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Objective: To determine the frequency of hypothyroidism in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Study Design: Observational Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Medicine, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Bolan University of Medical & Health Sciences Quetta Pakistan. Period: March 2020 to March 2021. Material & Methods: Pulmonary Hypertension was defined as mPASP of ≥25 mm Hg at rest on transthoracic echocardiogram and hypothyroidism was labeled when TSH was high with low Free T4 and/or Free T3. Patients with congestive cardiac failure, pulmonary malignancy or pulmonary metastasis assessed by history and examination were excluded from the study. Using non-probability consecutive sampling, 186 patients of both genders, aged 20-65 years with pulmonary hypertension were included. Demographic information along with clinical variables noted, echocardiography was done and thyroid profile was sent for each patient. Results: Mean age was 41.2+11.2 years with 56 (30.1%) males and 130 (69.9%) females. The mean height, weight and BMI were 1.6+0.2 meters, 56.5+14.4 kilograms and 21.8+3.6 kg/m2 respectively. The mean mPASP was 40.2+7.1 mmHg. The mean serum TSH, free T3 and free T4 levels were 6.6+4.8 IU/L, 2.5+1.0 pmol/L and 1.1+0.4 pmol/L respectively. In our study, hypothyroidism was seen in 46 (24.7%) and was not significantly associated with age, gender, BMI or mPASP. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism was noted in about a quarter of the patients with pulmonary hypertension in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine frequency of hyponatremia in liver cirrhosis patients presenting with hepatic encephalopathy. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Medicine, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Bolan University of Medical and Health Sciences Quetta. Period: June 2020 to December 2020. Material & Methods: Cirrhosis was characterised on Ultrasound abdomen with altered liver parenchyma, shrunken liver and coarse echo texture. HE was defined as a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities diagnosed clinically with adequate history taking and physical examination. After taking informed consent from the patients' attendants, 172 patients of liver cirrhosis presenting with HE were enrolled. Detailed clinical history and examination along with investigations were done. Hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium level <135 mEq/L. Data was analyzed through SPSS Version 20.0. Results: There were 127 (73.8%) males and 45 (26.2%) females with mean age 46.61+9.31 years while mean BMI was 25.25+2.73 kg/m². Out of 172 patients, 18 (10.5%) had Child-Pugh Class A, 63 (36.6%) Child-Pugh Class B and 91 (52.9%) had Child-Pugh Class C. Hospital stay >3 days was seen in 47 (27.3%) while 125 (72.7%) had stay of >3 days. It was observed that 14 (8.1%) patients expired. Hyponatremia was found in 69 (40.1%). Conclusion: Hyponatremia was a common feature in liver cirrhosis patients presenting with hepatic encephalopathy. Furthermore a significant association of hyponatremia was seen with hospital stay and all-cause mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]