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1. Open Source Drug Discovery with the Malaria Box Compound Collection for Neglected Diseases and Beyond

Author

Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Harvard University--MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Bhatia, Sangeeta N, Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Yesmalie, Alemán Resto, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Bosch, Jürgen, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Cassera, Maria Belen, Ken, Chih-Chien Cheng, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Colón-López, Daisy D., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, D’Alessandro, Sarah, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fernández Robledo, José A., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H. Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Llinás, Manuel, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Müller, Joachim, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Ruecker, Andrea, St. Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Spitzmüller, Andreas, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R. Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Laleu, Benoît, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, Willis, Paul A., Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Harvard University--MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Bhatia, Sangeeta N, Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Yesmalie, Alemán Resto, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Bosch, Jürgen, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Cassera, Maria Belen, Ken, Chih-Chien Cheng, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Colón-López, Daisy D., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, D’Alessandro, Sarah, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fernández Robledo, José A., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H. Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Llinás, Manuel, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Müller, Joachim, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Ruecker, Andrea, St. Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Spitzmüller, Andreas, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R. Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Laleu, Benoît, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, and Willis, Paul A.

Abstract

A major cause of the paucity of new starting points for drug discovery is the lack of interaction between academia and industry. Much of the global resource in biology is present in universities, whereas the focus of medicinal chemistry is still largely within industry. Open source drug discovery, with sharing of information, is clearly a first step towards overcoming this gap. But the interface could especially be bridged through a scale-up of open sharing of physical compounds, which would accelerate the finding of new starting points for drug discovery. The Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box is a collection of over 400 compounds representing families of structures identified in phenotypic screens of pharmaceutical and academic libraries against the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. The set has now been distributed to almost 200 research groups globally in the last two years, with the only stipulation that information from the screens is deposited in the public domain. This paper reports for the first time on 236 screens that have been carried out against the Malaria Box and compares these results with 55 assays that were previously published, in a format that allows a meta-analysis of the combined dataset. The combined biochemical and cellular assays presented here suggest mechanisms of action for 135 (34%) of the compounds active in killing multiple life-cycle stages of the malaria parasite, including asexual blood, liver, gametocyte, gametes and insect ookinete stages. In addition, many compounds demonstrated activity against other pathogens, showing hits in assays with 16 protozoa, 7 helminths, 9 bacterial and mycobacterial species, the dengue fever mosquito vector, and the NCI60 human cancer cell line panel of 60 human tumor cell lines. Toxicological, pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties were collected on all the compounds, assisting in the selection of the most promising candidates for murine proof-of-concept experiments and medicinal chemis

Published
2017

2. Open Source Drug Discovery with the Malaria Box Compound Collection for Neglected Diseases and Beyond

Author

Phillips, Margaret A., Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bhatia, Sangeeta, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Belen Cassera, Maria, Chih-Chien Cheng, Ken, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H.Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Abdo Rizk, Mohamed, Ruecker, Andrea, St. Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R.Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, and Willis, Paul A.

Abstract

A major cause of the paucity of new starting points for drug discovery is the lack of interaction between academia and industry. Much of the global resource in biology is present in universities, whereas the focus of medicinal chemistry is still largely within industry. Open source drug discovery, with sharing of information, is clearly a first step towards overcoming this gap. But the interface could especially be bridged through a scale-up of open sharing of physical compounds, which would accelerate the finding of new starting points for drug discovery. The Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box is a collection of over 400 compounds representing families of structures identified in phenotypic screens of pharmaceutical and academic libraries against the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. The set has now been distributed to almost 200 research groups globally in the last two years, with the only stipulation that information from the screens is deposited in the public domain. This paper reports for the first time on 236 screens that have been carried out against the Malaria Box and compares these results with 55 assays that were previously published, in a format that allows a meta-analysis of the combined dataset. The combined biochemical and cellular assays presented here suggest mechanisms of action for 135 (34%) of the compounds active in killing multiple life-cycle stages of the malaria parasite, including asexual blood, liver, gametocyte, gametes and insect ookinete stages. In addition, many compounds demonstrated activity against other pathogens, showing hits in assays with 16 protozoa, 7 helminths, 9 bacterial and mycobacterial species, the dengue fever mosquito vector, and the NCI60 human cancer cell line panel of 60 human tumor cell lines. Toxicological, pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties were collected on all the compounds, assisting in the selection of the most promising candidates for murine proof-of-concept experiments and medicinal chemistry programs. The data for all of these assays are presented and analyzed to show how outstanding leads for many indications can be selected. These results reveal the immense potential for translating the dispersed expertise in biological assays involving human pathogens into drug discovery starting points, by providing open access to new families of molecules, and emphasize how a small additional investment made to help acquire and distribute compounds, and sharing the data, can catalyze drug discovery for dozens of different indications. Another lesson is that when multiple screens from different groups are run on the same library, results can be integrated quickly to select the most valuable starting points for subsequent medicinal chemistry efforts.

Published
2016

3. SCYX-7158, an Orally-Active Benzoxaborole for the Treatment of Stage 2 Human African Trypanosomiasis.

Author

Jacobs, Robert T., Nare, Bakela, Wring, Stephen A., Orr, Matthew D., Chen, Daitao, Sligar, Jessica M., Jenks, Matthew X., Noe, Robert A., Bowling, Tana S., Mercer, Luke T., Rewerts, Cindy, Gaukel, Eric, Owens, Jennifer, Parham, Robin, Randolph, Ryan, Beaudet, Beth, Bacchi, Cyrus J., Yarlett, Nigel, Plattner, Jacob J., and Freund, Yvonne

Subjects
AFRICAN trypanosomiasis, TRYPANOSOMA, DRUG discovery, PHARMACEUTICAL chemistry, CEREBROSPINAL fluid, TRYPANOSOMA brucei
Abstract

Background: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is an important public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, affecting hundreds of thousands of individuals. An urgent need exists for the discovery and development of new, safe, and effective drugs to treat HAT, as existing therapies suffer from poor safety profiles, difficult treatment regimens, limited effectiveness, and a high cost of goods. We have discovered and optimized a novel class of small-molecule boron-containing compounds, benzoxaboroles, to identify SCYX-7158 as an effective, safe and orally active treatment for HAT. Methodology/Principal Findings: A drug discovery project employing integrated biological screening, medicinal chemistry and pharmacokinetic characterization identified SCYX-7158 as an optimized analog, as it is active in vitro against relevant strains of Trypanosoma brucei, including T. b. rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense, is efficacious in both stage 1 and stage 2 murine HAT models and has physicochemical and in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicology (ADMET) properties consistent with the compound being orally available, metabolically stable and CNS permeable. In a murine stage 2 study, SCYX-7158 is effective orally at doses as low as 12.5 mg/kg (QD×7 days). In vivo pharmacokinetic characterization of SCYX-7158 demonstrates that the compound is highly bioavailable in rodents and non-human primates, has low intravenous plasma clearance and has a 24-h elimination half-life and a volume of distribution that indicate good tissue distribution. Most importantly, in rodents brain exposure of SCYX-7158 is high, with Cmax >10 µg/mL and AUC0–24 hr >100 µg*h/mL following a 25 mg/kg oral dose. Furthermore, SCYX-7158 readily distributes into cerebrospinal fluid to achieve therapeutically relevant concentrations in this compartment. Conclusions/Significance: The biological and pharmacokinetic properties of SCYX-7158 suggest that this compound will be efficacious and safe to treat stage 2 HAT. SCYX-7158 has been selected to enter preclinical studies, with expected progression to phase 1 clinical trials in 2011. Author Summary: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by infection with the parasite Trypanosoma brucei and is an important public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. New, safe, and effective drugs are urgently needed to treat HAT, particularly stage 2 disease where the parasite infects the brain. Existing therapies for HAT have poor safety profiles, difficult treatment regimens, limited effectiveness, and a high cost of goods. Through an integrated drug discovery project, we have discovered and optimized a novel class of boron-containing small molecules, benzoxaboroles, to deliver SCYX-7158, an orally active preclinical drug candidate. SCYX-7158 cured mice infected with T. brucei, both in the blood and in the brain. Extensive pharmacokinetic characterization of SCYX-7158 in rodents and non-human primates supports the potential of this drug candidate for progression to IND-enabling studies in advance of clinical trials for stage 2 HAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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4. 2,4-Diaminopyrimidines as Potent Inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei and Identification of Molecular Targets by a Chemical Proteomics Approach.

Author

Mercer, Luke, Bowling, Tana, Perales, Joe, Freeman, Jennifer, Nguyen, Tien, Bacchi, Cyrus, Yarlett, Nigel, Don, Robert, Jacobs, Robert, and Nare, Bakela

Subjects
*TRYPANOSOMA brucei, *DRUG target, *MITOGEN-activated protein kinases, *AFRICAN trypanosomiasis, *TRYPANOSOMA, *PROTEOMICS, *TRYPANOSOMA cruzi, *KINASE inhibitors
Abstract

Background: There is an urgent need to develop new, safe and effective treatments for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) because current drugs have extremely poor safety profiles and are difficult to administer. Here we report the discovery of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines, exemplified by 4-[4-amino-5-(2-methoxy-benzoyl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid phenylamide (SCYX-5070), as potent inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei and the related trypanosomatid protozoans Leishmania spp. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this work we show that loss of T. brucei viability following SCYX-5070 exposure was dependent on compound concentration and incubation time. Pulse incubation of T. brucei with SCYX-5070 demonstrates that a short period of exposure (10–12 hrs) is required to produce irreversible effects on survival or commit the parasites to death. SCYX-5070 cured an acute trypanosomiasis infection in mice without exhibiting signs of compound related acute or chronic toxicity. To identify the molecular target(s) responsible for the mechanism of action of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines against trypanosomatid protozoa, a representative analogue was immobilized on a solid matrix (sepharose) and used to isolate target proteins from parasite extracts. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cdc2-related kinases (CRKs) were identified as the major proteins specifically bound to the immobilized compound, suggesting their participation in the pharmacological effects of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines against trypanosomatid protozoan parasites. Conclusions/Significance: Results show that 2,4-diaminopyrimidines have a good in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile against trypanosomatid protozoans and that MAPKs and CRKs are potential molecular targets of these compounds. The 2,4-diminipyrimidines may serve as suitable leads for the development of novel treatments for HAT. Author Summary: The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness, a fatal disease affecting nearly half a million people in sub-Saharan Africa. Current treatments for HAT have very poor safety profiles and are difficult to administer. There is an urgent need for new, safe and effective treatments for sleeping sickness. This work describes the discovery of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines, exemplified by 4-[4-amino-5-(2-methoxy-benzoyl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid phenylamide or SCYX-5070, as potent inhibitors of T. brucei growth in vitro and also in animal models for HAT. To determine the parasite proteins responsible for interaction with SCYX-5070 and related compounds, affinity pull-downs were performed followed by sequence analysis and parasite genome database searching. The work revealed that mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cdc2-related kinases (CRKs) are the major proteins specifically bound to the immobilized compound, suggesting their potential participation in the pharmacological effects of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines against trypanosomatid protozoan parasites. These data strongly support the use of 2,4-diminipyrimidines as leads for the development of new drug candidates for the treatment of HAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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5. Open source drug discovery with the malaria box compound collection for neglected diseases and beyond

Author

Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Alemán Resto, Yesmalie, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bhatia, Sangeeta, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Bosch, Jürgen, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Belen Cassera, Maria, Chih-Chien Cheng, Ken, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Colón-López, Daisy D., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, D'Alessandro, Sarah, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fernández Robledo, José A., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H. Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Llinás, Manuel, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Müller, Joachim, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Abdo Rizk, Mohamed, Ruecker, Andrea, St Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Spitzmüller, Andreas, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R. Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-Aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Laleu, Benoît, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, and Willis, Paul A.

Subjects
3. Good health

6. Open source drug discovery with the Malaria Box Compound collection for neglected diseases and beyond

Author

Phillips, Margaret A., Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Alemán Resto, Yesmalie, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bhatia, Sangeeta, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Bosch, Jürgen, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Belen Cassera, Maria, Chih-Chien Cheng, Ken, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Colón-López, Daisy D., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, D’Alessandro, Sarah, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fernández Robledo, José A., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H.Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Llinás, Manuel, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Müller, Joachim, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Abdo Rizk, Mohamed, Ruecker, Andrea, St. Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Spitzmüller, Andreas, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R.Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Laleu, Benoît, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, Willis, Paul A., Phillips, Margaret A., Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Alemán Resto, Yesmalie, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bhatia, Sangeeta, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Bosch, Jürgen, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Belen Cassera, Maria, Chih-Chien Cheng, Ken, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Colón-López, Daisy D., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, D’Alessandro, Sarah, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fernández Robledo, José A., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H.Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Llinás, Manuel, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Müller, Joachim, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Abdo Rizk, Mohamed, Ruecker, Andrea, St. Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Spitzmüller, Andreas, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R.Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Laleu, Benoît, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, and Willis, Paul A.

Abstract

A major cause of the paucity of new starting points for drug discovery is the lack of interaction between academia and industry. Much of the global resource in biology is present in universities, whereas the focus of medicinal chemistry is still largely within industry. Open source drug discovery, with sharing of information, is clearly a first step towards overcoming this gap. But the interface could especially be bridged through a scale-up of open sharing of physical compounds, which would accelerate the finding of new starting points for drug discovery. The Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box is a collection of over 400 compounds representing families of structures identified in phenotypic screens of pharmaceutical and academic libraries against the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. The set has now been distributed to almost 200 research groups globally in the last two years, with the only stipulation that information from the screens is deposited in the public domain. This paper reports for the first time on 236 screens that have been carried out against the Malaria Box and compares these results with 55 assays that were previously published, in a format that allows a meta-analysis of the combined dataset. The combined biochemical and cellular assays presented here suggest mechanisms of action for 135 (34%) of the compounds active in killing multiple life-cycle stages of the malaria parasite, including asexual blood, liver, gametocyte, gametes and insect ookinete stages. In addition, many compounds demonstrated activity against other pathogens, showing hits in assays with 16 protozoa, 7 helminths, 9 bacterial and mycobacterial species, the dengue fever mosquito vector, and the NCI60 human cancer cell line panel of 60 human tumor cell lines. Toxicological, pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties were collected on all the compounds, assisting in the selection of the most promising candidates for murine proof-of-concept experiments and medicinal chemis

Full Text
View/download PDF

7. Open source drug discovery with the Malaria Box Compound collection for neglected diseases and beyond

Author

Phillips, Margaret A., Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Alemán Resto, Yesmalie, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bhatia, Sangeeta, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Bosch, Jürgen, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Belen Cassera, Maria, Chih-Chien Cheng, Ken, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Colón-López, Daisy D., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, D’Alessandro, Sarah, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fernández Robledo, José A., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H.Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Llinás, Manuel, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Müller, Joachim, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Abdo Rizk, Mohamed, Ruecker, Andrea, St. Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Spitzmüller, Andreas, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R.Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Laleu, Benoît, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, Willis, Paul A., Phillips, Margaret A., Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Alemán Resto, Yesmalie, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bhatia, Sangeeta, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Bosch, Jürgen, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Belen Cassera, Maria, Chih-Chien Cheng, Ken, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Colón-López, Daisy D., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, D’Alessandro, Sarah, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fernández Robledo, José A., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H.Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Llinás, Manuel, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Müller, Joachim, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Abdo Rizk, Mohamed, Ruecker, Andrea, St. Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Spitzmüller, Andreas, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R.Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Laleu, Benoît, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, and Willis, Paul A.

Abstract

A major cause of the paucity of new starting points for drug discovery is the lack of interaction between academia and industry. Much of the global resource in biology is present in universities, whereas the focus of medicinal chemistry is still largely within industry. Open source drug discovery, with sharing of information, is clearly a first step towards overcoming this gap. But the interface could especially be bridged through a scale-up of open sharing of physical compounds, which would accelerate the finding of new starting points for drug discovery. The Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box is a collection of over 400 compounds representing families of structures identified in phenotypic screens of pharmaceutical and academic libraries against the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. The set has now been distributed to almost 200 research groups globally in the last two years, with the only stipulation that information from the screens is deposited in the public domain. This paper reports for the first time on 236 screens that have been carried out against the Malaria Box and compares these results with 55 assays that were previously published, in a format that allows a meta-analysis of the combined dataset. The combined biochemical and cellular assays presented here suggest mechanisms of action for 135 (34%) of the compounds active in killing multiple life-cycle stages of the malaria parasite, including asexual blood, liver, gametocyte, gametes and insect ookinete stages. In addition, many compounds demonstrated activity against other pathogens, showing hits in assays with 16 protozoa, 7 helminths, 9 bacterial and mycobacterial species, the dengue fever mosquito vector, and the NCI60 human cancer cell line panel of 60 human tumor cell lines. Toxicological, pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties were collected on all the compounds, assisting in the selection of the most promising candidates for murine proof-of-concept experiments and medicinal chemis

Full Text
View/download PDF

8. Open source drug discovery with the Malaria Box Compound collection for neglected diseases and beyond

Author

Phillips, Margaret A., Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Alemán Resto, Yesmalie, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bhatia, Sangeeta, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Bosch, Jürgen, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Belen Cassera, Maria, Chih-Chien Cheng, Ken, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Colón-López, Daisy D., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, D’Alessandro, Sarah, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fernández Robledo, José A., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H.Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Llinás, Manuel, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Müller, Joachim, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Abdo Rizk, Mohamed, Ruecker, Andrea, St. Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Spitzmüller, Andreas, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R.Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Laleu, Benoît, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, Willis, Paul A., Phillips, Margaret A., Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Alemán Resto, Yesmalie, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bhatia, Sangeeta, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Bosch, Jürgen, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Belen Cassera, Maria, Chih-Chien Cheng, Ken, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Colón-López, Daisy D., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, D’Alessandro, Sarah, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fernández Robledo, José A., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H.Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Llinás, Manuel, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Müller, Joachim, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Abdo Rizk, Mohamed, Ruecker, Andrea, St. Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Spitzmüller, Andreas, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R.Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Laleu, Benoît, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, and Willis, Paul A.

Abstract

A major cause of the paucity of new starting points for drug discovery is the lack of interaction between academia and industry. Much of the global resource in biology is present in universities, whereas the focus of medicinal chemistry is still largely within industry. Open source drug discovery, with sharing of information, is clearly a first step towards overcoming this gap. But the interface could especially be bridged through a scale-up of open sharing of physical compounds, which would accelerate the finding of new starting points for drug discovery. The Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box is a collection of over 400 compounds representing families of structures identified in phenotypic screens of pharmaceutical and academic libraries against the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. The set has now been distributed to almost 200 research groups globally in the last two years, with the only stipulation that information from the screens is deposited in the public domain. This paper reports for the first time on 236 screens that have been carried out against the Malaria Box and compares these results with 55 assays that were previously published, in a format that allows a meta-analysis of the combined dataset. The combined biochemical and cellular assays presented here suggest mechanisms of action for 135 (34%) of the compounds active in killing multiple life-cycle stages of the malaria parasite, including asexual blood, liver, gametocyte, gametes and insect ookinete stages. In addition, many compounds demonstrated activity against other pathogens, showing hits in assays with 16 protozoa, 7 helminths, 9 bacterial and mycobacterial species, the dengue fever mosquito vector, and the NCI60 human cancer cell line panel of 60 human tumor cell lines. Toxicological, pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties were collected on all the compounds, assisting in the selection of the most promising candidates for murine proof-of-concept experiments and medicinal chemis

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9. Open source drug discovery with the Malaria Box Compound collection for neglected diseases and beyond

Author

Phillips, Margaret A., Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Alemán Resto, Yesmalie, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bhatia, Sangeeta, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Bosch, Jürgen, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Belen Cassera, Maria, Chih-Chien Cheng, Ken, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Colón-López, Daisy D., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, D’Alessandro, Sarah, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fernández Robledo, José A., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H.Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Llinás, Manuel, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Müller, Joachim, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Abdo Rizk, Mohamed, Ruecker, Andrea, St. Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Spitzmüller, Andreas, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R.Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Laleu, Benoît, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, Willis, Paul A., Phillips, Margaret A., Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Adams, John H., Adelfio, Roberto, Ahyong, Vida, Akabas, Myles H., Alano, Pietro, Alday, Aintzane, Alemán Resto, Yesmalie, Alsibaee, Aishah, Alzualde, Ainhoa, Andrews, Katherine T., Avery, Simon V., Avery, Vicky M., Ayong, Lawrence, Baker, Mark, Baker, Stephen, Ben Mamoun, Choukri, Bhatia, Sangeeta, Bickle, Quentin, Bounaadja, Lotfi, Bowling, Tana, Bosch, Jürgen, Boucher, Lauren E., Boyom, Fabrice F., Brea, Jose, Brennan, Marian, Burton, Audrey, Caffrey, Conor R., Camarda, Grazia, Carrasquilla, Manuela, Carter, Dee, Belen Cassera, Maria, Chih-Chien Cheng, Ken, Chindaudomsate, Worathad, Chubb, Anthony, Colon, Beatrice L., Colón-López, Daisy D., Corbett, Yolanda, Crowther, Gregory J., Cowan, Noemi, D’Alessandro, Sarah, Le Dang, Na, Delves, Michael, DeRisi, Joseph L., Du, Alan Y., Duffy, Sandra, Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Shimaa, Ferdig, Michael T., Fernández Robledo, José A., Fidock, David A., Florent, Isabelle, Fokou, Patrick V. T., Galstian, Ani, Gamo, Francisco Javier, Gokool, Suzanne, Gold, Ben, Golub, Todd, Goldgof, Gregory M., Guha, Rajarshi, Guiguemde, W. Armand, Gural, Nil, Guy, R. Kiplin, Hansen, Michael A. E., Hanson, Kirsten K., Hemphill, Andrew, Hooft van Huijsduijnen, Rob, Horii, Takaaki, Horrocks, Paul, Hughes, Tyler B., Huston, Christopher, Igarashi, Ikuo, Ingram-Sieber, Katrin, Itoe, Maurice A., Jadhav, Ajit, Naranuntarat Jensen, Amornrat, Jensen, Laran T., Jiang, Rays H.Y., Kaiser, Annette, Keiser, Jennifer, Ketas, Thomas, Kicka, Sebastien, Kim, Sunyoung, Kirk, Kiaran, Kumar, Vidya P., Kyle, Dennis E., Lafuente, Maria Jose, Landfear, Scott, Lee, Nathan, Lee, Sukjun, Lehane, Adele M., Li, Fengwu, Little, David, Liu, Liqiong, Llinás, Manuel, Loza, Maria I., Lubar, Aristea, Lucantoni, Leonardo, Lucet, Isabelle, Maes, Louis, Mancama, Dalu, Mansour, Nuha R., March, Sandra, McGowan, Sheena, Medina Vera, Iset, Meister, Stephan, Mercer, Luke, Mestres, Jordi, Mfopa, Alvine N., Misra, Raj N., Moon, Seunghyun, Moore, John P., Morais Rodrigues da Costa, Francielly, Müller, Joachim, Muriana, Arantza, Nakazawa Hewitt, Stephen, Nare, Bakela, Nathan, Carl, Narraidoo, Nathalie, Nawaratna, Sujeevi, Ojo, Kayode K., Ortiz, Diana, Panic, Gordana, Papadatos, George, Parapini, Silvia, Patra, Kailash, Pham, Ngoc, Prats, Sarah, Plouffe, David M., Poulsen, Sally-Ann, Pradhan, Anupam, Quevedo, Celia, Quinn, Ronald J., Rice, Christopher A., Abdo Rizk, Mohamed, Ruecker, Andrea, St. Onge, Robert, Salgado Ferreira, Rafaela, Samra, Jasmeet, Robinett, Natalie G., Schlecht, Ulrich, Schmitt, Marjorie, Silva Villela, Filipe, Silvestrini, Francesco, Sinden, Robert, Smith, Dennis A., Soldati, Thierry, Spitzmüller, Andreas, Stamm, Serge Maximilian, Sullivan, David J., Sullivan, William, Suresh, Sundari, Suzuki, Brian M., Suzuki, Yo, Swamidass, S. Joshua, Taramelli, Donatella, Tchokouaha, Lauve R.Y., Theron, Anjo, Thomas, David, Tonissen, Kathryn F., Townson, Simon, Tripathi, Abhai K., Trofimov, Valentin, Udenze, Kenneth O., Ullah, Imran, Vallieres, Cindy, Vigil, Edgar, Vinetz, Joseph M., Voong Vinh, Phat, Vu, Hoan, Watanabe, Nao-aki, Weatherby, Kate, White, Pamela M., Wilks, Andrew F., Winzeler, Elizabeth A., Wojcik, Edward, Wree, Melanie, Wu, Wesley, Yokoyama, Naoaki, Zollo, Paul H. A., Abla, Nada, Blasco, Benjamin, Burrows, Jeremy, Laleu, Benoît, Leroy, Didier, Spangenberg, Thomas, Wells, Timothy, and Willis, Paul A.

Abstract

A major cause of the paucity of new starting points for drug discovery is the lack of interaction between academia and industry. Much of the global resource in biology is present in universities, whereas the focus of medicinal chemistry is still largely within industry. Open source drug discovery, with sharing of information, is clearly a first step towards overcoming this gap. But the interface could especially be bridged through a scale-up of open sharing of physical compounds, which would accelerate the finding of new starting points for drug discovery. The Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box is a collection of over 400 compounds representing families of structures identified in phenotypic screens of pharmaceutical and academic libraries against the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. The set has now been distributed to almost 200 research groups globally in the last two years, with the only stipulation that information from the screens is deposited in the public domain. This paper reports for the first time on 236 screens that have been carried out against the Malaria Box and compares these results with 55 assays that were previously published, in a format that allows a meta-analysis of the combined dataset. The combined biochemical and cellular assays presented here suggest mechanisms of action for 135 (34%) of the compounds active in killing multiple life-cycle stages of the malaria parasite, including asexual blood, liver, gametocyte, gametes and insect ookinete stages. In addition, many compounds demonstrated activity against other pathogens, showing hits in assays with 16 protozoa, 7 helminths, 9 bacterial and mycobacterial species, the dengue fever mosquito vector, and the NCI60 human cancer cell line panel of 60 human tumor cell lines. Toxicological, pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties were collected on all the compounds, assisting in the selection of the most promising candidates for murine proof-of-concept experiments and medicinal chemis

Full Text
View/download PDF

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