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Maintaining and removing information in mind are 2 fundamental cognitive processes that decline sharply with age. Using a combination of beta-band neural oscillations, which have been implicated in the regulation of working memory contents, and cross-trial neural variability, an undervalued property of brain dynamics theorized to govern adaptive cognitive processes, we demonstrate an age-related dissociation between distinct working memory functions—information maintenance and post-response deletion. Load-dependent decreases in beta variability during maintenance predicted memory performance of younger, but not older adults. Surprisingly, the post-response phase emerged as the predictive locus of working memory performance for older adults, with post-response beta variability correlated with memory performance of older, but not younger adults. Single-trial analysis identified post-response beta power elevation as a frequency-specific signature indexing memory deletion. Our findings demonstrate the nuanced interplay between age, beta dynamics, and working memory, offering valuable insights into the neural mechanisms of cognitive decline in agreement with the inhibition deficit theory of aging. Neuronal beta-band oscillations regulate the maintenance and deletion of working memory representations in humans. This study shows that the working memory performance of older adults can be predicted by beta-band neural variability during working memory deletion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-view stereo based on learning is a critical task in three-dimensional reconstruction, enabling the effective inference of depth maps and the reconstruction of fine-grained scene geometry. However, the results obtained by current popular 3D reconstruction methods are not precise, and achieving high-accuracy scene reconstruction remains challenging due to the pervasive impact of feature extraction and the poor correlation between cost and volume. In addressing these issues, we propose a cascade deep residual inference network to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of multi-view stereo depth estimation. This approach builds a cost-volume pyramid from coarse to fine, generating a lightweight, compact network to improve reconstruction results. Specifically, we introduce the omni-dimensional dynamic atrous spatial pyramid pooling (OSPP), a multiscale feature extraction module capable of generating dense feature maps with multiscale contextual information. The feature maps encoded by the OSPP module can generate dense point clouds without consuming significant memory. Furthermore, to alleviate the issue of feature mismatch in cost volume regularization, we propose a normalization-based 3D attention module. The 3D attention module aggregates crucial information within the cost volume across the dimensions of channel, spatial, and depth. Through extensive experiments on benchmark datasets, notably DTU, we found that the OD-MVSNet model outperforms the baseline model by approximately 1.4% in accuracy loss, 0.9% in completeness loss, and 1.2% in overall loss, demonstrating the effectiveness of our module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music is omnipresent in daily life and may interact with critical cognitive processes including memory. Despite music's presence during diverse daily activities including studying, commuting, or working, existing literature has yielded mixed results as to whether music improves or impairs memory for information experienced in parallel. To elucidate how music memory and its predictive structure modulate the encoding of novel information, we developed a cross-modal sequence learning task during which participants acquired sequences of abstract shapes accompanied with paired music. Our goal was to investigate whether familiar and structurally regular music could provide a "temporal schema" (rooted in the organized and hierarchical structure of music) to enhance the acquisition of parallel temporally-ordered visual information. Results revealed a complex interplay between music familiarity and music structural regularity in learning paired visual sequences. Notably, compared to a control condition, listening to well-learned, regularly-structured music (music with high predictability) significantly facilitated visual sequence encoding, yielding quicker learning and retrieval speed. Conversely, learned but irregular music (where music memory violated musical syntax) significantly impaired sequence encoding. While those findings supported our mechanistic framework, intriguingly, unlearned irregular music–characterized by the lowest predictability–also demonstrated memory enhancement. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that concurrent music can modulate visual sequence learning, and the effect varies depending on the interaction between both music familiarity and regularity, offering insights into potential applications for enhancing human memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased usage of social media in organizational settings has raised questions about its effect on job performance. This study explains the interplay between social media usage, transactive memory capability, employee creativity, and job performance within the Chinese organizational context. The rationale for this study stems from the need to understand how social media usage can enhance job performance through cognitive and creative processes within teams. On the basis of earlier literature, the survey questionnaire was designed to collect data and the survey included validated scales to measure these constructs. The data is collected from 816 employees in China via online resources like social media and emails and then Structural Equation Modeling is used for empirical analysis through AMOS software. The findings show the positive impact of social media on job performance while transactive memory capability and employee creativity mediates this relationship. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how social media can be leveraged to improve job performance. Practical implications highlight the importance of fostering transactive memory capability through social media platforms, facilitating employee creativity, and ultimately, bolstering job performance. Additionally, this study underscores the need for organizations to strategically harness the potential of social media as a catalyst for innovation and knowledge sharing, thus optimizing workforce performance in the digital era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance of distractors in the world poses a major challenge to our brain's limited processing capacity, but little is known about how selective attention modulates stimulus representations in the brain to reduce interference and support durable target memory. Here, we collected functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data in a selective attention task in which target and distractor pictures of different visual categories were simultaneously presented. Participants were asked to selectively process the target according to the effective cue, either before the encoding period (i.e., perceptual attention) or the maintenance period (i.e., reflective attention). On the next day, participants were asked to perform a memory recognition task in the scanner in which the targets, distractors, and novel items were presented in a pseudorandom order. Behavioral results showed that perceptual attention was better at enhancing target memory and reducing distractor memory than reflective attention, although the overall memory capacity (memory for both target and distractor) was comparable. Using multiple-voxel pattern analysis of the neural data, we found more robust target representation and weaker distractor representation in working memory for perceptual attention than for reflective attention. Interestingly, perceptual attention partially shifted the regions involved in maintaining the target representation from the visual cortex to the parietal cortex. Furthermore, the targets and distractors simultaneously presented in the perceptual attention condition showed reduced pattern similarity in the parietal cortex during retrieval compared to items not presented together. This neural pattern repulsion positively correlated with individuals' recognition of both targets and distractors. These results emphasize the critical role of selective attention in transforming memory representations to reduce interference and improve long-term memory performance. Selective attention helps humans to overcome our brain's limited processing capacity. This neuroimaging study shows how selective attention transforms memory representations to reduce interference and support long-term memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies on crosslinguistic influence (CLI) on third language (L3) morphosyntactic acquisition have provided support for competing theories about the source(s) of CLI. The present study aimed to test if both L1 and L2 can be the source of CLI, and whether they influence L3 learning in similar or different ways. In particular, we aimed to add to our knowledge of the neural correlates of CLI by conducting an exploratory EEG study to investigate how L1 and L2 CLI affect L3 neural processing. Predictions based on the D/P model, which posited different memory systems sustaining L1 and L2, were tested. The findings confirmed both L1-sourced and L2-sourced facilitation on L3 morphosyntactic acquisition. Specifically, we suggest that L1-similarity showed a consolidating effect on L3 implicit knowledge and neurocognitive internalization, whereas L2-similarity contributed to enhanced L3 metalinguistic knowledge. This preliminary study is the first to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying CLI in L3 learning by natural language learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quorum sensing (QS) is a regulatory mechanism used by bacteria to coordinate group behavior in response to high cell densities. During QS, cells monitor the concentration of external signals, known as autoinducers, as a proxy for cell density. QS often involves positive feedback loops, leading to the upregulation of genes associated with QS signal production and detection. This results in distinct steady-state concentrations of QS-related molecules in QS-ON and QS-OFF states. Due to the slow decay rates of biomolecules such as proteins, even after removal of the initial stimuli, cells can retain elevated levels of QS-associated biomolecules for extended periods of time. This persistence of biomolecules after the removal of the initial stimuli has the potential to impact the response to future stimuli, indicating a memory of past exposure. This phenomenon, which is a consequence of the carry-over of biomolecules rather than genetic inheritance, is known as "phenotypic" memory. This theoretical study aims to investigate the presence of phenotypic memory in QS and the conditions that influence this memory. Numerical simulations based on ordinary differential equations and analytical modeling were used to study gene expression in response to sudden changes in cell density and extracellular signal concentrations. The model examined the effect of various cellular parameters on the strength of QS memory and the impact on gene regulatory dynamics. The findings revealed that QS memory has a transient effect on the expression of QS-responsive genes. These consequences of QS memory depend strongly on how cell density was perturbed, as well as various cellular parameters, including the Fold Change in the expression of QS-regulated genes, the autoinducer synthesis rate, the autoinducer threshold required for activation, and the cell growth rate. Author summary: Bacteria use a mechanism known as quorum sensing (QS) to collaborate when their numbers are high. In various QS systems, cells detect specific signals that trigger certain genes, resulting in increased production of certain molecules in response to these signals. Interestingly, these molecules can linger even after the initial signal is gone, which can resemble a form of "memory." Our theoretical study focuses on exploring this memory and the factors that influence it. To do this, we used simulations and models to examine how history of exposure to signals can affect the future response, when signals are removed, and cell density is reduced. We found that the prior exposure to signals can influence how bacteria respond in the future, but this effect occurs under specific conditions. This research contributes to our understanding of quorum sensing and how bacteria adapt to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroimaging studies have shown that activity in the prefrontal cortex correlates with two critical aspects of normal memory functioning: retrieval of episodic memories and subjective "feelings-of-knowing" about our memory. Brain stimulation can be used to test the causal role of the prefrontal cortex in these processes, and whether the role differs for the left versus right prefrontal cortex. We compared the effects of online High-Definition transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS) over the left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared to sham during a proverb-name associative memory and feeling-of-knowing task. There were no significant effects of HD-tDCS on either associative recognition or feeling-of-knowing performance, with Bayesian analyses showing moderate support for the null hypotheses. Despite past work showing effects of HD-tDCS on other memory and feeling-of-knowing tasks, and neuroimaging showing effects with similar tasks, these findings add to the literature of non-significant effects with tDCS. This work highlights the need to better understand factors that determine the effectiveness of tDCS, especially if tDCS is to have a successful future as a clinical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent eye tracking studies have linked gaze reinstatement—when eye movements from encoding are reinstated during retrieval—with memory performance. In this study, we investigated whether gaze reinstatement is influenced by the affective salience of information stored in memory, using an adaptation of the emotion-induced memory trade-off paradigm. Participants learned word-scene pairs, where scenes were composed of negative or neutral objects located on the left or right side of neutral backgrounds. This allowed us to measure gaze reinstatement during scene memory tests based on whether people looked at the side of the screen where the object had been located. Across two experiments, we behaviorally replicated the emotion-induced memory trade-off effect, in that negative object memory was better than neutral object memory at the expense of background memory. Furthermore, we found evidence that gaze reinstatement was related to recognition memory for the object and background scene components. This effect was generally comparable for negative and neutral memories, although the effects of valence varied somewhat between the two experiments. Together, these findings suggest that gaze reinstatement occurs independently of the processes contributing to the emotion-induced memory trade-off effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Episodic memory describes the conscious reimagining of our memories and is often considered to be a uniquely human ability. As these phenomenological components are embedded within its definition, major issues arise when investigating the presence of episodic memory in non-human animals. Importantly, however, when we as humans recall a specific experience, we may remember details from that experience that were inconsequential to our needs, thoughts, or desires at that time. This 'incidental' information is nevertheless encoded automatically as part of the memory and is subsequently recalled within a holistic representation of the event. The incidental encoding and unexpected question paradigm represents this characteristic feature of human episodic memory and can be employed to investigate memory recall in non-human animals. However, without evidence for the associated phenomenology during recall, this type of memory is termed 'episodic-like memory'. Using this approach, we tested seven Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) on their ability to use incidental visual information (associated with observed experimenter made 'caches') to solve an unexpected memory test. The birds performed above chance levels, suggesting that Eurasian jays can encode, retain, recall, and access incidental visual information within a remembered event, which is an ability indicative of episodic memory in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key benefit of the Open Computing Language (OpenCL) software framework is its capability to operate across diverse architectures. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are a high-speed computing architecture used for computation acceleration. This study investigates the impact of memory access time on overall performance in general FPGA computing environments through the creation of eight benchmarks within the OpenCL framework. The developed benchmarks capture a range of memory access behaviors, and they play a crucial role in assessing the performance of spinning and sleeping on FPGA-based architectures. The results obtained guide the formulation of new implementations and contribute to defining an abstraction of FPGAs. This abstraction is then utilized to create tailored implementations of primitives that are well-suited for this platform. While other research endeavors concentrate on creating benchmarks with the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) to scrutinize the memory systems across diverse GPU architectures and propose recommendations for future generations of GPU computation platforms, this study delves into the memory system analysis for the broader FPGA computing platform. It achieves this by employing the highly abstracted OpenCL framework, exploring various data workload characteristics, and experimentally delineating the appropriate implementation of primitives that can seamlessly integrate into a design tailored for the FPGA computing platform. Additionally, the results underscore the efficacy of employing a task-parallel model to mitigate the need for high-cost synchronization mechanisms in designs constructed on general FPGA computing platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) for sequences is thought to be crucial for daily behaviors. Decades of research indicate that oscillations in the gamma and theta bands play important functional roles in the support of visuo-spatial working memory, but the vast majority of that research emphasizes measures of neural activity during memory retention. The primary aims of the present study were (1) to determine whether oscillatory dynamics in the Theta and Gamma ranges would reflect item-level sequence encoding during a computerized spatial span task, (2) to determine whether item-level sequence recall is also related to these neural oscillations, and (3) to determine the nature of potential changes to these processes in healthy cognitive aging. Results indicate that VSWM sequence encoding is related to later (∼700 ms) gamma band oscillatory dynamics and may be preserved in healthy older adults; high gamma power over midline frontal and posterior sites increased monotonically as items were added to the spatial sequence in both age groups. Item-level oscillatory dynamics during the recall of VSWM sequences were related only to theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling (PAC), which increased monotonically with serial position in both age groups. Results suggest that, despite a general decrease in frontal theta power during VSWM sequence recall in older adults, gamma band dynamics during encoding and theta-gamma PAC during retrieval play unique roles in VSWM and that the processes they reflect may be spared in healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that cross-frequency coupling in cortico-hippocampal networks enables the maintenance of multiple visuo-spatial items in working memory. However, whether this mechanism acts as a global neural code for memory retention across sensory modalities remains to be demonstrated. Intracranial EEG data were recorded while drug-resistant patients with epilepsy performed a delayed matched-to-sample task with tone sequences. We manipulated task difficulty by varying the memory load and the duration of the silent retention period between the to-be-compared sequences. We show that the strength of theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling in the superior temporal sulcus, the inferior frontal gyrus, the inferior temporal gyrus, and the hippocampus (i) supports the short-term retention of auditory sequences; (ii) decodes correct and incorrect memory trials as revealed by machine learning analysis; and (iii) is positively correlated with individual short-term memory performance. Specifically, we show that successful task performance is associated with consistent phase coupling in these regions across participants, with gamma bursts restricted to specific theta phase ranges corresponding to higher levels of neural excitability. These findings highlight the role of cortico-hippocampal activity in auditory short-term memory and expand our knowledge about the role of cross-frequency coupling as a global biological mechanism for information processing, integration, and memory in the human brain. Cross-frequency coupling in cortico-hippocampal networks enables the maintenance of multiple visuo-spatial items in working memory. This study shows that cross-frequency coupling extends also to auditory information, pointing to a global biological mechanism of cross-frequency coupling for information processing in the human brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imagination inflation happens when a person's subjective confidence that an event has occurred increases after they imagine it occurring. In this project, our primary aim is to test whether memory distrust is related to the imagination inflation effect in people who are aware of the discrepancies between their own memories and what they have imagined. Our secondary purpose is to investigate whether the influence of memory distrust on imagination inflation is moderated by traits that are described as disengagement from reality and to test whether memory distrust mediates the relationship between self-esteem and imagination inflation. In a three-step procedure, participants (N = 300) will assess their confidence that a list of childhood events happened to them; then, they will imagine three of these events and reassess their confidence. Half of the participants will undergo a memory distrust induction procedure. In order to sensitize participants to discrepancies, some of them will be given cues about the source and/or perspective of the imagined events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to retain and remember information (memory) is essential to caregiving tasks. There is evidence that caregivers are at greater risk for experiencing deteriorations in cognitive status than non-caregivers, especially memory; however, we have a limited understanding of factors that are related to changes in caregiver memory. This scoping review intends to comprehensively map factors related to caregiver memory reported in the literature within the chronic caregiving context. Specific aims include (1) identifying factors related to caregiver memory; (2) examining how caregiver memory has been measured; and (3) describing changes in caregiver memory during their caregiving period. This review will be conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's framework and reported using the PRISMA guidelines for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Studies will be included if (1) the studies focus on home-based unpaid long term family caregiving; (2) study participants (patients), of any age, have one (or more) chronic illness or disability and receive care from a caregiver for 6 months or more; (3) caregivers are adults (> = 18 years of age). Any chronic disease or condition will be included. The search will encompass gray literature and peer-reviewed literature in MEDLINE (via Ovid), CINAHL Plus with Full Text (via EBSCOhost), Embase (via Elsevier), APA PsycINFO (via EBSCOhost), Sociology Source Ultimate (via EBSCOhost), and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Data extraction will include specific details about the participants, concept, context, study methods, and key caregiver-related findings. The Caregiver Health Model will provide a framework to categorize factors that impact caregivers' memory including caregiver health promotion activities, caregiver attitudes and beliefs, caregiver task, and caregiver needs. Factors that do not fall into the Caregiver Health Model domains will be organized by emerging themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many practitioners, such as pilots, frequently face working memory (WM) demands under acute stress environments, while the effect of acute stress on WM has not been conclusively studied because it is moderated by a variety of factors. The current study investigated how acute stress affects pilots' WM under different memory load conditions. There are 42 pilots conducting the experiments, consisting of 21 stress group participants experiencing the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and 21 control group participants experiencing the controlled TSST (C-TSST). Subsequently, both groups performed N-back tasks under three memory load conditions (0-back, 1-back, and 2-back). State Anxiety Inventory (S-AI), heart rate (HR), and salivary cortisol concentrations (SCC) were collected to analyze acute stress induction. The results revealed that (1) the TSST could effectively induce acute stress with higher S-AI, HR, and SCC; (2) higher memory load reduces WM accuracy (ACC) and delays response times (RT); (3) acute stress increases WM ACC under moderate load conditions (1-back task). These results suggest that acute stress may not necessarily impair WM and even improve WM performance under certain memory load conditions. Potential mechanisms of acute stress effects on WM and alternative explanations for the modulatory role of memory load consistent with the emotion and motivation regulation theory are discussed. These findings not only provide insight into the field of acute stress and WM but are also beneficial for pilot training and the development of stress management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical evidence shows that memories that are frequently revisited are easy to recall, and that familiar items involve larger hippocampal representations than less familiar ones. In line with these observations, here we develop a modelling approach to provide a mechanistic hypothesis of how hippocampal neural assemblies evolve differently, depending on the frequency of presentation of the stimuli. For this, we added an online Hebbian learning rule, background firing activity, neural adaptation and heterosynaptic plasticity to a rate attractor network model, thus creating dynamic memory representations that can persist, increase or fade according to the frequency of presentation of the corresponding memory patterns. Specifically, we show that a dynamic interplay between Hebbian learning and background firing activity can explain the relationship between the memory assembly sizes and their frequency of stimulation. Frequently stimulated assemblies increase their size independently from each other (i.e. creating orthogonal representations that do not share neurons, thus avoiding interference). Importantly, connections between neurons of assemblies that are not further stimulated become labile so that these neurons can be recruited by other assemblies, providing a neuronal mechanism of forgetting. Author summary: Experimental evidence suggests that familiar items are represented by larger hippocampal neuronal assemblies than less familiar ones. In line with this finding, our computational model shows that the size of memory assemblies depends on the frequency of their recall (i.e. the higher the frequency, the larger the assembly), which can be explained by the interplay of online learning and background firing activity. Furthermore, we find that assemblies representing uncorrelated memories increase their sizes while remaining orthogonal, in line with findings with single-cell recordings. To model this empirical finding, we propose to go beyond the standard attractor network memory models and use instead a dynamic model to study memory coding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hippocampus is a fundamental cortical structure in the memory process of encoding, retaining, and recalling information. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) following a Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) enhances nervous system excitability and promotes cortical plasticity mechanisms by synchronizing two stimuli in the same neural pathway. However, PAS has not been shown to improve memorization capacity yet. Here, we present an innovative protocol stemming from the PAS paradigm, which combines single-pulse TMS to the hippocampus with endogenous hippocampal activity during a working memory (WM) task. 96 volunteers were randomized across one experimental group and three parallel groups (motor cortex stimulation, sham stimulation, and no stimulation) in a single session. This combined-stimuli configuration resulted in an increased memorization capacity in the WM task, which was dependent on the stimulated brain location and subjects' basal memory performance. These results are potentially significant for clinical research on memory dysfunction and its related neurological disorders. Future research on paired associative or combined stimulation is required to unveil stimulation-derived neural mechanisms that enhance the ability to memorize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recall of a distant memory may appear satisfying and suggest successful retrieval is inherently rewarding. If the brain incentivizes retrieval attempts on the prospect of an internal retrieval reward, then the desire for that reward might natively reinforce declarative memory access. But what determines the level of retrieval satisfaction? We tested the idea that retrieval attempt uncertainty drives retrieval satisfaction. For instance, the more distant the memory, the more satisfying should it be to successfully retrieve it. Alternatively, the brain issues rewards based on the level of confidence in recall independent of the recall achievement. If so, then more confident retrieval is also more satisfying. In an online experiment containing five Swahili-English word pair study sessions spaced across one week, we tested 30 English-speaking participants' recall satisfaction and memory confidence during learning as well as in a final cued recall test. We hypothesized that retrieval satisfaction should either increase or decrease with retrieval uncertainty as indicated by time since encoding, and how little in overall they recalled from the session. We found that retrieval satisfaction decreased with time since encoding and with study session retrieval performance. Moreover, we found that retrieval confidence and satisfaction ratings were highly related in the experiment. We also found a reliable interaction between confidence and word difficulty indicating that confidently recalled difficult items induced more satisfaction. Thus, the brain appears to reward both retrieval confidence and to a lesser extent, fruitful retrieval effort. Our findings may explain seemingly irrational self-regulated study behavior such as avoiding learning-efficient but difficult training protocols, as effects of a system rationally seeking to accrue intrinsic cognitive reward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vicious cycle model of obesity suggests that repeated habitual intake of a diet high in fat and sugar (HFS) results in impairment in hippocampal function which in turn increases impulsive behaviours, making it harder to resist unhealthy diet choices. Evidence from studies with rodents consistently show switching to a HFS diet impairs performance on hippocampally-sensitive memory tasks. The limited literature in humans also suggest impaired memory and increased impulsivity related to higher habitual HFS intake. However, these changes in memory and impulsivity have been looked at independently. To investigate how these effects are inter-related, three experiments were conducted where relative HFS intake was related to measures of memory and impulsivity. In Experiment 1 (90 female participants), HFS was associated with higher scores on the Everyday Memory Questionnaire-revised (EMQ), and higher scores on the total, Attention (BISatt) and Motor (BISmot) sub-scales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS11). Experiment 2 (84 women and 35 men), replicated the association between HFS and EMQ, and also found HFS related to poorer performance on the hippocampally-sensitive 4 mountain (4MT) memory task. The association between HFS intake and the BISatt replicated, but there were no significant associations with other BIS11 measures or delay-discounting for monetary rewards. Experiment 3 (199 women and 87 men) replicated the associations between DFS and 4MT and EMQ, and also found an association with overall recall, but not response inhibition, from a Remembering Causes Forgetting task: HFS was also significantly associated with BIS total, BISatt and BISmot. In all three studies these associations remained when potential confounds (BMI, age, gender, hunger state, restrained and disinhibited eating) were controlled for. Mediation analysis found that the effect of HFS on memory at least part mediated the relationship between HFS and impulsivity in Experiments 1 and 3, but not 2. Overall these data provide some support for the vicious cycle model, but also suggest that trait impulsivity may be a risk factor for poor dietary choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibodies and humoral memory are key components of the adaptive immune system. We consider and computationally model mechanisms by which humoral memory present at baseline might increase rather than decrease infection load; we refer to this effect as EI-HM (enhancement of infection by humoral memory). We first consider antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) in which antibody enhances the growth of the pathogen, typically a virus, and typically at intermediate 'Goldilocks' levels of antibody. Our ADE model reproduces ADE in vitro and enhancement of infection in vivo from passive antibody transfer. But notably the simplest implementation of our ADE model never results in EI-HM. Adding complexity, by making the cross-reactive antibody much less neutralizing than the de novo generated antibody or by including a sufficiently strong non-antibody immune response, allows for ADE-mediated EI-HM. We next consider the possibility that cross-reactive memory causes EI-HM by crowding out a possibly superior de novo immune response. We show that, even without ADE, EI-HM can occur when the cross-reactive response is both less potent and 'directly' (i.e. independently of infection load) suppressive with regard to the de novo response. In this case adding a non-antibody immune response to our computational model greatly reduces or completely eliminates EI-HM, which suggests that 'crowding out' is unlikely to cause substantial EI-HM. Hence, our results provide examples in which simple models give qualitatively opposite results compared to models with plausible complexity. Our results may be helpful in interpreting and reconciling disparate experimental findings, especially from dengue, and for vaccination. Author summary: Humoral memory, generated by infection with a pathogen, can protect against subsequent infection by the same and related pathogens. We consider situations in which humoral memory is counterproductive and instead enhances infection by related pathogens. Numerous experiments have shown that the addition of binding antibody makes certain viruses more, rather than less, infectious; typically high levels of antibody are still protective, meaning that infectivity is maximized at intermediate 'Goldilocks' levels of antibody. Additionally, we consider the situation in which cross-reactive humoral memory dominates relative to the de novo response. Memory dominance has been documented for influenza infections, but whether it is harmful or not is unclear. We show computationally that both ADE and a certain type of competition between the cross-reactive and de novo responses translate into enhancement of infection in certain circumstances but not in others. We discuss the implications of our research for dengue infection, a common mosquito-transmitted viral infection, and vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Mounting evidence suggests religion plays an important role in maintaining cognition. No prior systematic review has focused on the specific association between religion and the memory domain of cognition in middle-aged and older adults. We carried out a systematic review to explore this association in depth. Methods: We searched the PsycINFO, Scopus, and PubMed databases to identify articles assessing any means of measuring religion as the exposure and memory as the outcome. Articles had to report on studies with comparison groups to be eligible for inclusion in the review. We followed the PRISMA checklist to conduct the review (PROSPERO registration # CRD42022330389). Results: Nine out of the 1648 citations retrieved in the literature search were included in the review. The majority of included articles had a moderate risk of bias. Most results showed positive associations between religion and memory. Discussion: Despite consistency in the direction of association between religion and memory, the literature contained some important research gaps: the studies were cross-sectional; a lack of information existed regarding whether different faiths, sex/gender and depression affected the association; and underpowered studies prevented us from drawing firm conclusions about the direction or magnitude of effect. Longitudinal studies avoiding these issues are needed in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans can navigate through similar environments—like grocery stores—by integrating across their memories to extract commonalities or by differentiating between each to find idiosyncratic locations. Here, we investigate one factor that might impact whether two related spatial memories are integrated or differentiated: Namely, the temporal delay between experiences. Rodents have been shown to integrate memories more often when they are formed within 6 hours of each other. To test if this effect influences how humans spontaneously integrate spatial memories, we had 131 participants search for rewards in two similar virtual environments. We separated these learning experiences by either 30 minutes, 3 hours, or 27 hours. Memory integration was assessed three days later. Participants were able to integrate and simultaneously differentiate related memories across experiences. However, neither memory integration nor differentiation was modulated by temporal delay, in contrast to previous work. We further showed that both the levels of initial memory reactivation during the second experience and memory generalization to novel environments were comparable across conditions. Moreover, perseveration toward the initial reward locations during the second experience was related positively to integration and negatively to differentiation—but again, these associations did not vary by delay. Our findings identify important boundary conditions on the translation of rodent memory mechanisms to humans, motivating more research to characterize how even fundamental memory mechanisms are conserved and diverge across species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces an original VR-based experiment which explores context-dependent memory recall in humans. It specifically examines the recall of correct and falsely induced semantic memories. With the aid of VR head-mounted displays, 92 students of psychology were placed in a computer-generated indoor virtual environment and asked to memorize the presented lists of words. Afterwards, the participants were placed in the same indoor virtual environment or an alternative outdoor virtual environment and asked to recall the words. The number of correct and falsely induced words was then measured. On average, women recalled significantly more correct words from the list than men, regardless of the environmental context. Despite the assumptions, we did not observe a separate effect of exposure to different environments during learning and recall of material on memory performance. Likewise, we did not detect any effects of the learning context or biological sex in the case of the production of false memories. These results provide a novel insight into previous knowledge regarding the memory processes that occur in virtual environments. Although we failed to confirm the role of context in recalling learned material in general, we found a hint that this context might interact with specific memory processes of biological sexes. However, the design of this study only captured the effect of changing the environment during memory recall and did not address the role of specific context in remembering learning material. Further research is therefore needed to better investigate these phenomena and examine the role of biological sex in context-dependent memory processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitive inference (TI) is a reasoning capacity that allows individuals to deduce unknown pair relationships from previous knowledge of other pair relationships. Its occurrence in a wide range of animals, including insects, has been linked to their ecological needs. Thus, TI should be absent in species that do not rely on such inferences in their natural lives. We hypothesized that the latter applies to the cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus and tested this with 19 individuals using a five-term series (A > B > C > D > E) experiment. Cleaners first learned to prefer a food-rewarding plate (+) over a non-rewarding plate (-) in four plate pairs that imply a hierarchy from plate A to plate E (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-), with the learning order counterbalanced between subjects. We then tested for spontaneous preferences in the unknown pairs BD (transitive inference task) and AE (as a control for anchors), interspersed between trials involving a mix of all known adjacent pairs. The cleaners systematically preferred A over E and showed good performance for A+B- and D+E- trials. Conversely, cleaners did not prefer B over D. These results were unaffected by the reinforcement history, but the order of learning of the different pairs of plates had a main impact on the remembrance of the initial training pairs. Overall, cleaners performed randomly in B+C- and C+D- trials. Thus, a memory constraint may have prevented subjects from applying TI. Indeed, a parallel study on cleaner wrasse provided positive evidence for TI but was achieved following extensive training on the non-adjacent pairs which may have over-ridden the ecological relevance of the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on memory reconsolidation has relied heavily on the use of Pavlovian auditory cued-fear conditioning. Here, an auditory cue (CS) is paired with a footshock (US) and the CS is later able to evoke a freezing response when presented alone. Some treatments, when administered to conditioned subjects immediately following a CS-alone (memory reactivation) trial, can attenuate the freezing they display on subsequent CS-alone (test) trials, in the absence of the treatment. This reduction in conditioned freezing is usually taken as evidence that the treatment disrupts post-reactivation reconsolidation of the memory trace representing the pairing of CS and US. We suggest an alternative interpretation that may account, either in whole or in part, for the attenuated freezing. The standard reconsolidation protocol (SRP) for auditory fear-conditioning has a design feature that results in second-order conditioning of fear to the test context, as this context is paired with the fear-evoking CS on the reactivation trial. Since freezing during the CS on the test will reflect the compound influence of contextual-fear and cued-fear, a post-reactivation treatment might attenuate freezing on the test by disrupting consolidation of second-order contextual-fear conditioning, even if it has little or no effect on the stability of the original cued-fear memory. This experiment confirmed that rats tested according to the SRP, in which the reactivation and test trials occur in the same context, freeze more on the test trial than rats that receive the reactivation and test trials in different contexts. This confound could lead to false-positive evidence of disrupted reconsolidation if it is not avoided or minimized, which can be accomplished with a modified protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of long-term memories requires changes in the transcriptional program and de novo protein synthesis. One of the critical regulators for long-term memory (LTM) formation and maintenance is the transcription factor CREB. Genetic studies have dissected the requirement of CREB activity within memory circuits, however less is known about the genetic mechanisms acting downstream of CREB and how they may contribute defining LTM phases. To better understand the downstream mechanisms, we here used a targeted DamID approach (TaDa). We generated a CREB-Dam fusion protein using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as model. Expressing CREB-Dam in the mushroom bodies (MBs), a brain center implicated in olfactory memory formation, we identified genes that are differentially expressed between paired and unpaired appetitive training paradigm. Of those genes we selected candidates for an RNAi screen in which we identified genes causing increased or decreased LTM. Author summary: CREB dependent regulation of gene expression is a key step in long-term memory formation and consolidation. Using a Dam::CREB fusion protein we identified genes that are differentially expressed in the mushroom body one day and two days after appetitive olfactory conditioning. We found candidate genes that cause memory enhancement and genes that cause memory suppression. Thus, we identified potential new regulators of memory formation and maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard consolidation theory suggests that the hippocampus (HPC) is critically involved in acquiring new memory, while storage and recall gradually become independent of it. Converging studies have shown separate involvements of the perirhinal cortex (PRC) and parahippocampal cortex (PHC) in item and spatial processes, whereas HPC relates the item to a spatial context. These 2 strands of literature raise the following question; which brain region is involved in the recall process of item-location associative memory? To solve this question, this study applied an item-location associative (ILA) paradigm in a single-unit study of nonhuman primates. We trained 2 macaques to associate 4 visual item pairs with 4 locations on a background map in an allocentric manner before the recording sessions. In each trial, 1 visual item and the map image at a tilt (−90° to 90°) were sequentially presented as the item-cue and the context-cue, respectively. The macaques chose the item-cue location relative to the context-cue by positioning their gaze. Neurons in the PRC, PHC, and HPC, but not area TE, exhibited item-cue responses which signaled retrieval of item-location associative memory. This retrieval signal first appeared in the PRC, followed by the HPC and PHC. We examined whether neural representations of the retrieved locations were related to the external space that the macaques viewed. A positive representation similarity was found in the HPC and PHC, but not in the PRC, thus suggesting a contribution of the HPC to relate the retrieved location from the PRC with a first-person perspective of the subjects and provide the self-referenced retrieved location to the PHC. These results imply distinct but complementary contributions of the PRC and HPC to recall of item-location associative memory that can be used across multiple spatial contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A deep memory bare-bones particle swarm optimization algorithm (DMBBPSO) for single-objective optimization problems is proposed in this paper. The DMBBPSO is able to perform high-precision local search while maintaining a large global search, thus providing a reliable solution to high-dimensional complex optimization problems. Normally, maintaining high accuracy while conducting global searches is an important challenge for single-objective optimizers. Traditional particle swarms optimizers can rapidly lose the diversity during iterations and are unable to perform global searches efficiently, and thus are more likely to be trapped by local optima. To address this problem, the DMBBPSO combines multiple memory storage mechanism (MMSM) and a layer-by-layer activation strategy (LAS). The MMSM catalyzes a set of deep memories to increase the diversity of the particle swarm. For every single particle, both of the personal best position and deep memories will be used in the evaluation process. The LAS enables the particle swarm to avoid premature convergence while enhancing local search capabilities. The collaboration between MMSM and LAS enhances the diversity of the particle swarm, which in turn enhances the robustness of the DMBBPSO. To investigate the optimization ability of the DMBBPSO for single-objective optimization problems, The CEC2017 benchmark functions are used in experiments. Five state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms are used in the control group. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the DMBBPSO can provide high precision results for single-objective optimization problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term memory tests are commonly used to facilitate the diagnosis of hippocampal-related neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease due to their relatively high specificity and sensitivity to damage to the medial temporal lobes compared to standard commonly used clinical tests. Pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease start years before the formal diagnosis is made, partially due to testing too late. This proof-of-concept exploratory study aimed to assess the feasibility of introducing an unsupervised digital platform for continuous testing of long-term memory over long periods outside the laboratory environment. To address this challenge, we developed a novel digital platform, hAge ('healthy Age'), which integrates double spatial alternation, image recognition and visuospatial tasks for frequent remote unsupervised assessment of spatial and non-spatial long-term memory carried out continuously over eight week period. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we tested whether we could achieve sufficient levels of adherence and whether the performance on hAge tasks is comparable to the performance observed in the analogous standard tests measured in the controlled laboratory environments.191 healthy adults (67% females, 18-81 years old) participated in the study. We report an estimated 42.4% adherence level with minimal inclusion criteria. In line with findings using standard laboratory tests, we showed that performance on the spatial alternation task negatively correlated with inter-trial periods and the performance levels on image recognition and visuospatial tasks could be controlled by varying image similarity. Importantly, we demonstrated that frequent engagement with the double spatial alternation task leads to a strong practice effect, previously identified as a potential measure of cognitive decline in MCI patients. Finally, we discuss how lifestyle and motivation confounds may present a serious challenge for cognitive assessment in real-world uncontrolled environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding the shortest paths for packets from sources to destinations in packet-switched communication networks is an inevitable problem in building a future high-speed information society. A routing method with memory information has already been proposed to alleviate the congestion of large volumes of packet flow. This routing method shows a high transmission completion rate even for large volumes of packet flows in communication networks with scale-free properties. However, the method exhibits poor performance for networks with local triangular connections and long distances between nodes. To overcome these problems, in this study, we first enhanced the routing performance of the conventional communication network models by using the betweenness centrality of nodes, which is one of the network centralities that measures the number of shortest paths that pass through each node in the networks. Subsequently, we adaptively changed the transmitting paths of packets by using only local information. Numerical simulations indicated that our routing method performs successfully for various topologies of communication networks by avoiding the congested node, and effectively using the memory information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our recollections tend to become more similar to the correct information when we recollect an initial response using the correct information, known as the hindsight bias. This study investigated the effect of memory load of information encoded on the hindsight bias's magnitude. We assigned participants (N = 63) to either LOW or HIGH conditions, in which they answered 20 or 50 questions, which were their initial responses. Then, they memorized and remembered the correct information. They finally recollected the initial responses. Twenty of the fifty questions in the HIGH condition were identical to those in the LOW condition. We used the answers to these 20 common questions in LOW and HIGH conditions to examine the effect of the memory load of information encoded, defined as the number of correct answers to remember (i.e., 20 or 50) on the hindsight bias. Results indicated that the magnitude of the hindsight bias was more prominent in the HIGH than the LOW condition, suggesting that the memory load amplifies the hindsight bias's magnitude. This finding also implies that controlling the memory load of information encoded when learning correct information could mitigate the hindsight bias. We expect these findings to have practical implications in occupational settings where hindsight bias could lead to critical errors such as financial losses or medical problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perception can be shaped by our expectations, which can lead to perceptual illusions. Similarly, long-term memories can be shaped to fit our expectations, which can generate false memories. However, it is generally assumed that short-term memory for percepts formed just 1 or 2 seconds ago accurately represents the percepts as they were at the time of perception. Here 4 experiments consistently show that within this timeframe, participants go from reliably reporting what was there (perceptual inference accurately reflecting the bottom-up input), to erroneously but with high confidence reporting what they expected to be there (memory report strongly influenced by top-down expectations). Together, these experiments show that expectations can reshape perceptual representations over short time scales, leading to what we refer to as short-term memory (STM) illusions. These illusions appeared when participants saw a memory display which contained real and pseudo-letters (i.e. mirrored letters). Within seconds after the memory display disappeared, high confidence memory errors increased substantially. This increase in errors over time indicates that the high confidence errors do not (purely) result from incorrect perceptual encoding of the memory display. Moreover, high confidence errors occurred mainly for pseudo-to-real letter memories, and much less often for real-to-pseudo-letter memories, indicating that visual similarity is not the primary cause of this memory-bias. Instead 'world knowledge' (e.g., which orientation letters usually have) appear to drive these STM illusions. Our findings support a predictive processing view of the formation and maintenance of memory in which all memory stages, including STM, involve integration of bottom-up memory input with top-down predictions, such that prior expectations can shape memory traces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Payoff, emotion, and historical memory directly determine investment decision-making for incomplete rational men in a public goods game (PGG). How these factors affect investment and cooperation behavior has not been investigated yet. Thus, we proposed a new investment model involving theses three factors to examine its coupling effect on cooperation in PGG. An emotional increment was employed to describe the emotional change in every round by supposing an investor' pleasure to a cooperator but regret to a defector. Furthermore, an emotional index was formed by accumulating these historical changes with a memory decline effect. Then an investment formula was proposed by considering this emotional index and a historical payoff. Moreover, the cooperation level affected by these factors was investigated. Results show a mutually reinforcing relationship between emotional and payoff investments. A poor memory capacity coefficient allows defectors to change their behaviors but produces some opportunists. A large memory length results in a high cooperator fraction but is not suggested to be too large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study objectives: Novel information is rapidly learned when it is compatible with previous knowledge. This "schema" effect, initially described for declarative memories, was recently extended to the motor memory domain. Importantly, this beneficial effect was only observed 24 hours–but not immediately–following motor schema acquisition. Given the established role of sleep in memory consolidation, we hypothesized that sleep following the initial learning of a schema is necessary for the subsequent rapid integration of novel motor information. Methods: Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of diurnal and nocturnal sleep on schema-mediated motor sequence memory consolidation. In Experiment 1, participants first learned an 8-element motor sequence through repeated practice (Session 1). They were then afforded a 90-minute nap opportunity (N = 25) or remained awake (N = 25) before learning a second motor sequence (Session 2) which was highly compatible with that learned prior to the sleep/wake interval. Experiment 2 was similar; however, Sessions 1 and 2 were separated by a 12-hour interval that included nocturnal sleep (N = 28) or only wakefulness (N = 29). Results: For both experiments, we found no group differences in motor sequence performance (reaction time and accuracy) following the sleep/wake interval. Furthermore, in Experiment 1, we found no correlation between sleep features (non-REM sleep duration, spindle and slow wave activity) and post-sleep behavioral performance. Conclusions: The results of this research suggest that integration of novel motor information into a cognitive-motor schema does not specifically benefit from post-learning sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In survey research, various types of estimators have been suggested that consider only the current sample information to compute the unknown population parameters. Therefore, we utilize the past sample information along with the current sample information in the form of hybrid exponentially weighted moving averages to suggest the memory type logarithmic estimators for time-based surveys. The expression of the mean square error of the suggested estimators is determined to the first order of approximation. A relative comparison of the suggested estimators with the existing estimators is performed and efficiency conditions are obtained. Further, a simulation study is accomplished using a hypothetically rendered population and a real data illustration to improve the theoretical results. The results of the simulation study and the real data application exhibit that the consideration of past and current sample information meliorates the efficiency of the suggested estimators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Judging by the breadth of our motor repertoire during daily activities, it is clear that learning different tasks is a hallmark of the human motor system. However, for reaching adaptation to different force fields, the conditions under which this is possible in laboratory settings have remained a challenging question. Previous work has shown that independent movement representations or goals enabled dual adaptation. Considering the importance of force feedback during limb control, here we hypothesised that independent cues delivered by means of background loads could support simultaneous adaptation to various velocity-dependent force fields, for identical kinematic plan and movement goal. We demonstrate in a series of experiments that indeed healthy adults can adapt to opposite force fields, independently of the direction of the background force cue. However, when the cue and force field were in the same direction but differed by heir magnitude, the formation of different motor representations was still observed but the associated mechanism was subject to increased interference. Finally, we highlight that this paradigm allows dissociating trial-by-trial adaptation from online feedback adaptation, as these two mechanisms are associated with different time scales that can be identified reliably and reproduced in a computational model. Author summary: The conditions under which humans can adapt reaching movements to different force fields in parallel remain the subject of active debates. Mounting evidence highlights that contextual factors linked to movement planning are necessary to form different motor memories. Here we show that background forces indicative of the direction of a force field could play the role of contextual factors, and enable dual adaptation. However, we uncovered that when the cue and the force field were in the same direction but of different magnitudes, the motor memories were still distinct but subject to increased interference. We further show that different timescales of adaptation observed can be explained by a combination of offline and online adaptation in a model of reaching control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term memory formation involves the reorganization of brain circuits, termed system consolidation. Whether and how a prior fear experience influences system consolidation of new memories is poorly understood. In rats, we found that prior auditory fear learning allows the secondary auditory cortex to immediately encode new auditory memories, with these new memories purely requiring the activation of cellular mechanisms of synaptic consolidation within secondary auditory cortex. Similar results were obtained in the anterior cingulate cortex for contextual fear memories. Moreover, prior learning enabled connections from these cortices to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) to support recent memory retention. We propose that the reorganization of circuits that characterizes system consolidation occurs only in the first instance that an event is learned, subsequently allowing the immediate assimilation of new analogous events in final storage sites. This study reveals that the occurrence of a prior fear experience allows new memories to be stored in the cortex immediately, without the need of the prolonged reorganization of brain circuits that characterizes the system memory consolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imitation provides a reliable method to investigate the developing memory functions in childhood. The present study explored whether 3-4-year-old children are able to revise their previous experiences after a 1 week delay in order to adapt to an altered context. We used a combined short-term (Session 1) and delayed (Session 2) imitation paradigm based on a previous study with 2-year-olds. The constraints (target object close/far) and relatedly the relevance of using a tool in a goal attainment task (irrelevant/relevant, respectively) changed between the sessions. We found that children in Session 1 used the tool only when it was needed (relevant/object far context). After the 1 week delay when the tool was previously irrelevant and then became relevant, children remembered the irrelevant act and applied it in the altered context. When the tool lost its relevance after 1 week, children used the tool less than before, but did not fully omit it, despite its reduced efficiency. The present data with 3-year-olds was compared to a pattern of results with 2-year-olds (from a similar previous study), that allowed to discuss possible developmental transitions in memory and imitation. We propose that the flexible restoration of a formerly irrelevant act and the maintenance of a formerly successful solution indicate flexibility of preschooler's memory when guiding imitation. This flexibility, however, interacts with children's tendency to remain faithful to strategies that were previously ostensively demonstrated to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manuscript symbols can be stored, recognized and retrieved from an entropic digital memory that is associative and distributed but yet declarative; memory retrieval is a constructive operation, memory cues to objects not contained in the memory are rejected directly without search, and memory operations can be performed through parallel computations. Manuscript symbols, both letters and numerals, are represented in Associative Memory Registers that have an associated entropy. The memory recognition operation obeys an entropy trade-off between precision and recall, and the entropy level impacts on the quality of the objects recovered through the memory retrieval operation. The present proposal is contrasted in several dimensions with neural networks models of associative memory. We discuss the operational characteristics of the entropic associative memory for retrieving objects with both complete and incomplete information, such as severe occlusions. The experiments reported in this paper add evidence on the potential of this framework for developing practical applications and computational models of natural memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misinformation regarding the cause of an event often continues to influence an individual's event-related reasoning, even after they have received a retraction. This is known as the continued influence effect (CIE). Dominant theoretical models of the CIE have suggested the effect arises primarily from failures to retrieve the correction. However, recent research has implicated information integration and memory updating processes in the CIE. As a behavioural test of integration, we applied an event segmentation approach to the CIE paradigm. Event segmentation theory suggests that incoming information is parsed into distinct events separated by event boundaries, which can have implications for memory. As such, when an individual encodes an event report that contains a retraction, the presence of event boundaries should impair retraction integration and memory updating, resulting in an enhanced CIE. Experiments 1 and 2 employed spatial event segmentation boundaries in an attempt to manipulate the ease with which a retraction can be integrated into a participant's mental event model. While Experiment 1 showed no impact of an event boundary, Experiment 2 yielded evidence that an event boundary resulted in a reduced CIE. To the extent that this finding reflects enhanced retrieval of the retraction relative to the misinformation, it is more in line with retrieval accounts of the CIE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After encoding, memories go through a labile state followed by a stabilization process known as consolidation. Once consolidated they can enter a new labile state after the presentation of a reminder of the original memory, followed by a period of re-stabilization (reconsolidation). During these periods of lability the memory traces can be modified. Currently, some studies show a rapid stabilization after 30 min, while others show that stabilization occurs after longer periods (e.g. > 6 h). Here we investigate the effect of an interference treatment on declarative memory consolidation, comparing distinct time intervals after acquisition. On day 1, participants learned a list of non- syllable pairs (List 1). 5 min, 30 min, 3 h or 8 h later, they received an interference list (List 2) that acted as an amnesic agent. On day 2 (48 h after training) participants had to recall List 1 first, followed by List 2. We found that the List 1 memory was susceptible to interference when List 2 was administered 5 min or 3 h after learning but not when it was administered 30 min or 8 h after. We propose the possibility that this rapid memory protection could be induced by a fast and transient neocortical integration. Our results open a discussion about the contribution of molecular and systemic aspects to memory consolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key features of long-term memory (LTM), such as its stability and persistence, are acquired during processes collectively referred to as consolidation. The dynamics of biological changes during consolidation are complex. In adult rodents, consolidation exhibits distinct periods during which the engram is more or less resistant to disruption. Moreover, the ability to consolidate memories differs during developmental periods. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying consolidation are poorly understood, the initial stages rely on interacting signaling pathways that regulate gene expression, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α (CaMKIIα) dependent feedback loops. We investigated the ways in which these pathways may contribute to developmental and dynamical features of consolidation. A computational model of molecular processes underlying consolidation following inhibitory avoidance (IA) training in rats was developed. Differential equations described the actions of CaMKIIα, multiple feedback loops regulating BDNF expression, and several transcription factors including methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), and SIN3 transcription regulator family member A (Sin3a). This model provides novel explanations for the (apparent) rapid forgetting of infantile memory and the temporal progression of memory consolidation in adults. Simulations predict that dual effects of MeCP2 on the expression of bdnf, and interaction between MeCP2 and CaMKIIα, play critical roles in the rapid forgetting of infantile memory and the progress of memory resistance to disruptions. These insights suggest new potential targets of therapy for memory impairment. Author summary: Long-term memories (LTMs) are enduring and resistant to disruption. These features are acquired via processes collectively referred to as consolidation. In adults, the initial stages of consolidation follow complex dynamics that are believed to emerge from interacting biochemical signaling pathways, including BDNF and CaMKIIα dependent feedback loops. Similarly, the acquisition of ability to consolidate memory in infantile animals is believed to emerge from the functional maturation of these molecular pathways. Here, the ways in which these pathways contribute to consolidation were investigated using a computational model. This model provides novel explanations for the apparent rapid forgetting of infantile memory and for development of resistance to disruption during memory consolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our ability to recall memories is improved when sleep follows learning, suggesting that sleep facilitates memory consolidation. A number of factors are thought to influence the impact of sleep on newly learned information, such as whether or not we rehearse that information (e.g. via restudy or retrieval practice), or the extent to which the information is consistent with our pre-existing schematic knowledge. In this pre-registered, online study, we examined the effects of both rehearsal and schematic congruency on overnight consolidation. Participants learned noun-colour pairings (e.g. elephant-red) and rated each pairing as plausible or implausible before completing a baseline memory assessment. Afterwards, participants engaged in a period of restudy or retrieval practice for the pairings, and then entered a 12 h retention interval of overnight sleep or daytime wakefulness. Follow-up assessments were completed immediately after sleep or wake, and again 24 h after learning. Our data indicated that overnight consolidation was amplified for restudied relative to retested noun-colour pairings, but only when sleep occurred soon after learning. Furthermore, whereas plausible (i.e. schematically congruent) pairings were generally better remembered than implausible (i.e. schematically incongruent) pairings, the benefits of sleep were stronger for implausible relative to plausible memories. These findings challenge the notion that schema-conformant memories are preferentially strengthened during post-learning sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oriented lines impact human cognition subconsciously. This study aimed to determine whether line orientations in the background of Chinese written characters influenced individual's memory and emotion. Five pictures with Chinese characters as experimental material, in which four had equidistant parallel lines (0°, -45°, 90°, and +45°) as background and the other one had a blank background, were presented on a personal computer screen, for 15 seconds each, to 94 participants. The participants were then given 45 seconds to write down what they had just memorized. Participants' emotion was identified by their Heart Rate Variability (HRV) simultaneously during the viewing process. The results showed that vertical (90°) and 45° leftward leaning lines (-45°) did not weaken users' memory, and no significant difference in memory was found between these two states and the blank background, while horizontal (0°) and 45° rightward leaning lines (+45°) weakened the memory effect significantly. Overall, memory decreased in the condition of horizontally lined background while no influence in vertically lined background condition; and it showed asymmetry under leftward and rightward leaning line conditions: memory decreased in rightward leaning lined background while no influence in leftward lined background. Moreover, the results of emotion and memory showed negative similar trend. These findings provide practical suggestions for visual information design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued influence effect of misinformation (CIE) is a phenomenon in which certain information, although retracted and corrected, still has an impact on event reporting, reasoning, inference, and decisions. The main goal of this paper is to investigate to what extent this effect can be reduced using the procedure of inoculation and how it can be moderated by the reliability of corrections' sources. The results show that the reliability of corrections' sources did not affect their processing when participants were not inoculated. However, inoculated participants relied on misinformation less when the correction came from a highly credible source. For this source condition, as a result of inoculation, a significant increase in belief in retraction, as well as a decrease in belief in misinformation was also found. Contrary to previous reports, belief in misinformation rather than belief in retraction predicted reliance on misinformation. These findings are of both great practical importance as certain boundary conditions for inoculation efficiency have been discovered to reduce the impact of the continued influence of misinformation, and theoretical, as they provide insight into the mechanisms behind CIE. The results were interpreted in terms of existing CIE theories as well as within the remembering framework, which describes the conversion from memory traces to behavioral manifestations of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Data Availability statement for this paper is incorrect. The correct statement is: All data are available at https://github.com/agusnt/Xeon-SP_Memory_Characterization_SPEC-CPU-2K6-2K17/.By Agustín Navarro-Torres; Jesús Alastruey-Benedé; Pablo Ibáñez-Marín and Víctor Viñals-YúferaReported by Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

Electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that theta-band activity is useful for investigating neural mechanisms of memory. However, mechanisms specifically driving memory performance remain poorly understood. In sequential memory, performance can be artificially attenuated by shortening the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) between memory item presentations. Therefore, we sought to clarify the mechanisms of sequential memory performance by analyzing theta-band (4–8 Hz) activity recorded via magnetoencephalogram in 33 participants during performance of a sequential memory task where memory items were presented at either slow or fast rates in accordance with longer or shorter ISIs, respectively. Particularly in the slow task, theta activity clearly modulated in accordance with the presentation of memory items. Common cortical target regions in the occipital and frontal cortex were identified in both tasks and related to visual encoding and memory maintenance, respectively. Compared to the slow task, occipital-theta activity was significantly lower in the fast task from the midterm until the ending of encoding, in correspondence with significantly lower recall for memory items in this same period. Meanwhile, despite a loss of clarity in responsiveness to individual memory items in the fast task, frontal-theta activity was not different between tasks and exhibited particularly strong responses in both tasks during the holding period prior to recall. Our results indicate that shorter processing time erodes sequential memory performance beginning at the level of visual encoding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic imposed new constraints on empirical research and forced researchers to transfer from traditional laboratory research to the online environment. This study tested the validity of a web-based episodic memory paradigm by comparing participants' memory performance for trustworthy and untrustworthy facial stimuli in a supervised laboratory setting and an unsupervised web setting. Consistent with previous results, we observed enhanced episodic memory for untrustworthy compared to trustworthy faces. Most importantly, this memory bias was comparable in the online and the laboratory experiment, suggesting that web-based procedures are a promising tool for memory research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain networks store new memories using functional and structural synaptic plasticity. Memory formation is generally attributed to Hebbian plasticity, while homeostatic plasticity is thought to have an ancillary role in stabilizing network dynamics. Here we report that homeostatic plasticity alone can also lead to the formation of stable memories. We analyze this phenomenon using a new theory of network remodeling, combined with numerical simulations of recurrent spiking neural networks that exhibit structural plasticity based on firing rate homeostasis. These networks are able to store repeatedly presented patterns and recall them upon the presentation of incomplete cues. Storage is fast, governed by the homeostatic drift. In contrast, forgetting is slow, driven by a diffusion process. Joint stimulation of neurons induces the growth of associative connections between them, leading to the formation of memory engrams. These memories are stored in a distributed fashion throughout connectivity matrix, and individual synaptic connections have only a small influence. Although memory-specific connections are increased in number, the total number of inputs and outputs of neurons undergo only small changes during stimulation. We find that homeostatic structural plasticity induces a specific type of "silent memories", different from conventional attractor states. Author summary: Memories are thought to be stored in groups of strongly connected neurons, or engrams. Much effort has been put into understanding engrams, but currently there is no definitive consensus about how they are formed. Hebbian plasticity was proposed to underlie engram formation. Hebbian plasticity occurs when synaptic weights are strengthened between pairs of neurons with correlated activity. Hebbian plasticity, therefore, is thought to rely on a mechanism that can detect correlation between neurons. However, the increased synaptic weight implies increased correlation, which creates a positive feedback loop that can lead to runaway growth. Avoiding such an unfavorable condition would require regulatory mechanisms that are much faster than the ones which have been observed in the brain. Here we show that a structural plasticity rule that is based on firing rate homeostasis can also lead to the formation of engrams. In this case, engram formation does not rely on a mechanism that traces correlation. Instead, stronger connectivity between correlated neurons emerges as a network effect, based on self-organized rewiring. Our work proposes a different possibility how engrams could be created. This new perspective could be instrumental for better understanding the process of memory formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]