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Background: Presumptive tuberculosis (TB) cases commonly had two to three sputum examinations in Taiwan. The incremental yield of serial sputum examinations has not been assessed before., Methods: In a pragmatic trial, presumptive TB patients with a frontline nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) were classified as group A. Those without a frontline NAAT were randomized into group B frontline NAAT as intervention, and group C usual care. We investigated expected incremental yields and the number of examinations required for detection of one additional TB case from each serial sputum smear and culture., Results: Of 6835 presumptive TB cases, 395 (5.8%) were smear positive for acid-fast bacilli, and 195 (2.8%) culture positive for M tuberculosis. The expected incremental yield from a third smear was 3.5% and examination of 1712 (95% credibility interval 586-4706) third smears was required to detected one additional TB case. Sensitivity of one smear with an NAAT in group B was 46.8% (95% confidence interval 32.1%-61.9%), and that of two smears in Group C 40.0% (95% confidence interval 25.7%-55.7%). The expected incremental yield from a third culture was 8.4%, and the number of third cultures required to detect one additional TB case was 394 (95% credibility interval 231-670)., Conclusions: The incremental yield of the third sputum smear was negligible. It may be reasonable to perform an NAAT, smear and culture on the first specimen and culture alone on the second. The utility of the third serial culture for the detection of additional TB case is debatable., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None declared., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) are at risk of TB development. IGRA-positive patients showed significant decrease in quantitative IGRA result with alterations in CD3 + CD4 + CD45RO + , NK cell, and monocyte subsets immediately upon HD procedure. Our result suggested that the timing of IGRA testing is crucial in end-stage renal disease population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The results presented in this paper have not been published previously in whole or part. None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this work., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)