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An empirical question that has motivated demographers is whether there is convergence or divergence in mortality/longevity around the world. The epidemiological transition is the starting point for studying a global process of mortality convergence. This manuscript aims to provide an update on the concept of mortality convergence/divergence. We perform a comprehensive examination of nine different mortality indicators from a global perspective using clustering methods in the period 1990-2030. In addition, we include analyses of projections to provide insights into prospective trajectories of convergence clubs, a dimension unexplored in previous work. The results indicate that mortality convergence clubs of 194 countries by sex resemble the configuration of continents. These five clubs show a common steady upward trend in longevity indicators, accompanied by a progressive reduction in disparities between sexes and between groups of countries. Furthermore, this paper shows insights into the historical evolution of the convergence clubs in the period 1990-2020 and expands their scope to include projections of their expected future evolution in 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most insurance policies include a deductible, so that a part of the claim is paid by the insured. In order to get full coverage of the claim, the insured has two options: purchase a Zero Deductible Insurance Policy or purchase an insurance policy with deductible together with Refundable Deductible Insurance. The objective of this paper is to analyze these two options and compare the premium paid by each. We define dif(P) as the difference between the premiums paid. This function depends on the parameters of the deductible applied, and we focus our attention on the sign of this difference and the calculation of the optimal deductible, that is, the values of the parameters of the deductible that allow us to obtain the greatest reduction in the premium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]