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The development of acute renal injury is due to a number of factors both on the part of the patient (age, concomitant pathology, objective status) and the oncological process (stage of the disease, localization, volume of surgical intervention, access, etc.). Acute renal injury in patients with kidney cancer after surgical treatment may be accompanied by the development of early (hyperhydration, electrolyte balance disorders, hyperkalemia, acid‑base condition disorders, uremic intoxication) and late chronic kidney disease complications. The incidence of these complications increases with an increase in the volume of kidney resection, as a result of which it is important to take into account risk factors, timely diagnosis of the degree of kidney damage and medical measures aimed at restoring kidney function. Currently, the possibility of using various molecules as early markers of kidney damage, which help not only assess the presence of kidney damage, but also localize it, is being studied. For example, albumin, serum cystatin C, alpha 1‑microglobulin, P2‑microglobulin – markers of glomerular damage, NGAL, KIM‑1; L‑FABP, urine cystatin‑C, IL‑18 – reflect damage to the proximal tubule, GST, NGAL – distal tubule, calibindin D28 ‑ characterizes damage to the collecting duct, osteopontin, NHE‑3 – are associated with damage to the loop of Henle. Measures of a curative and preventive nature (infusion therapy, anti‑ischemic protection, modulation of ferroptosis, renal replacement therapy), as well as dynamic monitoring of the main biomarkers of renal damage are aimed at preventing the persistence of the pathological process with a possible outcome into chronic kidney disease, which is especially undesirable in patients with single kidney cancer. The main directions of medical and preventive measures in patients with acute kidney injury should be considered: 1) the fastest possible elimination or minimization of the effect of tumor tissue; 2) control and correction of life‑threatening complications of renal dysfunction (hyperhydration, electrolyte balance disorders (hyperkalemia), acid‑base state, uremic intoxication). Methods of anti‑ischemic protection include a number of surgical techniques aimed at 1) minimizing ischemia time, 2) reducing the intensity of volatile metabolic processes in the kidney, 3) training renal parenchyma for hypoxic conditions (receiving ischemic preconditioning).Duration of renal ischemia represents an important modifiable factor affecting early and distant renal function in surgically exposed patients. The article analyzes modern scientific data on the problem of postoperative acute kidney injury in renal cancer surgery.

Morphological manifestations of prostate cancer (PCa) in 15–20% of cases are similar to those with benign hyperplastic processes in prostate tissue and/or with a histological pattern of atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP).The purpose of this study is a comparative study of the detection of prostate cancer in biopsy material using a review morphological analysis and immunohistochemistry with the use of monoclonal antibodies to the nuclear p63 protein, high molecular weight cytokeratins of clone 34βE12 and α-methylacyl-CoA-racemase.Materials and methods. The method of the study was a retrospective analysis of the findings on the review morpholog­ical and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyzes of biopsy material of 428 patients who were examined and treated in the urological hospital for the period from 2013 to 2017.Results. Almost half of the cases of ASAP, determined by routine histological examination of biopsy specimens with hematoxylin-eosin staining, in the process of IHC analysis using monoclonal antibodies to the nuclear protein p63, cyto­keratins of clone 34βE12 and α-methylacyl-CoA racemase were verified for prostate cancer. The number of histological findings on benign prostatic hyperplasia detected in routinely stained preparations decreased by 12.38% in favor of the histological diagnosis of prostate cancer after the IHC study.Conclusion. Immunohistochemical analysis of biopsy material using monoclonal antibodies to nuclear p63, high-molec­ular cytokeratins of clone 34βE12 and α-methylacyl-CoA racemase for suspected prostate cancer: firstly, specifies the micromorphological picture and demasks prostate cancer; secondly, it increases the detectability of prostate cancer; thirdly, it reduces the occurrence of false-negative results.