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The objective of this article was to summarize the means and tools of prevention and safety of care to reduce non-random surgical complications in urology, related to the care environment and the patient. The prevention of complications is an essential strategy to be applied in a standardized way in urological surgery, as in the world of aeronautics, from which we can draw valuable lessons. This prevention is multifactorial and concerns interventions, systems and human factors. The essential points listed below must be traceable: the quality of the assessment of the patient and his co-morbidities. This is a multidisciplinary task; the relevance of the surgical indication, which must take into account the state of the art at the time it is given; the expertise of the urologist and his continuing education; the relevance of the surgical indication, which must take into account the state of the art at the time it is given; the quality of the information provided to the patient and his family, and to the medical and paramedical team involved in the patient's care; the quality of the professional environment and equipment; compliance with recommended safety rules (e.g. checklist, identity check). All these points are not isolated but interdependent. They must be recorded in the patient's file, the quality and completeness of which is essential to the patient's follow-up, to the prevention and management of complications and to the understanding, if necessary, of the truth of the medical facts., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The first part of this article deals with accreditation of the quality of the professional practice of urologists and medical teams working in public or private health care institutions. This is a voluntary national risk management process based on the reporting and analysis of medical risk events and the development and implementation of recommendations. The fundamental objective of the system is to reduce the frequency and severity of adverse events associated with care for the patient. The second part aims to describe the mechanisms and management of surgical complications. The perception of complications by the urologist is discussed, as it may be distorted by cognitive biases leading to inappropriate actions. Two important points were also emphasized: communication with the patient following an injury, therapeutic hazard or complication following an error, and proper maintenance of the medical record. A joint effort to cultivate a culture of safety and quality in urological surgical practice should be encouraged. Collective actions by urologists in the future should help to maintain a proactive attitude: - generalization of quality accreditation of urologic physicians' professional practice; - national registry: which has demonstrated its advantages in the world of aeronautics; - creation of a specific module "Management of complications in urology" in teaching (ECU) and continuing education (SUC, website); - creation of an AFU "Complications" Committee; - management of social networks., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aim: Define and present the complications of surgery of the external genitalia (EG), as well as their management., Method: Bibliographic search using the Medline (NLM Pubmed tool) and Embase bibliographic databases using the following keywords: scrotal surgery, orchidopexy, hydrocele, varicocele, testicular biopsy, vasectomy, cryptorchidism, orchiectomy, testicular implant, subcapsular orchiectomy, spermatic cord cyst, posthectomy, penis curvature surgery, penile implant, urethral strictures., Results: EG surgery is common in urology, it includes scrotal surgeries and penile surgeries, which are performed openly. They expose to complications such as bleeding, infection, scar disunity requiring early reassessment especially in case of ambulatory procedure. Rare complications must be known, some of which must lead to expert management., Conclusion: Complications of surgical treatment of EG should be identified and managed. This report should allow a better understanding and management of these complications., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

If surgical treatment of urinary stones is indicated, the urologist has now different modalities depending on each situation. This includes extracorporeal lithotripsy, ureteroscopy (rigid and flexible), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Ureteroscopy is also performed for diagnostic purposes, and for the treatment of upper urinary tract tumors. Indications, as well as the steps of each of these techniques will not be discussed in this review. Only intra- and postoperative complications of ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy will be reviewed, including diagnostic, management, and preventive measures., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Surgical techniques of radical and partial nephrectomy have changed over the last 20years. Indications for partial nephrectomy have widened and mini-invasive surgery (laparoscopy and robotic assistance) has become widely used. However, both still have a significant morbidity. The objective of this article is to review complications of renal surgery and their predictive factors and to offer algorithms of management., Methods: Recent literature regarding complications of radical and partial nephrectomy was queried using Pubmed engine search. The most relevant articles were analyzed and served as a basis for this work., Results: The literature on complications of radical and partial nephrectomy has a low level of evidence. There are only retrospective series. The most frequent complications of radical nephrectomy occur during surgery in 5-10% of the cases: wound of the pedicle or of an adjacent organ. The management can often be conservative. Laparoscopy has a similar morbidity compare to the open approach but has greatly increased postoperative outcomes and comfort. Partial nephrectomy has a 20% complication rate. Many factors have an impact on the risk of complications (tumor size, inflammation of perirenal fat, access, surgeon experience, centre volume, comorbidities and age of the patient) and must be taken into consideration before advising partial nephrectomy. The two most feared complications of partial nephrectomy are bleeding (per- or postoperative, 10% of the cases) and urinary fistula (<5% of the cases). Robotic assistance is associated with a lower morbidity in many publications., Conclusion: Complications after partial and radical nephrectomy are quite frequent but have decreased with the improvement of surgical techniques. French urologists should maintain their interest in novel technologies and simplification of perioperative pathway to further improve patients' outcomes., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

The objective of this article was to discuss the statistics of surgical complications in urology and the methods of collection and classification. In the absence of a comprehensive national registry of complications, we used statistics from insurance companies as indicators. They are limited by the exclusion of complications that did not result in a claim. Overall, urology is less exposed to claims than other surgical specialties. It comes far behind orthopedic surgery, gynecology-obstetrics and visceral surgery. The new techniques in urological surgery and in particular the rise of robotic surgery do not seem to have modified the number of claims handled by medical insurance companies. It is unfortunate that complications in urological surgery are not collected, reported, and discussed in order to develop prevention, treatment, and strategies for educational purposes. The lack of an established definition and classification of surgical complications, as well as methodological differences in the collection of related information, has hampered the evaluation of their public health and health economics impact. Awareness of this problem is growing among learned societies and practitioners. Complication reporting should be organized on a national basis and should respect the following points: - definition of the collection process according to a validated system. For urology, the Martin table revised by the EAU working group would be adapted; - classification of complications according to a validated system such as Clavien-Dindo or CCI., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a care reorganization was mandatory, and affected patients in different areas, including management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. This work aims to provide validated schedule concerning the assessment and management of patients in neuro-urology., Methods: Based on a literature review and their own expertise, a steering committee composed of urologists and physical medicine and rehabilitation practitioners generated a comprehensive risk-situation list and built a risk scale. A panel of French-speaking experts in neuro-urology was asked to define the timing for each clinical situation and validated these new recommendations through a Delphi process approach., Results: The 49 experts included in the rating group validated 163 propositions among the 206 initial items. The propositions were divided into four domains - diagnosis and assessment, treatment, follow-up, and complications - and two sub-domains - general (applicable for all neurological conditions) and condition-specific (varying according to the neurological condition (spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, brain injury, Parkinsonism, spinal dysraphism, lower motor neuron lesions))., Conclusions: This multidisciplinary collaborative work generates recommendations based on expert opinion, providing a validated timing for assessment and management of patients in neuro-urology which may help clinicians to reorganize their patients' list with a personalized medicine approach, in a context of health crisis or not., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a minimally invasive technique that provides effective treatment for the management of refractory overactive bladder (OAB), non-obstructive urinary retention (NOUR), and fecal incontinence (FI). This study assessed patient preferences between the currently available non-rechargeable SNM device and a new, full-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-safe, smaller, rechargeable device., Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among French OAB, NOUR, FI patients, recruited via a market research vendor. To assess their preferences, patients were asked to indicate their level of agreement with 10 statements regarding the size of the device, its rechargeability, and the role of MRI using a 6-item Likert scale. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed., Results: In all, 95 patients (68% women), mean age 50 years, were included in the study: 51% were treated for OAB; 44% received an oral treatment and 28% had SNM. Overall, 71% of the 95 patients indicated a preference for the new device; 75% considered that recharging the device would not impact their lifestyle; 74% believed that the smaller size of the rechargeable device would facilitate their choice to be treated with SNM; 80% found full-body MRI compatibility important., Conclusions: Most patients may prefer the new rechargeable SNM device over the current "standard". Compatibility with full-body MRI and the smaller device size seemed the key features of the newer device that would influence their choice of being treated with SNM. Future national and international recommendations should consider a shared decision-making process between the physician and the patient., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the educational impact of a pilot MOOC (Massive Open Online Course), validated by the French College of Urology Teachers (FCUT), on the surgical technique of kidney transplantation., Materials and Methods: We developed a MOOC on the surgical technique of kidney transplantation, based on a video of a surgical procedure, performed by an expert surgeon. The MOOC has been validated by the FCUT. We have created 2 student groups: 1) MOOC-pre-QCM group: visualization of the MOOC then answer to the MCQs and satisfaction questions; 2) MOOC-post-QCM group: answer to the MCQs then visualization of the MOOC then answers to the satisfaction questions. In total, 20 MCQs on the kidney transplantation technique were completed by the 2 groups. The answers were anonymous., Results: A total of 142 people answered the MCQs (MOOC-pre-QCM group (n=66) and MOOC-post-QCM group (n=76)). Twenty-nine percent (41/142) of the participants were fellows and 71 % (101/142) were residents. The proportion of fellows and residents was identical between the 2 groups. The rate of correct answers to the 20 MCQs was statistically higher in the MOOC-pre-QCM group, compared to the MOOC-post-QCM group (88.6 % versus 73.3 %, P<0.0001). Ninety-one percent of students found the MOOC "Very Useful" or "Useful". The median MOOC rating, given by students, was 8/10., Conclusion: This study showed a positive impact of the MOOC on theoretical knowledge of kidney transplantation surgical technique. This MOOC could serve as a pilot project for the development of other MOOCs on urological surgery., Level: 3., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and in particular overactive bladder (OAB) are a frequent reason for consultation in urology and have a significant functional impact in patients., Objective: To synthesize current knowledge on non-neurogenic OAB in male patients., Method: A systematic literature review based on Pubmed, Embase, Google Scholar was conducted in June 2020., Results: The prevalence of OAB and benign prostatic hyperplasia increases with age. Symptoms of OAB, on the one hand, and symptoms of prostatic bladder outlet obstruction, on the other hand, can be concomitant and the causal link between the two types of symptoms is difficult to establish. In case of mixed symptoms, it is recommended to treat the most troublesome type of symptoms first and to inform the patient of the risks of failure or deterioration. Indeed, many patients remain symptomatic after prostate surgery and the predictive factors for failure remain to be defined. Thus, preoperative urodynamics is not routinely performed even in case of OAB. De novo detrusor overactivity after radical prostatectomy can reach 77% and persists in the majority of cases. The overall relative risk of storage symptoms after radiotherapy and brachytherapy is higher than that after prostatectomy. The etiology of OAB after prostate surgery is multifactorial. While drug treatments have proven to be effective, little data exists on second-line treatments for OAB after prostate surgery., Conclusion: OAB in men is often linked to a prostatic bladder outlet obstruction. It is essential to inform patients about the possibility of persistence, deterioration, or occurrence of OAB after prostate surgery while the predictors of surgical failure are not clearly defined., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Introduction: The aim was to synthesize current knowledge on overactive bladder (OAB) and female pelvic-perineal diseases., Method: A systematic literature review based on PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar was conducted in April 2020., Results: Women with pelvic organ prolapse very often have OAB. Prolapse surgery should be considered if the prolapse is symptomatic and never be indicated in case of overactive bladder symptoms solely. In case of symptomatic prolapse and OAB, pessary and surgical treatments are effective on both pathologies up to 71 % of the cases. OAB may occur in parallel or as part of a menopausal genitourinary syndrome. In the latter case, only local estrogen therapy is effective. OAB may occur alongside stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or be integrated into mixed urinary incontinence. The initial treatment should be based on the most troublesome symptoms. In case of SUI, the outcome of surgical treatment on OAB remains uncertain. De novo, OAB follows prolapse or SUI surgery. It requires investigations to exclude urinary tract infection, bladder outlet obstruction or erosion. The treatment is the same as OAB., Conclusion: The clinician's challenge is to draw a balance between the OAB and a pelvic-perineal pathology in order to adapt the treatment., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition with a significant functional impact in patients., Objective: To synthesize current knowledge on the definition, epidemiology and impact of OAB., Method: A systematic literature review based on Pubmed, Embase, Google Scholar was conducted in June 2020., Results: OAB is defined by urinary urgency, usually accompanied by frequency and nocturia, with or without urgency urinary incontinence, in the absence of urinary tract infection or other obvious pathology. In France, OAB affects 14 % of the general population and this prevalence increases with age. This condition is a source of major deterioration in patients' quality of life with a physical (falls, fractures, sleep disorders, fatigue), psychic (anxiety, depression) social (limitation of leisure, isolation) and economic impact., Conclusion: The definition of OAB is standardized. OAB is a frequent condition and has significant functional consequences with a notable deterioration in quality of life., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The pathophysiology knowledge of the overactive bladder syndrome has evolved considerably over the past 20 years. The objective of this work was, from a review of the literature, to synthesize current knowledge on the pathophysiology of the overactive bladder syndrome., Method: A systematic review based on Pubmed, Embase, Google Scholar, was conducted in February 2020 using the keywords "overactive bladder" and "pathophysiology"., Results: Four pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the overactive bladder syndrome development can be described. They include the detrusor muscle dysfunction, an urothelial or sub-urothelial origin, a neurological origin and a change in the urinary microbiome. At the same time, it should be noted that all of the pathophysiological mechanisms described above are favored by different clinical conditions such as aging, ischemia, metabolic syndrome, menopause and the dysfunction of other abdominopelvic systems., Conclusion: The pathophysiology of the overactive bladder syndrome is complex and includes several mechanisms most often associated., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The aim was to synthesize current knowledge on overactive bladder (OAB) first-line treatments., Method: A systematic literature review based on PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar was conducted in June 2020., Results: Behavioral treatments are based on bladder training and timed voiding using a bladder diary. Lifestyle modifications should be suggested. They include reduction of fluid intake, consumption of caffeine, sodas, weight loss, avoidance of acidic fruit juices and of spicy and acidic salty diet, alkalization of urine by diet and possibly, vitamin D supplementation. Pelvic floor muscle training is mainly based on manual techniques, electrostimulation and/or biofeedback. It has been shown to be effective in treating OAB. In menopausal women, local hormone therapy improves all OAB symptoms. Oral drugs include anticholinergics and beta-3-agonists. Their efficacy is quite similar and superior to placebo. In case of failure of monotherapy, they may be combined., Conclusion: Apart from some lifestyle modifications, the efficacy of first-line treatments for OAB has been demonstrated by prospective controlled studies. They may be prescribed individually or in combination., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The aim was to synthesize current knowledge on refractory overactive bladder treatments., Method: A systematic literature review based on PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar was conducted in July 2020., Results: Today, refractory overactive bladder treatment includes tibial nerve stimulation, whether percutaneously or transcutaneously, sacral neuromodulation, and botulinum toxin A detrusor injections. These conservative treatments have marginalized surgical treatments, which mainly involve supratrigonal cystectomy with augmentation cystoplasty. Several potential new treatments are being evaluated but can only be currently offered as part of clinical research protocols., Conclusion: "Conservative" treatments for refractory overactive bladder have been shown to be effective. Other treatments could enrich the treatment options., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The purpose of monitoring a patient treated for overactive bladder (OAB) is to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment and to detect any side effects., Objective: To synthesize current knowledge on the follow-up and the evaluation of non-neurogenic OAB treatments., Method: A systematic literature review based on Pubmed, Embase, Google Scholar was conducted in June 2020., Results: The definition of success of OAB treatments is not consensual. Definitions of success in clinical trials usually use bladder diary data. However, they cannot always be transposed into clinical practice because they do not measure the overall effectiveness of a treatment, reported by the patient, or the satisfaction with the treatment. It is then necessary to have symptom questionnaires with an assessment of quality of life. Indeed, the concept of therapeutic success is different depending on the view of the physician or the patient. It is therefore important to carefully assess with the patient, and before initiating any treatment, the objectives and expected results of the treatment. The definition of "refractory" OAB is heterogeneous but important to select candidates for second-line treatments. Monitoring a patient with OAB is essential to adapt the treatment to efficacy and tolerance, but also to detect any change in symptoms that may reveal another urological disease., Conclusion: The success or failure of OAB treatments depends on the interaction of many factors, including objective criteria measured by the clinician, and subjective criteria of perception of the treatment effectiveness by the patient., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: International guidelines exist regarding the initial assessment of patients suffering from overactive bladder (OAB)., Objective: To synthesize current knowledge on the evaluation of OAB., Method: A systematic literature review based on Pubmed, Embase, Google Scholar was conducted in June 2020., Results: An accurate taking of history and assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms are the first steps of the evaluation of patients with OAB. In addition, the search of risk factors for OAB, the exclusion of urological causes which can be responsible for urgency and the identification of therapeutic contra-indications are essential. The clinical examination and a 3-to 7-day bladder diary are part of the initial assessment. Self-questionnaires validated in French measure patients' bother and the impact on quality of life. The urine strip or culture eliminates a urinary tract infection. Urinary cytology and cystoscopy investigate a bladder tumor in case of risk factor. The post-void residual volume has to be measured in case of voiding symptoms. Urodynamics and imaging are not first-line tests., Conclusion: The understanding of the initial evaluation of OAB is essential to introduce treatments adapted to patients' bother., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aim: The management of urology patient is currently disrupted by the COVID-19 epidemic. In the field of functional urology, there are clinical situations with a high risk of complication if management is delayed and a great heterogeneity of advisable reprogramming times after cancellation. A prioritization of functional urology procedures is necessary to adapt management during the COVID-19 crisis and to better organize post-epidemic recovery., Material and Methods: The advice of AFU scientific committees in the field of functional urology (neuro-urology, female and perineology, male LUTS) was requested and supplemented by a review of the currently available recommendations on the subject of urology and COVID-19. These opinions were combined to draw up temporary recommendations to help reorganize practices during the epidemic and prepare the post-critical phase., Results: Most of the recommendations available on career-oriented social networks (Twitter, LinkedIn) or in literature concern cancer or general urology. Eight out of ten propose a cancellation of all functional urology procedures without distinction. But the 3 AFU committees covering the field of functional urology have identified three clinical situations in which surgical procedures that can be maintained during the COVID-19 epidemic (priority level A): conclusion of a neuromodulation test in progress (implantation or explantation), botulinum toxin A bladder injections for unbalanced neurologic bladder, cystectomy and ileal conduit for urinary fistula in perineal bedsore or refractory unbalanced neurologic bladder with acute renal failure and vesico-enteric or prostato-pubic fistulas. Management adaptation of the other pathologies are proposed, as well as the application of 3 priority levels (B, C, D) for rescheduled procedures for a better management of the post-crisis activity resumption., Conclusion: The joint functional urology committees indicate that there are specific clinical situations in this field that demand non-delayed care during COVID crisis. They underline the need to establish a hierarchy for the cancelled surgeries, in order to reduce the arm of long reschedule delays and to optimize post-lockdown activity resumption., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Our objective was to provide guidelines covering all aspects of intermittent catheterisation (intermittent self-catheterisation and third-party intermittent catheterisation)., Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the literature based on Pubmed, Embase, Google scholar was initiated in December 2014 and updated in April 2019. Given the lack of robust data and the numerous unresolved controversial issues, guidelines were established based on the formal consensus of experts from steering, scoring and review panels., Results: This allowed the formulation of 78 guidelines, extending from guidelines on indications for intermittent catheterisation, modalities for training and implementation, choice of equipment, management of bacteriuria and urinary tract infections, to the implementation of intermittent catheterisation in paediatric, geriatric populations, benign prostatic hyperplasia patients and continent urinary diversion patients with a cutaneous reservoir as well as other complications. These guidelines are pertinent to both intermittent self-catheterisation and third-party intermittent catheterisation., Conclusion: These are the first comprehensive guidelines specifically aimed at intermittent catheterisation and extend to all aspects of intermittent catheterisation. They assist in the clinical decision-making process, specifically in relation to indications and modalities of intermittent catheterisation options. These guidelines are intended for urologists, gynaecologists, geriatricians, paediatricians, neurologists, physical and rehabilitation physicians, general practitioners and other health professionals including nurses, carers…., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Sacral neuromodulation is a second line therapy, especially indicated in overactive bladder. The initial assessment includes a complete clinical examination with a frequency-volume chart. The cystoscopy and urodynamics are optional. There are two steps in the implantation of a sacral neuromodulation: first, the implantation of the electrode to test if the device is efficient and corrects the urinary disorder. Two, the implantation of the neuromodulation itself. During the follow-up, the role of the nurse is crucial in explaining to the patients how the device works. Post-operative follow-up is based on the frequency-volume chart and the feeling of the patient's back. It also includes the surveillance of the postoperative scares., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of the study was to report the very long-term functional outcomes of artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) in male neurological patients., Material and Methods: Male neurological patients diagnosed with stress urinary incontinence due to sphincter deficiency and undergoing AUS (AMS 800 ® ) implantation between 1985 and 1992 were enrolled. Continence, defined by no pad/condom usage, explantation and revision rates were reported., Results: Fourteen patients with a median age of 27.3 years (IQR: 27.3-40.8) were included: four had a spinal cord injury and ten a spina bifida. Prior continence surgery was reported by 6 patients (42.9 %). Artificial urinary sphincter was implanted in a peribulbar (n=4) or periprostatic position (n=10). Median follow-up was 18.3 years (IQR: 10.1-20.3). At last follow-up, all patients were alive. Three native devices were still in place, eight were revised (four of them were secondarily explanted) and three were explanted due to erosion or infection. The 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-year explantation-free survival rates were respectively 85.7, 62.3, 52.0, 39.0 %. The 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-year revision-free survival rates were respectively 78.6, 42.9, 28.6, 7.1 %. At last follow-up, 50 % patients were continent., Conclusion: In the very long run, AUS provided a 50 % continence rate in male neurological patients but the revision rates were important., Level of Evidence: 4., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term functional outcomes after retropubic tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) placement to treat female stress urinary incontinence (SUI)., Methods: From September 1998 to September 2000, we prospectively enrolled all consecutive women in our center suffering SUI caused by urethral hypermobility. All women had a retropubic TVT inserted by the same surgeon. Patients were evaluated at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively, and annually thereafter. Postoperative assessment included a measurement of post-voiding residual volume, urinalysis, a 1-hour pad test, a urinary symptom questionnaire, and an assessment of quality-of-life. Objective continence (defined as no urine leakage at clinical examination) and subjective continence (defined as no urine leakage, whatever the mechanism, reported by the patient) were reported., Results: Overall, 58 consecutive women (median age 59; IQR 49-67; min 21-max 78) were evaluated. Median follow-up was 10.2years (IQR 1.4-16.0; min 1-max 13.2). At the last follow-up, objective and subjective continence rates were 93% and 78%, respectively and remained stable in the long run. Pad tests, urinary symptom questionnaire scores and quality-of-life were significantly improved. Self-intermittent catheterisation was required by three women. A section of one TVT and removal of another tape was undertaken in two women with chronic pelvic pain. One patient had a chronic urinary infection. Rate of de novo urgency was 10%., Conclusions: TVT implantation offered good and stable functional long-term outcomes. This procedure enhanced quality-of-life and had low morbidity., Level of Evidence: 3., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Data are scarce regarding pregnancy and delivery among women with a neurogenic bladder due to congenital spinal cord defects., Objective: To report the obstetrical and urological outcomes of women with congenital spinal cord defects and vesico-sphincteric disorders., Methods: A retrospective multicentric study included all consecutive women with a neurogenic bladder due to congenital spinal defects, who delivered between January 2005 and December 2014. The following data were collected: demographics, neuro-urological disease characteristics, urological and obstetrical history, complications during pregnancy, neonatal outcomes, and changes in urological symptoms., Results: Overall, sixteen women, median age 29,4 years old (IQR 22-36), had a total of 20 pregnancies and 21 births (15 caesareans, 5 vaginal deliveries). Prior to the beginning of their first pregnancy, 12 patients were under intermittent self-catheterization. Symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy occurred in 11 pregnancies, including 4 pyelonephritis. In 4 women, stress urinary incontinence had worsened but recovered post-partum. In 3 women, de novo clean intermittent catheterization became necessary and had to be continued post-partum. During 3 pregnancies, anticholinergic treatment had been started or increased because of urge urinary incontinence worsened. These changes were maintained after delivery. The median gestational age at birth was 39.0 weeks (IQR 37.8-39.5). There were 15 caesarean sections, of which 9 were indicated to prevent a potential aggravation of vesico-sphincteric disorders. Among the 5 pregnancies with vaginal delivery, there was no post-partum alteration of the sphincter function., Conclusion: Successful pregnancy outcome is possible in women with congenital spinal cord defects and vesico-sphincteric disorders but it requires managing an increased risk of urinary tract infections, caesarean section, and occasionally worsened urinary incontinence., Level of Evidence: 5., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: To provide an overview of the urological management of spinal cord injured patients based on an economic analysis., Materials and Methods: A literature search from January 1994 to December 2014 was performed using Medline and Embase database using the following keywords: cost-effectiveness; cost-benefit; cost-utility; spinal cord injury; neurogenic bladder; intermittent catheterization; antimuscarinics; botulinum toxin; sacral neuromodulation; tibial nerve; Brindley; sphincterotomy. The tool used for comparison was the QALY ("quality adjusted life years"); an indicator between 0 and 1 allowing the comparison between two medical treatments using cost per QALY., Results: Solifenacin (5 to 10mg) is the most cost-effective treatment with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 19,893 €/QALY compared to trospium 40mg, of 16,657 €/QALY compared to trospium 60mg, of 12,309 £/QALY compared to oxybutinin. Botulinum toxin A is also cost-effective with an ICER of 24,720 $/QALY compared to best supportive cares for anticholinergic-refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity., Conclusion: Solifenacin and botulinum toxin A appears to be the most cost-effective treatments for spinal injured urological cares. There is a pressing need to both increase and improve data collection and research on spinal cord injury., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Local anesthesia using urethral gel has been proven to reduce discomfort of male patients during flexible cystoscopy. This study was a non-inferiority study between two lidocain-containing urethral gel (Instillagel ® Lido and Xylocaine ® gel)., Methods: A prospective single center study was conducted between June 2014 and November 2014. Male patients seen in the office and in whom a flexible cystoscopy was planned were included in the present study and received urethral instillation of either Xylocaine ® gel or Instillagel ® Lido at least 5minutes before flexible cystoscopy. No other anesthetic agent was used. Primary endpoint was pain during the procedure, assessed through visual analog scale (VAS) from 0 to 10., Results: Four hundred and sixty-one men were included: 233 in the Instillagel ® Lido group and 228 in the Xylocaine ® gel group. Indications of flexible cystoscopy non-muscle invasive bladder cancer follow-up in 44 % of cases, hematuria work-up in 21 % of cases and lower urinary tract symptoms work-up in 35 %. Patients' age was comparable betwwen both groups: 64.5 years (±1.1) in the Instillagel ® Lido group and 66.2 years (±1.1) in the Xylocaine ® gel group (P=0.29). The mean VAS was 0.8 (±0.1) in the Instillagel ® Lido group and 0.6 (±0.1) in the Xylocaine ® gel group (P=0.10). The non-inferiority criterion was reached (P<0.001) as the average difference in VAS between the two groups was 0.2 with a confidence interval not comprising 1 (CI 97.5 %: -0.47; 0.07)., Conclusion: In this prospective study, Instillagel ® Lido was not inferior to Xylocaine ® gel for local analgesia during flexible cystoscopy in male patients., Level of Evidence: 4., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Specify urinary functional impairment associated with diabetic pathology. Propose guidance for screening, monitoring of clinical signs of lower urinary tract (LUTS) and describe the specifics of the urological treatment of patients., Methods: A review of literature using PubMed library was performed using the following keywords alone or in combination: "diabetes mellitus", "diabetic cystopathy", "overactive bladder", "bladder dysfunction", "urodynamics", "nocturia"., Results: LUTS are more common in the diabetic population with an estimated prevalence between 37 and 70 %, and are probably underevaluated in routine practice. They are heterogeneous and are frequently associated with other diabetic complications. Both storage and voiding symptoms can coexist. Despite a major evaluation in the literature, no recommendation supervises the assessment and management of LUTS in this specific population. An annual screening including medical history, bladder and kidney ultrasound and post-void residual measurement is required in the follow-up of diabetic patients. Specific urologial referral and urodynamic investigations will be performed according to the findings of first-line investigations. The type of bladder dysfunction, the risk of urinary tract infections and dysautonomia should be considered in the specific urological management of these patients., Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus significantly impacts on the lower urinary tract function. A screening of LUTS is required as well as other complications of diabetes. The management of LUTS must take into consideration the specific risks of the diabetic patient regarding the loss of bladder contractility, the possibility of dysautonomia and infectious complications., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Vesico-ureteral reimplantations (VUR) for adults are complex procedures, often practicing for distal ureteral lesions. Our goal was to synthesis the main indications for VUR, different techniques and their functional outcomes., Material and Methods: A literature review in English by Medline, Embase and Google scholar was performed using the following keywords: ureter; laparoscopy; robotics, reimplantation; surgery; obstruction; morbidity; complications; psoas hitch; Boari flap; ureteroneocystostomy., Results: In more than half of the cases, aetiology was a iatrogenic ureteral lesion. When the ureteral defect was less than 2 cm, direct or non-refluxing VUR was the technique of choice. If defect was superior than 2 cm the Boari flap or vesicopsoas hitch were preferred. Several surgical approaches were feasible: open, laparoscopic only, robot assisted laparoscopic. Estimated blood loss, pain and mean hospital stay seemed better with conventional or robotic coelioscopy. Nevertheless, complications, pre-/post-operative renal function and mean operative time seemed similar. The most frequent major complication was the anastomotic urine leakage., Conclusions: The VUR techniques are well codified now even if it's a rare procedure. Functional outcomes are satisfied according to literature and morbidity is more and more decreasing but the level of evidence of the studies is low., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To review current knowledge about techniques of radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for the treatment of the upper urinary tract cancer (UTUC)., Material and Method: A systematic review of the literature search was performed from the database Medline (NLM, Pubmed), focused on the following key-words; nephroureterectomy; renal pelvis; ureter; bladder-cuff excision; urothelial carcinoma; surgery; lymph-node dissection; laparoscopy., Results: The removal of a bladder-cuff during RNU is mandatory. After the surgical procedure, intravesical instillation of ametycine reduces significantly the risk of recurrence into the bladder. Ureteral stripping should not be practiced and continuity of the bladder wall must be restored to avoid compromising the post-operative instillation. Lymphadenectomy during RNU is of prognostic and therapeutic interests. However, the anatomic sites of lymphadenectomy and the number of nodes to be analyzed are not consensual. The oncological results of laparoscopic approach are similar to those of open surgery., Conclusion: The RNU must include a lymphadenectomy and an excision of a bladder-cuff and restore the sealing of the bladder to allow practicing of a EPOI. Laparoscopic or open surgery may be used equally, and must respect these rules to avoid compromising the oncological outcome., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The aim of the current study was to provide an overview about the surgical and medical management of acquired and congenital penile's curvature., Materials and Methods: [corrected] A systematic review of the literature was done from the PubMed database by searching the following keywords alone or in combination: Congenital penile curvature; Congenital penile deviation; Acquired penile curvature; Acquired penile deviation; Peyronie's disease., Results: The treatment of congenital curvature is only surgical. The most common technique is the Nesbit's technique which consists in making elliptical excisions of the tunica albuginea. There are also incison or plication procedures which are efficient as well. Acquired curvature is most of the time represented by the Peyronie's disease or is post-traumatic. Among oral treatments available, the Potaba is the only drug which has proved a significant reduction in penile plaque size. Injections of interferon and nicardipine have also shown their efficacy. Ionotophoresis and extracorporeal shock-wave therapy may be beneficial for penile pain. Other therapies (vacuum, traction devices, topical Verapamil) can be interesting but other studies are necessary to recommend them. Surgical treatment is recommended during the fibrotic phase. The most common technique is also the Nesbit's technique. In case of severe curvature (curve superior to 60°), small penis, major deformations, graft techniques can be used. Moreover, if there is a sexual dysfunction, penile prosthesis is recommended., Conclusion: Other studies are necessary to prove the efficacy of most of the drugs already available in the treatment of the penile curvature. It seems to be interesting to combine the different treatments to improve the results of those therapies., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Ureteral metastases of prostatic adenocarcinoma are very rare. We report the case of a 66-year-old man with a right ureteral metastasis of prostate cancer. Only 10 cases have been reported in the literature these last 30 years. Most patients had a multimetastatic prostate cancer. Local treatment is not standardized. Hormonotherapy seems to be the most appropriate treatment in first intention., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD) are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other parkinsonian syndromes (PS). They are responsible for a significant morbidity and mortality and impair patients' quality of life. The therapeutic management of these LUTD requires to know how to distinguish the PD from other PS and their epidemiology and pathophysiology., Objective: To provide a diagnostic and therapeutic management of LUTD in patients with PS., Method: A review of litterature using PubMed library was performed using the following keywords: Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, lower urinary tract disorders, neurogenic bladder, overactive bladder, obstruction, anticholinergics, dopamine, prostate surgery., Results: Sometimes revealing the neurological disease, LUTD in PS raise a diagnostic problem because they occur at an age when various urogynecological disorders can be intricated with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The differential diagnosis between PD and multiple system atrophy is important to know by the urologist. The distinction is based on the semiological analysis, the clinical response to dopaminergic therapy and the clinical outcome but also on data from urodynamic explorations. The therapeutic management of these LUTD cannot be easy due to the difficulty of use of some pharmacological treatments and the risk of deterioration after inappropriate surgery. The different treatments include the careful use of anticholinergics, posterior tibial nerve stimulation, deep thalamic stimulation and low-dose intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin without approval. The decision to perform prostate surgery will be taken with caution after proving the bladder obstruction., Conclusion: When analysing LUTD in PS, the urologist must know to question the initial diagnosis of PD. Treatments in order to reduce morbidity and mortality of these LUTD and to improve the quality of life of patients suffering from these degenerative diseases, will be proposed after multidisciplinary neuro-urologic concertation. The decision to perform prostate surgery must be taken with caution after proving sub-vesical obstruction., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The surgical care pathway of neurologic patients has two aims: preventing urinary morbidity and mortality and improving their quality of life. It requires taking into account the specificities of disabilities in domains of body functions: circulatory, ventilation and digestive physiology, motor functions, sensory functions, mental functions, and skin fragility which are responsible of dependencies in this heterogeneous group of patients. This management is necessarily multidisciplinary to be optimal and through specific clinical care pathway, providing guidance to the surgical procedure: preparation of the surgery, its realization, and post-operative rehabilitation. The indication for surgery must be coordinated and validated in neuro-urology multidisciplinary staff. Preoperative stay in a physical and rehabilitation medicine center may be useful to ensure a complete assessment and anticipate problems related to surgery. The patient will be hospitalized in the urology department in a single room suited to their disabilities and handicaps. The chronic treatments should be not modified if possible. The lack of sensitivity does not dispense anesthesia to prevent autonomic hyperreflexia, the most severe complication after high complete spinal cord injury. The laparoscopy and sub-peritoneal surgery, the early removal nasogastric tube and early refeeding make it possible to early resumption of intestinal transit. In many cases, the patients should be transferred to a physical and rehabilitation medicine during post-operative period where the nursing care will be most suitable. A quickly adapted rehabilitation must be able to reduce loss of function and physical dependence., (Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Introduction: Cystoprostatectomy (CPT) is the gold standard surgical treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). In certain cases, MIBC can invade the prostate gland and/or a prostate cancer (PCa) can be discovered fortuitously on the pathologic specimen. The aim of the current study was to report the prognostic influence of PCa in patients who underwent a CPT for MIBC., Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature was achieved in the Pubmed database, using the following keywords: prostatic neoplasm; urinary bladder neoplasm; cystectomy; surgery; recurrence; prognosis; survival. Clinical cases and series of less than five cases were deliberately excluded herein., Results: Overall, ten studies published between 2004 and 2011 and involving 2196 patients were selected. Only retrospective studies of low level of evidence (NP 4) were available. The incidence of neoplastic invasion of the prostate gland by MIBC ranged from 25 to 48%. Preoperative predictors were multiple BC, recurrent, location in the trigone and existence of CIS. Overall survival at 3 years was significantly affected by the invasion of the prostate gland (pT4a) in these patients. The incidence of PCa discovered incidentally pathologic specimen CPT ranged from 14 to 49%. Only age was found as a positive predictor. The diagnosis of PCa did not influence survival of patients with MIBC and no specific PCa adjuvant treatment was systematically advocated., Conclusion: Fortuitous diagnosis of PCa and/or neoplastic invasion of the prostatic gland by BC on CPT specimen is not uncommon but this is variable across studies, depending on the quality of the pathological analysis. The invasion of the prostate gland by MIBC is a serious situation (pT4a) and linked with a poor prognosis. In case of concomitant PCa and MIBC, the prognosis is much more related to the natural history of the bladder tumour., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Ureteric injuries (IU) are common complications occurring during abdomino-pelvic surgical procedures. Our aim was to review risk factors, treatment and methods of prevention of these iatrogenic UI., Material and Methods: A literature review in English and French by Medline(®) was performed using the keywords: ureter; iatrogenic; injury; ureteroscopy; morbidity and endoscopy., Results: The analysis of the epidemiology of IU shows that the first two causes are gynecological and urological surgery. In 80% of cases, the pelvic ureter was concerned. Mechanisms of injury were essentially ligation, section and ischemia by altering the ureteral vasculature. The main risk factors found were pelvic inflammation (endometriosis, radiation…) and the occurrence of bleeding during surgery. In the presence of risk factors, placing a double J stent or a CT may be useful preoperatively. The choice of reparation technique depended on the location of the PU, the circumstances of the occurrence and experience of the surgical team., Conclusion: Pelvic surgery is a provider of iatrogenic PU. Knowledge of the management of PU once occurred must be mastered before carrying out any risk surgery., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To report the functional results and morbidity after metachronous implantation of an AMS 800 artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) and an AMS 700 inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP)., Patients and Methods: From the 250 patients treated in our department between 2000 and 2011 for the insertion of an AUS, we retrospectively selected patients who also underwent implantation of an IPP. The following data were recorded: age, aetiology of urinary incontinence (UI) and erectile dysfunction (ED), treatment history of UI/ED, date of insertion of the AUS and the IPP and time gap between the two implants. We evaluated both the pad-test and the number of protective pads used per day, before and after AUS insertion. We also analysed the IIEF5 score before and after IPP. Patients were reviewed at 3, 6 and 12 months and annually thereafter., Results: In total, five patients were included. The median age was 69 years. The median follow-up after IPP was 22.6 months and the time gap between the two implants was 50 months. The aetiology of UI and ED was prostate surgery in four cases. Complete continence without leakage was observed in three patients and the IIEF5 score increased from 6.6 preoperatively to 22.2 for four patients. One patient developed a urethral erosion of the AUS cuff 6 months after implantation of the IPP. The AUS cuff has been explanted but the patient remains continent with the IPP cylinders semi-inflated., Conclusion: From our small study, it appears that the combined use of an AMS 800 AUS and an AMS 700 IPP was a feasible and efficacious option in patients with concomitant refractory UI and ED., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinomas (UUT UCC) are rare sporadic tumors. Recent epidemiologic and molecular data have shown a singular susceptibility of UUT UCCs for specific risk factors. The main exogenic factors involved in UUT UCCs carcinogenesis remain tobacco and occupational exposure (aromatic amines, polycyclic hydrocarbures and chlored solvents). Enzymatic variants of detoxification system may be responsible of carcinogenesis with these toxics. Tumors induced by phenacetine consumption are decreasing since it was banned in the 1970s. Also, acid aristolochic exposure (Balkan nephropathy, Chinese Herb nephropathy) has been demonstrated to specifically induce UUT UCCs. Familial genic polymorphism of detoxification system would explain geographic distribution in endemic areas. In Taiwan, chronic arsenic exposition would constitute the main risk factor of UUT UCC. However, theses mechanisms of carcinogenesis remain unclear. The knowledge of UUT UCC development mechanisms implying toxic detoxification systems is still incomplete. To date, there is a growing body of evidence supporting that the interaction between individual genetic susceptibilities and environmental toxic exposure is a key to explain carcinogenesis in the majority of sporadic UUT UCC occurrence., (Copyright 2009. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) has a higher incidence in patients treated for diabetes mellitus as it concerns more than 30% of them. ED's physiopathology is complex and multifactorial, involving a combination of classical risk factors (endothelial dysfunction), specific factors (e.g., diabetic neuropathy) and psychological factors. ED is most often forewarning a cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it needs to be detected by the physician who is taking care of the diabetic patient. ED is responsible for a deterioration of the quality of life. Therapeutic management relies, on one hand, on specific measures such as prevention of diabetic complications and, on the other hand, on psychological accompaniment of the patient. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors have become the first-line treatment as they are efficient and safe in most cases. As a second line, intracavernous injections remain a gold-standard treatment but the vacuum can be proposed as well. In case of failure, penile prosthesis can even be considered. The psychological dimension of ED has to be considered as much as organic matters.

Urine cytology was the subject of many communications and its efficacy has been questioned. The interest of fluorescence cystoscopy seems to be obvious either for diagnosis or treatment but its indications remain to be defined. Concerning nonmuscle invading bladder tumors, maintenance treatments and single instillation after transurethral resection of bladder tumors were evaluated. Maintenance treatment with BCG or mitomycin C has to be pursued for a one-year period as soon as it has been proposed. Concerning muscle-invading tumors, laparoscopy was compared to open cystectomy, lymphadenectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy were evaluated. Radical cystectomy is still advocated after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy even when patients are classified cT0 by the end of cycles. Regarding upper urinary tract tumors, there was no difference between open and laparoscopic access for oncologic outcomes.

In 2008, prostate cancer was the subject of a large number of communications in international conferences. The most innovating and the most eventful studies that are likely to alter patient management and physician's daily practice were selected. The impact of prostate cancer screening and the interest of urine markers like PCA3 were evaluated. Active surveillance needs to be strongly evaluated and it is recommended to include patients in current stringent research protocol. The role of radical prostatectomy in the management of high-risk and/or locally advanced prostate cancer was discussed. Extended lymphadenectomy decreases the risk of biochemical recurrence significantly (50%). However, it remains a surgical and a technical challenge. Modalities of radiotherapy, hormontherapy and advantages of intermittent treatments were selected. Long-term androgen deprivation (3 years) affords a better oncologic efficacy compared to a limited 6-months treatment. It seems necessary to evaluate testosterone serum level as soon as there is a situation of hormone-resistant prostate cancer. An androgen deprivation therapy that leads to the lowest castration testosterone level is needed as this level is directly related to the rate of specific death.

The most innovating studies presented at the 2008 international conferences in the field of kidney cancer were selected. In localized kidney cancer, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography could be a new diagnostic tool. Many communications dealed with positive surgical margins and their consequences, and predictive factors of chronic kidney disease after nephrectomy. Robot-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy seems to be a safe and effective technique. Mini-invasive treatments are promising. In metastatic kidney cancer, sunitinib was compared to IFN-alpha in first line treatment and survival data are now available. Everolimus could become the new standard after tyrosine kinase inhibitor failure.

Few communications were devoted this year to the cancers of the male external genital organs. In stage I testis seminomas, data comparing 1 course of chemotherapy by carboplatin (AUC: 7) to retroperitoneal radiotherapy in adjuvant treatment were updated. Localizations of recurrences were different, depending on adjuvant treatment. In stage I non seminomatous testis cancer, active surveillance could be possible if there were not any vascular embols. Chemotherapy by 1 course of BEP was superior to retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in stage I. In Leydig cell tumors, conservative surgery was possible. In penile cancer management, dynamic sentinel node biopsy could be interesting. Carbon-dioxide laser microsurgery only for initially invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis could be proposed.