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Background and aims: This paper was primarily devoted to understand the interactions of soil aggregates, organic carbon (C) and carbon cycle enzymes in aggregates under different fertilization managements, aiming to identify the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer amendments on soil organic C accumulation and the activities of carbon cycle enzymes within aggregates in Vertisol. Methods: A Vertisol soil following 4-year compost and inorganic fertilizer amendments, i.e. no fertilizer (CK), mineral fertilizer (FR) and 60% compost N plus 40% fertilizer N (FRM), was collected to identify the dynamics of organic C, enzymes activities and their associations with macroaggregation using aggregate fractionation techniques. Results: The organic C content in all FR and FRM treatments was 8.24–41.15% higher than that in CK. An increased amounts of carbon cycle enzymes in aggregates or 0–20 cm bulk soil were also observed in FRM plots. Compared to FR, FRM significantly strengthened the structural stability of macroaggregates and the intimate connection between enzyme activities and macroaggregates. Conclusions: As a recommended measure, supplementation with organic manure such as compost strengthened the process of mutual promotion between carbon cycle enzymes and macroaggregates, and the synergistic effect would be highly beneficial to soil organic C sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]