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Monascus purpureus can produce a wide range of natural pigments so attract the attention of food producers as substitute of synthetic colors. Monascus pigments usually accompanied with citrinin contamination which limits their wide application in foods. The usage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known as a useful biological way for citrinin elimination. In this study, the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in twomodes of treatment (heat treatment at 121 °C and acid treatment in 2M HCL) and live at three different concentrations (103, 104, 105 CFU/mL) were investigated on the amount of citrinin and yellow, orange and red pigments produced by Monascus purpureus. The results showed that live yeast cell and yeast cells treated by heat and acid significantly decreased the citrinin in culture, so that citrinin content decreased from 4.43 mg/L in control sample to 0.9, 0.10 and 0.07 mg/L (at 105 CFU/mL yeast suspension) respectively. The maximum amount of yellow, orange and red extracellular and intracellular measured pigments belong to the samples with live yeast, while the amount of this pigments in the samples containing yeast treated with heat and acid reduced respectively. Among the treatments, the use of live yeast at concentration of 104 CFU/mL per milliliter provided the best conditions to achieve the desired goal.

Lactoferrin is one of the most important bioactive compounds that can increase the activity of the immune system and osteogenicity. However, it is sensitive to environmental stresses. Hence, the production of functional beverage including encapsulated lactoferrin by noncomplex of WPI/HMP was investigated in the current work. Nanocomplex was prepared by a complexation of whey protein isolate (WPI)-high methoxyl pectin (HMP) at total biopolymer concentration of 0.4% (w/w) at pH values of 3, 3.5 and 4 through post and pre-blending acidification procedures. In order to encapsulate lactoferrin, it was inserted to the WPI/HMP complex in which formed by the ratio 2:1 and pre-acidification (Pr-A).The results of Zeta-potential and particle sizes showed that by increasing HMP, the negative sites of the complex increased as well as the size of nano-particles. The effect of entrapped lactoferrin in WPI/HMP nano-particles on osteoblastic proliferation by MTT assay showed WPI/HMP+LF50 μg/mL a growth equal to the rate of positive control. For example the pure lactoferrin concentration of 50 μg/mL progressed 16% growth compared to the positive control. Therefore, it can be concluded that almost all lactoferrin in WPI/HMP+LF50 μg/mL combined or complexed and the cell access failed. The lactoferrin entrapped by WPI/HMP+LF100 μg/mL had a 113% growth and statistically occured at level of pure lactoferrin 50 μg/mL.

In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize extrusion conditions, including semi-defatted Bene cake (PDBC) content(10-30%), moisture content (12-18%), temperature (120-180 °C), and screw speed (120-220 rpm). The effects of the independent variables were investigated on some physical and functional properties including bulk density(BD), expansion rate, hardness, water absorption index (WAI),water solubility index (WSI), oil absorption index (OAI). Our result revealed that the addition of PDBC improved the functional and physical properties of extruded Bene snack (EBS).BD was remarkably increased by increasing PDBC. The addition of PDBC to cornmeal increased the fiber content contrary to the starch content. It also brought about a reduction in the average size of the cells and creation of holes on the cell wall. Hardness was also increased by adding PDBC. WAI of EBS was remarkably decreased by adding PDBC. WSI of EBS increased as PDBC increased. OAI of EBS increased by increasing PDBC and extrusion temperature. Among the independent variables, bene content had the largest effect on all of the responses. 21.14% PDBC, 17.45% moisture content, 160 rpm screw speed and 133.2 °C were found to be the optimal conditions for PDBC production.

Response Surface Method was used to determine the optimum operating conditions that yield maximum total phenol, total anthocyanin, particle size and minimum moisture content, water activity and L* value in spray drying of Pomegranate. Air inlet temperature (120-170 °C), feed rate (0.3-1.1 mL/s) and Pomegranate juice concentrate/maltodextrin ratio (0.6-0.8) were factors whose effects on dependent variables were evaluated during the spray-drying process. The second order polynomial models for all the response variables were found to be statistically significant. In the optimum conditions that are obtained, feed rate and Pomegranate juice concentrate/ maltodextrin ratio were 170 °C, 0.55 and 0.6, respectively. This study revealed that by applying these conditions, pomegranate juice powder with 4.3687% moisture content, 8. 4655 L* value, 85.0287 total phenol, 607.836 total anthocyanin and 41.7944 (µm) particle size were produced.