutions, debates about the relationship between alcohol and violence, including how it should be dealt with by criminal laws, are anything but new. Australian researchers, politicians and judges have been grappling with these issues for decades.

The South China Sea is often characterised as a complex and highly contested maritime space. This large, semi-enclosed sea is host to convoluted coastal geog - raphy, complicated in particular by the presence of numerous island groups and other insular features of diverse types. Problematically, many of these offshore features are subject to assertions of sovereignty by multiple states. Moreover, the fact that the South China Sea is bordered and largely encircled by claimants with often competing national interests gives rise to pressing concerns of a geo - political nature. Adding to the complexity of this scenario are international legal uncertainties, especially with respect to key law of the sea issues, such as the definition of baselines, the regime of islands, historic rights, and con cerning potential extended continental shelf rights. As a consequence of contested sover - eignty over South China Sea islands, coupled with the above-mentioned geo - graphical and legal complexities, together with competing geo political interests, broad, though ill-defined, areas of overlapping maritime claims exist in the South China Sea. These multifaceted and interrelated factors contribute to the seemingly intractable nature of the territorial and maritime disputes that exist among the South China Sea littoral states. The objective of this chapter, therefore, is to explore geographical, geopolitical and legal dimensions of the South China Sea disputes with a view to highlighting and, to the extent possible, clarifying issues arising. The chapter concludes that the the resolution of these long-standing and arguably increasingly contentious disputes is unlikely in the near term, suggesting that the South China Sea states are indeed likely 'adrift on complex waters' for the foreseeable future, as the title to the contribution suggests.

Extant literature suggests, but has not tested, explanations as to why the proposal of a complex contract, compared to a simple contract, may harm or foster a new business partner's trust. This paper uses qualitative interviews to confirm four explanations that the literature suggests and to identify an additional explanation that the literature has not considered. Then, the paper presents an experiment with scenarios in three countries to determine whether the explanations (mediators) prove relevant. Each of the explanations proved relevant in at least one of the countries. The findings demonstrate that (1) the mediators this paper tests are useful in explaining the effects of contract complexity on a partner's trust, and they suggest that (2) culture moderates how individuals interpret complex contracts and build trust. For future research, the mediation model this paper proposes provides a basis for detailed tests of relevant moderators.

Extant literature suggests, but has not tested, explanations as to why the proposal of a complex contract, compared to a simple contract, may harm or foster a new business partner's trust. This paper uses qualitative interviews to confirm four explanations that the literature suggests and to identify an additional explanation that the literature has not considered. Then, the paper presents an experiment with scenarios in three countries to determine whether the explanations (mediators) prove relevant. Each of the explanations proved relevant in at least one of the countries. The findings demonstrate that (1) the mediators this paper tests are useful in explaining the effects of contract complexity on a partner's trust, and they suggest that (2) culture moderates how individuals interpret complex contracts and build trust. For future research, the mediation model this paper proposes provides a basis for detailed tests of relevant moderators.

Extant literature suggests, but has not tested, explanations as to why the proposal of a complex contract, compared to a simple contract, may harm or foster a new business partner's trust. This paper uses qualitative interviews to confirm four explanations that the literature suggests and to identify an additional explanation that the literature has not considered. Then, the paper presents an experiment with scenarios in three countries to determine whether the explanations (mediators) prove relevant. Each of the explanations proved relevant in at least one of the countries. The findings demonstrate that (1) the mediators this paper tests are useful in explaining the effects of contract complexity on a partner's trust, and they suggest that (2) culture moderates how individuals interpret complex contracts and build trust. For future research, the mediation model this paper proposes provides a basis for detailed tests of relevant moderators.

Societal ecosystems are struggling to solve complex problems that could benefit from research by information systems (IS) scholars. However, existing IS research methodologies seek to reduce complexity and so are unsuited to the holistic investigation of complex phenomena. This paper presents a research methodology based on principles of complexity theory consisting of three non-linear phases, namely sensemaking, action and reflection. This complexity-aware methodology requires innovative methods of data collection, analysis and presentation. In order to demonstrate the application of the methodology, an action research project, which investigates the complex challenge of enabling elderly citizens to use IS for social wellbeing, is described. Thus, in addition to the methodological contribution, the results of this IS research provide an instance where IS can contribute to enhanced societal value.

The microstructure of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) and dual phase (DP) multiphase steels after stamping of an industrial component at different strain levels was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The TRIP steel microstructure showed a more complex dislocation substructure of ferrite at different strain levels than DP steel. The deformation microstructure of the stamped parts was compared to the deformation microstructure in these complex steels for different "equivalent" tensile strains. It was found that the microstructures are similar only at high levels of strain (>10 pct) for both steels.

This paper addresses the tensions between rigid efficient systems that support the routine processes of productive institutions and the innovations required for the sustainable development of those institutions in changing dynamic complex environments. It examines the efforts of a mature age PhD student researcher with extensive business experience attempting to undertake action research on a disruptive technology within a conservative university context. The experience has motivated reflective research on the barriers to innovative communication in hierarchical institutions with silo-based legacy systems specifically designed to handle routinized information flows and support formalized decision-making. The student researcher then undertook an online review of intellectual property policies and related commercialization guidelines in universities throughout Australia which confirmed shortcoming in the suitability of such policies to encourage the engagement of business entities and/or private individuals wishing to undertake research with overt commercial outcomes. The findings lead to the development of a framework that may, if applied, help to overcome the widespread communication problems among those facing complex wicked problems in large and long established conservative institutions.

Extant literature suggests, but has not tested, explanations as to why the proposal of a complex contract, compared to a simple contract, may harm or foster a new business partner's trust. This paper uses qualitative interviews to confirm four explanations that the literature suggests and to identify an additional explanation that the literature has not considered. Then, the paper presents an experiment with scenarios in three countries to determine whether the explanations (mediators) prove relevant. Each of the explanations proved relevant in at least one of the countries. The findings demonstrate that (1) the mediators this paper tests are useful in explaining the effects of contract complexity on a partner's trust, and they suggest that (2) culture moderates how individuals interpret complex contracts and build trust. For future research, the mediation model this paper proposes provides a basis for detailed tests of relevant moderators.

The microstructure of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) and dual phase (DP) multiphase steels after stamping of an industrial component at different strain levels was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The TRIP steel microstructure showed a more complex dislocation substructure of ferrite at different strain levels than DP steel. The deformation microstructure of the stamped parts was compared to the deformation microstructure in these complex steels for different "equivalent" tensile strains. It was found that the microstructures are similar only at high levels of strain (>10 pct) for both steels.

Societal ecosystems are struggling to solve complex problems that could benefit from research by information systems (IS) scholars. However, existing IS research methodologies seek to reduce complexity and so are unsuited to the holistic investigation of complex phenomena. This paper presents a research methodology based on principles of complexity theory consisting of three non-linear phases, namely sensemaking, action and reflection. This complexity-aware methodology requires innovative methods of data collection, analysis and presentation. In order to demonstrate the application of the methodology, an action research project, which investigates the complex challenge of enabling elderly citizens to use IS for social wellbeing, is described. Thus, in addition to the methodological contribution, the results of this IS research provide an instance where IS can contribute to enhanced societal value.

This paper addresses the tensions between rigid efficient systems that support the routine processes of productive institutions and the innovations required for the sustainable development of those institutions in changing dynamic complex environments. It examines the efforts of a mature age PhD student researcher with extensive business experience attempting to undertake action research on a disruptive technology within a conservative university context. The experience has motivated reflective research on the barriers to innovative communication in hierarchical institutions with silo-based legacy systems specifically designed to handle routinized information flows and support formalized decision-making. The student researcher then undertook an online review of intellectual property policies and related commercialization guidelines in universities throughout Australia which confirmed shortcoming in the suitability of such policies to encourage the engagement of business entities and/or private individuals wishing to undertake research with overt commercial outcomes. The findings lead to the development of a framework that may, if applied, help to overcome the widespread communication problems among those facing complex wicked problems in large and long established conservative institutions.

The microstructure of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) and dual phase (DP) multiphase steels after stamping of an industrial component at different strain levels was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The TRIP steel microstructure showed a more complex dislocation substructure of ferrite at different strain levels than DP steel. The deformation microstructure of the stamped parts was compared to the deformation microstructure in these complex steels for different "equivalent" tensile strains. It was found that the microstructures are similar only at high levels of strain (>10 pct) for both steels.

The microstructure of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) and dual phase (DP) multiphase steels after stamping of an industrial component at different strain levels was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The TRIP steel microstructure showed a more complex dislocation substructure of ferrite at different strain levels than DP steel. The deformation microstructure of the stamped parts was compared to the deformation microstructure in these complex steels for different "equivalent" tensile strains. It was found that the microstructures are similar only at high levels of strain (>10 pct) for both steels.

This paper addresses the tensions between rigid efficient systems that support the routine processes of productive institutions and the innovations required for the sustainable development of those institutions in changing dynamic complex environments. It examines the efforts of a mature age PhD student researcher with extensive business experience attempting to undertake action research on a disruptive technology within a conservative university context. The experience has motivated reflective research on the barriers to innovative communication in hierarchical institutions with silo-based legacy systems specifically designed to handle routinized information flows and support formalized decision-making. The student researcher then undertook an online review of intellectual property policies and related commercialization guidelines in universities throughout Australia which confirmed shortcoming in the suitability of such policies to encourage the engagement of business entities and/or private individuals wishing to undertake research with overt commercial outcomes. The findings lead to the development of a framework that may, if applied, help to overcome the widespread communication problems among those facing complex wicked problems in large and long established conservative institutions.

Combining software-based and human-based services is crucial for several complex problems that cannot be solved using software-based services alone. In this paper, we present novel methods for modeling and developing hybrid compute units of software-based and human-based services. We discuss high-level programming elements for different types of software- and humanbased service units and their relationships. In particular, we focus on novel programming elements reflecting hybridity, collectiveness and adaptiveness properties, such as elasticity and social connection dependencies, and on-demand and pay-per-use economic properties, such as cost, quality and benefits, for complex problem solving. Based on these programming elements, we present programming constructs and patterns for building complex applications using hybrid services.

A Cu(II)-Poly(terthiophene carboxylic acid) (pTTC)/Nafion modified glassy carbon electrode has been used for the chiral recognition and discrimination of d- and l-prolines by the catalytic oxygen reduction process and the shape of crystals formed on the electrode surface. The cyclic voltammetry with the modified electrode in the presence of oxygen recognized d-and l-form of prolines by exhibiting a difference in the peak potential and the peak current of the oxygen reduction. The effect of pH and proline concentration on the peak current and the peak potential of oxygen have been studied. The SEM studies on the nature of crystals formed on a proline-Cu(II) pTTC complex. The oxidation state of the copper species present at the electrode surface was characterized by ESCA.

This paper addresses the tensions between rigid efficient systems that support the routine processes of productive institutions and the innovations required for the sustainable development of those institutions in changing dynamic complex environments. It examines the efforts of a mature age PhD student researcher with extensive business experience attempting to undertake action research on a disruptive technology within a conservative university context. The experience has motivated reflective research on the barriers to innovative communication in hierarchical institutions with silo-based legacy systems specifically designed to handle routinized information flows and support formalized decision-making. The student researcher then undertook an online review of intellectual property policies and related commercialization guidelines in universities throughout Australia which confirmed shortcoming in the suitability of such policies to encourage the engagement of business entities and/or private individuals wishing to undertake research with overt commercial outcomes. The findings lead to the development of a framework that may, if applied, help to overcome the widespread communication problems among those facing complex wicked problems in large and long established conservative institutions.

Background Process evaluation is vital for understanding how interventions function in different settings, including if and why they have different effects or do not work at all. This is particularly important in trials of complex interventions in `real world' organisational settings where causality is difficult to determine. Complexity presents challenges for process evaluation, and process evaluations that tackle complexity are rarely reported. This paper presents the detailed protocol for a process evaluation embedded in a randomised trial of a complex intervention known as SPIRIT (Supporting Policy In health with Research: an Intervention Trial). SPIRIT aims to build capacity for using research in health policy and program agencies. Methods We describe the flexible and pragmatic methods used for capturing, managing and analysing data across three domains: (a) the intervention as it was implemented; (b) how people participated in and responded to the intervention; and (c) the contextual characteristics that mediated this relationship and may influence outcomes. Qualitative and quantitative data collection methods include purposively sampled semi-structured interviews at two time points, direct observation and coding of intervention activities, and participant feedback forms. We provide examples of the data collection and data management tools developed. Discussion This protocol provides a worked example of how to embed process evaluation in the design and evaluation of a complex intervention trial. It tackles complexity in the intervention and its implementation settings. To our knowledge, it is the only detailed example of the methods for a process evaluation of an intervention conducted as part of a randomised trial in policy organisations. We identify strengths and weaknesses, and discuss how the methods are functioning during early implementation. Using `insider' consultation to develop methods is enabling us to optimise data collection while minimising disco

Some of the problems shared by the world's citizens are 'wicked'! 'Wicked problems' are persistent with incompletely-known and contradictory elements that are interconnected and constantly changing (Rittel & Webber 1973). Contemporary 'wicked problems' that reside in the dynamic context of the global environment include climate change, economic and political refugees, epidemics, drug trafficking and disasters of immense proportions, some natural and others brought on by human activities.

At its core, this volume is about peace in both its negative and pOsltJve conceptions. To put it simply, negative peace is the absence of war, of violent conflict. Positive peace, on the other hand, is a broader, progressive and affirmative vision of the world we want to see, and how we can Jive that change (Galtung and Jacobsen, 2000). A vision of positive peace is one that embraces conflict: an embrace of the idea that conflict happens for a reason. Conflict has the potential to facilitate inclusive and transformative change, change rooted in an tmderstanding of peace as justice. Conflict transfonnation is an ongoing and long-term process in which those enmeshed in a conflict come together, working toward building l1ealthy relationships and communities. Conflict transformation is not about resolution. There is no endpoint. A cenh·al element of conflict transformation is a rejection of limited, and most-often superficial, attempts by a third party to impose " solutions" on parties to a conflict.

Some of the problems shared by the world's citizens are 'wicked'! 'Wicked problems' are persistent with incompletely-known and contradictory elements that are interconnected and constantly changing (Rittel & Webber 1973). Contemporary 'wicked problems' that reside in the dynamic context of the global environment include climate change, economic and political refugees, epidemics, drug trafficking and disasters of immense proportions, some natural and others brought on by human activities.

Societal ecosystems are struggling to solve complex problems that could benefit from research by information systems (IS) scholars. However, existing IS research methodologies seek to reduce complexity and so are unsuited to the holistic investigation of complex phenomena. This paper presents a research methodology based on principles of complexity theory consisting of three non-linear phases, namely sensemaking, action and reflection. This complexity-aware methodology requires innovative methods of data collection, analysis and presentation. In order to demonstrate the application of the methodology, an action research project, which investigates the complex challenge of enabling elderly citizens to use IS for social wellbeing, is described. Thus, in addition to the methodological contribution, the results of this IS research provide an instance where IS can contribute to enhanced societal value.

At its core, this volume is about peace in both its negative and pOsltJve conceptions. To put it simply, negative peace is the absence of war, of violent conflict. Positive peace, on the other hand, is a broader, progressive and affirmative vision of the world we want to see, and how we can Jive that change (Galtung and Jacobsen, 2000). A vision of positive peace is one that embraces conflict: an embrace of the idea that conflict happens for a reason. Conflict has the potential to facilitate inclusive and transformative change, change rooted in an tmderstanding of peace as justice. Conflict transfonnation is an ongoing and long-term process in which those enmeshed in a conflict come together, working toward building l1ealthy relationships and communities. Conflict transformation is not about resolution. There is no endpoint. A cenh·al element of conflict transformation is a rejection of limited, and most-often superficial, attempts by a third party to impose " solutions" on parties to a conflict.

This chapter illuminates the current theories and concepts concerning complexity and the project management workforce competencies necessary to deal with it in projects. It exposes the valuable, yet underutilised, opportunities complex projects may present to develop the knowledge and competencies of a workforce to successfully manage complexity within a project space and across an organisation more generally. The theoretical implications of this analysis imply that more research is necessary to establish a framework of competencies that relate appropriately to the levels of complexity within a project. The practice implications are profound since managing complexity in projects requires a more expansive and divergent set of practitioner skills that move well beyond the baseline 'technically oriented' project management skills set. In sum, this chapter highlights the current strengths and weaknesses of extant research and standards concerning complexity in projects and provokes discussion on developing a workforce that is more 'complexity' capable.