1. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-cytokine storm neutralizing antibody therapies against COVID-19: update, challenges, and perspectives
- Author
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Cassiano Martin Batista and Leonardo Foti
- Subjects
Disease ,Pandemic ,CP, Convalescent plasma ,Immunology and Allergy ,IL, Interleukin ,Neutralizing antibody ,COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019 ,biology ,Transmission (medicine) ,FDA, US Food and Drug Administration ,MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,respiratory system ,IFN, Interferon ,cytokine storm ,Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ,IVHI, Intravenous hyperimmune immunoglobulin ,Cytokines ,Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ,Cytokine Release Syndrome ,CLO, Chloroquine ,Immunology ,passive immunotherapy ,Lung injury ,Virus ,Article ,SARS-CoV, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,WHO, World Health Organization ,Proinflammatory cytokine ,ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ,medicine ,Humans ,NTD, N-terminal domain ,ADE, Antibody-dependent enhanced disease ,Pandemics ,RBM, Receptor-binding motif ,S, Spike virus protein ,Pharmacology ,SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,fungi ,nAbs, Neutralizing antibodies ,TNF, Tumor necrosis factor ,COVID-19 ,HCLO, Hydroxychloroquine ,ABT, Antibody-based treatments ,spike ,antibody-based treatments ,medicine.disease ,IVIG, Intravenous immune globulin ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,respiratory tract diseases ,COVID-19 Drug Treatment ,neutralizing ,biology.protein ,RBD, Receptor-binding domain ,Cytokine storm ,business ,mAbs, Monoclonal antibodies - Abstract
Graphical abstract SARS-CoV-2 infected alveoli and the different types of the two antibody-based treatments discussed in this review. Can antibodies be used to protect against COVID-19 and neutralize autoantibodies?, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic since March 2020. This disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The only available tools to avoid contamination and transmission of this virus are physical distancing, the use of N95 and surgical masks, and hand hygiene. Vaccines are another essential tool to reduce the impact of the pandemic, though these present challenges in terms of production and logistics, particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries. One of the critical early research findings is the interaction of the spike virus protein with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) human receptor. Developing strategies to block this interaction has therefore been identified as a way to treat this infection. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have emerged as a therapeutic approach since the pandemic started. Infected patients may be asymptomatic or present with mild symptoms, and others may evolve to moderate or severe disease, leading to death. An immunological phenomenon known as cytokine storm has been observed in patients with severe disease characterized by a proinflammatory cytokine cascade response that leads to lung injury. Thus, some treatment strategies focus on anti-cytokine storm nAbs. This review summarizes the latest advances in research and clinical trials, challenges, and perspectives on antibody-based treatments (ABT) as therapies against COVID-19.
- Published
- 2021