6 results on '"Juliette Paireau"'
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2. Analytical framework to evaluate and optimize the use of imperfect diagnostics to inform outbreak response: Application to the 2017 plague epidemic in Madagascar.
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Quirine Ten Bosch, Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanana, Beza Ramasindrazana, Guillain Mikaty, Rado J L Rakotonanahary, Birgit Nikolay, Soloandry Rahajandraibe, Maxence Feher, Quentin Grassin, Juliette Paireau, Soanandrasana Rahelinirina, Rindra Randremanana, Feno Rakotoarimanana, Marie Melocco, Voahangy Rasolofo, Javier Pizarro-Cerdá, Anne-Sophie Le Guern, Eric Bertherat, Maherisoa Ratsitorahina, André Spiegel, Laurence Baril, Minoarisoa Rajerison, and Simon Cauchemez
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Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
During outbreaks, the lack of diagnostic "gold standard" can mask the true burden of infection in the population and hamper the allocation of resources required for control. Here, we present an analytical framework to evaluate and optimize the use of diagnostics when multiple yet imperfect diagnostic tests are available. We apply it to laboratory results of 2,136 samples, analyzed with 3 diagnostic tests (based on up to 7 diagnostic outcomes), collected during the 2017 pneumonic (PP) and bubonic plague (BP) outbreak in Madagascar, which was unprecedented both in the number of notified cases, clinical presentation, and spatial distribution. The extent of these outbreaks has however remained unclear due to nonoptimal assays. Using latent class methods, we estimate that 7% to 15% of notified cases were Yersinia pestis-infected. Overreporting was highest during the peak of the outbreak and lowest in the rural settings endemic to Y. pestis. Molecular biology methods offered the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity. The specificity of the rapid diagnostic test was relatively low (PP: 82%, BP: 85%), particularly for use in contexts with large quantities of misclassified cases. Comparison with data from a subsequent seasonal Y. pestis outbreak in 2018 reveal better test performance (BP: specificity 99%, sensitivity: 91%), indicating that factors related to the response to a large, explosive outbreak may well have affected test performance. We used our framework to optimize the case classification and derive consolidated epidemic trends. Our approach may help reduce uncertainties in other outbreaks where diagnostics are imperfect.
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- 2022
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3. Serogroup-Specific Characteristics of Localized Meningococcal Meningitis Epidemics in Niger 2002-2012 and 2015: Analysis of Health Center Level Surveillance Data.
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Halima Boubacar Maïnassara, Juliette Paireau, Issa Idi, Jean-François Jusot, Jean-Paul Moulia Pelat, Odile Ouwe Missi Oukem-Boyer, Arnaud Fontanet, and Judith E Mueller
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
To compare dynamics of localized meningitis epidemics (LE) by meningococcal (Nm) serogroup, we analyzed a surveillance database of suspected and laboratory-confirmed Nm cases from 373 health areas (HA) of three regions in Niger during 2002-2012 and one region concerned by NmC epidemics during 2015. We defined LE as HA weekly incidence rates of ≥20 suspected cases per 100,000 during ≥2 weeks and assigned the predominant serogroup based on polymerase chain reaction testing of cerebrospinal fluid. Among the 175 LE, median peak weekly incidence rate in LE due to NmA, W, X and C were 54, 39, 109 and 46 per 100,000, respectively. These differences impacted ability of the epidemic to be detected at the district level. While this analysis is limited by the small number of LE due to NmX (N = 4) and NmW (N = 5), further research should explore whether strategies for prevention and response to meningitis epidemics need to be adapted according to predominant meningococcal serogroups.
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- 2016
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4. Spatio-temporal factors associated with meningococcal meningitis annual incidence at the health centre level in Niger, 2004-2010.
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Juliette Paireau, Halima B Maïnassara, Jean-François Jusot, Jean-Marc Collard, Issa Idi, Jean-Paul Moulia-Pelat, Judith E Mueller, and Arnaud Fontanet
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
BACKGROUND:Epidemics of meningococcal meningitis (MM) recurrently strike the African Meningitis Belt. This study aimed at investigating factors, still poorly understood, that influence annual incidence of MM serogroup A, the main etiologic agent over 2004-2010, at a fine spatial scale in Niger. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:To take into account data dependencies over space and time and control for unobserved confounding factors, we developed an explanatory Bayesian hierarchical model over 2004-2010 at the health centre catchment area (HCCA) level. The multivariate model revealed that both climatic and non-climatic factors were important for explaining spatio-temporal variations in incidence: mean relative humidity during November-June over the study region (posterior mean Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) = 0.656, 95% Credible Interval (CI) 0.405-0.949) and occurrence of early rains in March in a HCCA (IRR = 0.353, 95% CI 0.239-0.502) were protective factors; a higher risk was associated with the percentage of neighbouring HCCAs having at least one MM A case during the same year (IRR = 2.365, 95% CI 2.078-2.695), the presence of a road crossing the HCCA (IRR = 1.743, 95% CI 1.173-2.474) and the occurrence of cases before 31 December in a HCCA (IRR = 6.801, 95% CI 4.004-10.910). At the study region level, higher annual incidence correlated with greater geographic spread and, to a lesser extent, with higher intensity of localized outbreaks. CONCLUSIONS:Based on these findings, we hypothesize that spatio-temporal variability of MM A incidence between years and HCCAs result from variations in the intensity or duration of the dry season climatic effects on disease risk, and is further impacted by factors of spatial contacts, representing facilitated pathogen transmission. Additional unexplained factors may contribute to the observed incidence patterns and should be further investigated.
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- 2014
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5. Analysing spatio-temporal clustering of meningococcal meningitis outbreaks in Niger reveals opportunities for improved disease control.
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Juliette Paireau, Florian Girond, Jean-Marc Collard, Halima B Maïnassara, and Jean-François Jusot
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
BackgroundMeningococcal meningitis is a major health problem in the "African Meningitis Belt" where recurrent epidemics occur during the hot, dry season. In Niger, a central country belonging to the Meningitis Belt, reported meningitis cases varied between 1,000 and 13,000 from 2003 to 2009, with a case-fatality rate of 5-15%.Methodology/principal findingsIn order to gain insight in the epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis in Niger and to improve control strategies, the emergence of the epidemics and their diffusion patterns at a fine spatial scale have been investigated. A statistical analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of confirmed meningococcal meningitis cases was performed between 2002 and 2009, based on health centre catchment areas (HCCAs) as spatial units. Anselin's local Moran's I test for spatial autocorrelation and Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic were used to identify spatial and spatio-temporal clusters of cases. Spatial clusters were detected every year and most frequently occurred within nine southern districts. Clusters most often encompassed few HCCAs within a district, without expanding to the entire district. Besides, strong intra-district heterogeneity and inter-annual variability in the spatio-temporal epidemic patterns were observed. To further investigate the benefit of using a finer spatial scale for surveillance and disease control, we compared timeliness of epidemic detection at the HCCA level versus district level and showed that a decision based on threshold estimated at the HCCA level may lead to earlier detection of outbreaks.Conclusions/significanceOur findings provide an evidence-based approach to improve control of meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa. First, they can assist public health authorities in Niger to better adjust allocation of resources (antibiotics, rapid diagnostic tests and medical staff). Then, this spatio-temporal analysis showed that surveillance at a finer spatial scale (HCCA) would be more efficient for public health response: outbreaks would be detected earlier and reactive vaccination would be better targeted.
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- 2012
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6. Human plague: An old scourge that needs new answers
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Steven R. Belmain, Minoarisoa Rajerison, Oswaldo Cabanillas, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Peter Horby, Christian E. Demeure, Sandra Telfer, Xavier Vallès, Beza Ramasindrazana, Ratsitorahina M, Inès Vigan-Womas, Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanana, Pablo Tortosa, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Laurence Baril, Javier Pizarro-Cerdá, David M. Wagner, Arnaud Fontanet, Eric D'Ortenzio, Jane Lynda Deuve, Romain Girod, Paul S. Mead, Holger C. Scholz, B. Joseph Hinnebusch, Guia Carrara, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Yersinia, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), University of Oxford, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oficina General de Epidemiologia [Lima, Peru], Ministerio de Salud de Perú [Lima], Unité Peste - Plague Unit [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Unité d'immunologie des maladies infectieuses [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Aberdeen, REACTing, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Natural Resources Institute [Chatham], University of Greenwich, The workshop meeting where the contents of this article were developed was hosted by the Institut Pasteur (Paris, France) with financial and organizational support from the Department of International Affairs, the Emerging Disease Epidemiology Unit, the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit and REACTing-Inserm. Oswaldo Cabanillas’s travel was financed by the Department of International Affairs at the Institut Pasteur (Paris, France). Travel costs for Laurence Baril and Maherisoa Ratsitorahina were financially supported by USAID (Grant n° AID-687-G-13-00003), and for Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanan and Minoarisoa Rajerison by Northern Arizona University (through HDTRA1-11-16-BRCWMD-BAA). Attendance of Steven Belmain was supported by the African Union (Grant AURGII/1/006/2016). Travel and accommodation for Feno Rakotoarimanana, and accommodation for Romain Girod, Beza Ramasindrazana, Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanana, and Minoarisoa Rajerison, were financially supported by the Wellcome Trust/UK Department for International Development (Grant 211309/Z/18/Z) and REACTing-Inserm. All other participants financially supported travel and accommodation through their own institutional funding. The preparation and editing of the manuscript was financially supported by Wellcome Trust/UK Department for International Development (Grant 211309/Z/18/Z)., List of the other participants to the Plague Workshop (by alphabetical order): Fabrice Biot, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, France, Carine Brouat, IRD, France, Simon Cauchemez, Infectious Diseases Mathematical Modelling Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Rob Cohen, USAID, Washington, DC, USA, Koussay Dellagy, Department of International Affairs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Nathalie Denoyes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Hebert Echenique-Rivera, Yersinia Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Florence Fouque, TDR, WHO, Lyon, France, Stephen Francesconi, Defence Threat Reduction Agency, Washington, DC, USA, Anna Funk, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Finnian Hanrahan, DG Research, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, Mireille Harimalala, Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Nadia Khellef, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Anne-Sophie Le Guern, Yersinia Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Nadine Lemaitre, Bacteriology Department, CHU Lille, France, Jean-Claude Manuguerra, CIBU, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Jodie Mac Vernon, GLoPID-R, University of Melbourne, Australia, Serge Morand, CIRAD, Bangkok, Thailand, Birgit Nikolay, Infectious Diseases Mathematical Modelling Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Juliette Paireau, Infectious Diseases Mathematical Modelling Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Anna Paoletti, Ministry for Higher Education and Research, Paris, France, Feno MJ Rakotoarimanana, Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Zely Randriamanatany, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Laurent Raskine, Fondation Mérieux, Stéphanie Simon, CEA de Saclay, France, Cathy Roth, Department for International Development, London, UK, Alex Salam, Epidemic Diseases Research Group Oxford (ERGO), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Florent Sebbane, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France, Christophe Shako, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Democratic Republic of Congo, Quirine Ten Bosch, Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Kathleen Victoir, Department of International Affairs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France., Demeure, Christian E., Institut Pasteur [Paris], University of Oxford [Oxford], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR)
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Epidemiology ,RC955-962 ,MESH: Rodentia ,Review ,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,Disease Outbreaks ,Medical Conditions ,0302 clinical medicine ,[SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Case fatality rate ,Public and Occupational Health ,MESH: Animals ,media_common ,Mammals ,Eukaryota ,Neglected Diseases ,Bacterial Pathogens ,3. Good health ,One Health ,Geography ,[SDV.IMM.IA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Adaptive immunology ,Medical Microbiology ,Public aspects of medicine ,S1 ,Yersinia Pestis ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Immunology ,MESH: Yersinia pestis ,Rodentia ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Vaccine Development ,Madagascar ,Humans ,Microbial Pathogens ,MESH: Disease Reservoirs ,MESH: Humans ,Bacteria ,Organisms ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Outbreak ,medicine.disease ,Invertebrates ,[SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology ,Insect Vectors ,030104 developmental biology ,Vector (epidemiology) ,Africa ,Preventive Medicine ,[SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology ,Bacterial Diseases ,0301 basic medicine ,Economic growth ,[SDV.IMM.II]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Innate immunity ,Geographical Locations ,MESH: Madagascar ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,MESH: Disease Outbreaks ,biology ,Vaccination and Immunization ,Yersinia ,Insects ,Infectious Diseases ,Fleas ,[SDV.IMM.IA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Adaptive immunology ,Vertebrates ,[SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,Siphonaptera ,Psychological resilience ,RA1-1270 ,Pathogens ,Pneumonic plague ,Arthropoda ,Pneumonic Plagues ,030231 tropical medicine ,MESH: Insect Vectors ,Plague (disease) ,Rodents ,MESH: Plague ,[SDV.IMM.VAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology ,medicine ,Animals ,[SDV.IMM.II] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Innate immunity ,Disease Reservoirs ,Plague ,MESH: Siphonaptera ,biology.organism_classification ,Plagues ,Yersinia pestis ,13. Climate action ,People and Places ,Amniotes ,[SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology ,MESH: Neglected Diseases ,Zoology ,Entomology - Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the bacterial causative agent of plague, remains an important threat to human health. Plague is a rodent-borne disease that has historically shown an outstanding ability to colonize and persist across different species, habitats, and environments while provoking sporadic cases, outbreaks, and deadly global epidemics among humans. Between September and November 2017, an outbreak of urban pneumonic plague was declared in Madagascar, which refocused the attention of the scientific community on this ancient human scourge. Given recent trends and plague’s resilience to control in the wild, its high fatality rate in humans without early treatment, and its capacity to disrupt social and healthcare systems, human plague should be considered as a neglected threat. A workshop was held in Paris in July 2018 to review current knowledge about plague and to identify the scientific research priorities to eradicate plague as a human threat. It was concluded that an urgent commitment is needed to develop and fund a strong research agenda aiming to fill the current knowledge gaps structured around 4 main axes: (i) an improved understanding of the ecological interactions among the reservoir, vector, pathogen, and environment; (ii) human and societal responses; (iii) improved diagnostic tools and case management; and (iv) vaccine development. These axes should be cross-cutting, translational, and focused on delivering context-specific strategies. Results of this research should feed a global control and prevention strategy within a “One Health” approach., Author summary The historical aspect of plague makes for fascinating reading, due to its capacity to disrupt human society and its socioeconomic and cultural impacts throughout human history. We argue that the Madagascar outbreak in 2017 is a tipping point in human plague epidemiology and a call to elevate research priorities on plague as a matter of some urgency. In contrast with what occurred with the Ebola virus disease crisis in West Africa between 2013 and 2015 and the new coronaviruses (the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV] and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [MERS-CoV] as early warnings of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] pandemic), we have an opportunity to act preventively and enable evidence-based measures to avoid major health crises due to plague outbreaks in the near future.
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- 2020
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