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"Psychology, politics and poetry in Republic IV and X". In this paper, I argue that in the Republic the possibility of a good koinōnia is hindered by the emotional potency and psychological perversion of mimetic-pleasurable poetry, which stimulates and strengthens the irrational part of the soul of its recipients through the imitation of characters linked to desire and anger. To this end, I examine, first, some of the passages in Republic IV in which it is possible to subscribe to the priority of the psychic tripartition over the political tripartition. Secondly, I point out some of the central features of the psychological critique of mimetic-pleasurable poetry in Republic X. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that, in order to understand the unified relations that are commonly predicated of koinōnia in the ethical, political, and cosmological spheres respectively, one must first appreciate certain prerequisite "principles" or "rules" that are necessary for koinōnia formation. One principle which has been for long the subject of intense discussion in Platonic scholarship is proportionality. However, rather than stopping short at the unproblematically straightforward point of connection between proportionality-in the broadest possible sense--and well-ordered wholes, I suggest that we can get a much richer account from Plato's preoccupation with proportionality and koinōnia formation by exploring the different proportional models he puts to work in different contexts. It will be argued that for Plato geometrical proportionality in particular is the binding principle par excellence for koinōnia formation as it is the fairest model of order and enables the most enduring complex wholes. Approaching the point from this angle may yet provide a further significant way of understanding the undeniably obvious political differences between the Republic and the Laws in terms of koinōnia formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the number of references to koinōnia in Plato's dialogues, it is striking that the phrase "common good" (koinon agathon) is used only once - at Charmides 166d. Socrates asks his interlocutor Critias a question, "Do you not think it is for the common good, almost (schedon), of all men, that how all the beings (tōn ontōn) are should be discovered?" The question emerges after Critias has claimed that sōphrosynē is self-knowledge, which he then specifies as a "knowledge of all other knowledges and of itself". In this paper, I argue that it is no accident that Socrates mentions the "common good" at precisely this moment in his discussion with Critias. The notion of sōphrosynē that Critias defends is incoherent owing to what Critias claims to be its distinguishing feature - its reflexivity. Because of its total reflexivity, it points to no end beyond itself and thereby it is neither capable of disclosing "the beings" nor of being connected to any good outside of itself. The common good Socrates mentions here is therefore essentially related to an acknowledgment of ignorance that motivates one to wonder (thauma) at a good beyond one's love of one's own things. I thus suggest an explanation for the curious addition of "almost" (schedon) in Socrates' remark here: Critias himself shows that unless he (or his young cousin Charmides) can admit ignorance and experience such wonder, then he is constitutionally not included in this common good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much recent scholarship on Plato' Crito has revolved around the controversy about the relationship and possible compatibility between the arguments Socrates gives in his own person (SocratesS) and those he gives in the person of the Laws (SocratesL). By contrast, the relation between the arguments given by SocratesL and those given by Crito continues to be seen as uncontroversial: by the end of the dialogue, commentators agree, Crito has no choice but to concede to the force of SocratesL's arguments. Against this traditional reading, this paper will argue not only that SocratesL's arguments fail to secure Crito's agreement, but also that two characters' attempts to communicate end at an impasse that seems to leave little room for meaningful shared discourse -and may even undermine Crito's belief in the possibility of meaningful speech. My interpretation is informed by Socrates' account (at 49c9-e3) of the need for and nature of a "common ground" as a requisite for genuine dialogue. This passage, I argue, challenges the traditional analysis of Crito as the representative of a particular value system or a particular "type", demanding, instead, a consideration of the effect of Socrates' arguments upon Crito in light of a more robust view of the latter's perspective. Such a reconsideration has consequences not only for our appreciation of the dramatic structure of the dialogue, but also for how we understand one of the dialogue's central, if underexplored, themes: the belief in a shared logos and the psychagogic necessity and perils of testing that belief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Women's Law discussed in book V of the Republic, known as the first wave, is a notorious example of Socrates' reformist intention to achieve justice in the polis. The legislation for women, in general, has historically been relegated by the Republic interpreters. This paper aims to analyze this passage, from 449a to 457c, through the arguments provided by Socrates seen as crucial to conceive equality between the sexes (under the ontological foundation of the same human nature) as well as to favor institutional change according to nature, kata physin, thus opening the possibility for women to govern the polis. Before leaving for the external confrontation, Socrates considers it urgent that his interlocutors, Adeimantus, Glaucon, and Polemarchus, agree with each other. Thus, he urges them to start the argument by questioning the human nature of women and their capacity for the same functions (erga) performed by men in the city. The examination of the intelligible enabled the logos on women's intellectual capacity to support adequate legislation. Such nomos put into practice proves to be the best for the city and its guardians. To that extent, Socrates can conclude the investigation with a consensus on what to do and willingness to confront opposing opinions in the city urgently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the multiple functions of the notion of koinōnia in Plato's dialogues. Koinōnia and its absence characterize reality as a whole: both the intelligible and the sensible entities either "communicate" or do not "communicate" (koinōnein); therefore, reconstructing the net of koinōniarelationships amounts to putting dialectics into practice. So far so good. But an analysis which aims at clarifying the role played by koinōnia cannot but take also syngeneia into account. The reason for this fact lies in the essential link which binds koinōnia and syngeneia, with the latter being the condition of possibility of the former. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe a group of families of a low socio-economic status in which child abuse and sexual abuse has been identified, linking such infringement of children rights with family stressors and social support to analyze the implications such link has for psychosocial interventions. The sample was composed by 40 adults who had children and adolescents under their care who receive help from services specialized in child abuse in Uruguay. It was found that the families studied had high socioeconomic vulnerability, childcare mainly done by women, children who had experienced polyvictimization, a high number of stressors and a low perception of social support. Conclusions drawn outline the importance of considering these variables when designing intervention programs that focus on promoting changes in parental practices that can be long lasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how loving and political trajectories of Argentinean gay men are intersected. In doing so, the goal is to critically review love self-referentiality's hypothesis operating in contemporary societies and develop the complexity of the notion of sociability to explain political paths. The methodological approach was based in conducting in-depth interviews with 30 gay men who live in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires to reconstruct their love stories. I identify three ways in which love and politics are intertwined. The first one refers to how politics becomes a principle of seduction. The second one implies thinking politics as a hooking-up space. The third one describes the ways through which politics contribute to stabilize couples. I conclude that the description of those crossroads advances in the understanding of love, relativizing self-referentiality's hypothesis sustained in social studies of love, and unfolding the non-politics category, included in politization studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the close similarities between Husserl's, Scheler's and Stein's concept of the person as an absolute value that exercises itself in position-takings. Ethics, for the classical phenomenologists, Husserl, Scheler, and Stein, concerns the whole person, including the affective and rational dimensions, intellect and the heart, as well as volition. Persons are distinctive for their free agency, capacity to recognize norms, and ability to interact responsibly with other personal agents in the context of the communal and historical life-world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reconstruct the spinozian theory of individuation as presented by Deleuze in his works about Spinoza, relating it to his ontology in Difference and Repetition (his main ontological work), with the purpose of elaborating a critical reading on the ambiguities that emerge concerning the spinozian-deleuzian notion of joy. The latter occur, for example, when an excessive value is given to the series of stages in the course of learning that leads to the spinozian salvation, reason why the approach is reduced to an accumulative, end-oriented race towards maximizing joy, an accumulation of joyful passions considered an end in itself. I think that fracturing the image of "Deleuze's Spinoza" is one way to highlight and delve in the question on the place of negativity in deleuzian philosophy. This will also allow us to free it from those readings that aim to make it an ideological ally of neoliberalism, contributing, instead, to the formulation of an ethics of intensive quantities -this being the ethical approach in Difference and Repetition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the social, political and theological implications proposed by Giordano Bruno, based on his proposal for an infinite universe. For this, the concepts of emptiness and plurality, that allow the understanding of the infinite universe model, explained in a second moment, will be analyzed in order to offer an analysis of the relationship of this proposal with a revolutionary thought in the social, political and theological field of the 16th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As it is well known, throughout Being and Time Heidegger distinguishes between an ontic (Entdecken) and an ontological (Erschlossenheit) sense of truth. Whereas the first one involves truth, insofar as a way in which the Dasein can be concerning beings, the second one corresponds to the manner in which the Dasein opens and comprehends their being. In this paper, we will focus on developing the phenomenological aspect of the second sense of truth and its relation with the first one. We will recreate, first and foremost, Heidegger's characterization of the ontological sense. Then, we will make use of the asymmetry between both kinds of senses to inquire about the problem of normativity presupposed in his work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some ideas related to the difficulties that may happen during the fieldwork and that may urge us to improvise in order to be able to continue with our ethnographic research. However, these decisions must consider the implications of improvisation in terms of knowledge production and specifically in methodological planning. To support these reflections, presents a fieldwork situation in which digital narratives were useful for rapport and to complement the field data. Thus, a remarkable aspect is that the reflection on improvisation in our ethnographic practice can lead us to an intentional experimentation that helps us to enlarge the robust methodological baggage of ethnography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to recognize and analyze the materiality, agendas and routes of the audiovisuals resulting from practice as research: the whole process of production of an audiovisual as a methodology for academic research. Likewise, the present work opens the dialog for an exchange with our collaborators as an intervention device (Mauss, 2002). The empirical reference is based on my ethnographic approach to touristic ethno-enterprises projects managed by a group of indigenous entrepreneurs in the Central Peruvian Jungle, who while promoting ethno-tourism in the region, explore and question their own indigeneity. The central methodology of this research is to simultaneously produce an ethnographic audiovisual and a promotional video as an exchange. We found that the camera, as well as the audiovisuals, are things that become an extension of the body and experiences of the anthropologist-filmmaker, researcher / producer, becoming agents that define and constrain the field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to examine the principle of systematicity as a criterion of an adequate legislative technique in criminal matters, regarding the norms that regulate nuclear crimes of vehicular traffic in Chile. The analysis focuses on the rule that establishes the effective enforcement of the custodial sentences imposed on some of these crimes, which breaks with the system of crimes regulated in Chile, that is generally based on another class of criminal reactions. The study uses fundamentally a dogmatic methodology and a recourse to legal, jurisprudential and doctrinal sources. Among its results, the article highlights the relevance that the principle of systematicity has for the creation of criminal laws, either as such or in relation to other principles of law, like equality before the law, proportionality or certainty. It also concludes that the violation of the principle of systematicity affects both formal and substantive aspects, that is, relative to the instruments that serve as a source for criminal norms and their content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Word formation in Spanish, mainly by affixation, shows a mostly concatenative behavior in which the relationships of form and meaning are established linearly. However, there are many cases that cannot be described based on the recurrent attachment of affixes. These formations have long been identified, but they have not been studied in detail, since the type of analysis that prevails in approaches to the lexical morphology of Spanish cannot fully account for morphological relationships of this type. One of these non-concatenative correspondences is the one established between pairs of suffixes that correlate at the level of meaning but not at a formal level, such is the case of the suffixes -ismo and -ista (comunismo, comunista), probably the best-known case of this type of derivation. In this research we will analyze this type of word-formation scheme starting from the concept of solidarity, proposed by Beniers (1996). We will study four productive solidarity schemes from Mexican Spanish, all of them suffixal. In addition to the afore mentioned -ismo, -ista, we will analyze -ero, -ería; -nte, -ncia and -azo, -iza. As we will see, the solidarity scheme allows us to describe in detail the relationships that are stablished between each of these pairs of suffixes. In this paper we will first present the concept of solidarity, its background and the previous work that has been done based on this kind of analysis. Next, we will analyze each of these solidarities to establish their characteristics and constraints. Finally, we conclude that this type of analysis allows a more accurate and appropriate description of such non-concatenative word-formation schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses «El problema argentino de la lengua», an article published by Amado Alonso in 1932. To this end, we first analyze the type of theoretical and critical intervention that the author carries out; then, we consider it within a broader textual series that comprises a set of texts published between 1927, as Alonso becomes chair of the Institute of Philology of the University of Buenos Aires, and 1935, when he publishes the book El problema de la lengua en America, which includes a highly modified version of his 1932 work. We conclude that this article is an exceptional text in Alonso's linguistic production as a whole, and that this exceptionality can be interpreted as a sign of the process of theoretical reformulation that he underwent during the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper finds strong support for a Phillips curve that becomes nonlinear when inflation is "low"-which our baseline model defines as less than 3 percent. The nonlinear curve is steep when output is above potential (slack is negative) but flat when output is below potential (slack is positive) so that further increases in economic slack have little effect on inflation. This finding is consistent with evidence of downward nominal wage and price rigidity. When inflation is high, the Phillips curve is linear and relatively steep. These results are robust to placing the threshold between the high and low inflation regimes at 2, 3, or 4 percent inflation or for a threshold based on country-specific medians of inflation. In this nonlinear model, international factors play a large role in explaining headline inflation (albeit less so for core inflation), a role that has been increasing since the global financial crisis. These results provide evidence of channels which could boost inflation in the future, even if they were dormant before the Covid pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to fill the gap in Chilean literature and contribute to the systematization and critical analysis of the legal criteria and standards of how fundamental law norms have been applied on social networks publications cases. To this end, it reviews the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court in cases of acciones de protección during 2020 and sets the applicable criteria. In most cases, the Court has accepted the claims of those whose personal honor has been affected and has ordered the removal of the publications from the networks. The article adopts a critical look at the jurisprudence, since some decisions do not pay enough attention to the protection of freedom of expression, especially by following an excessively legalistic criterion. In addition, we argue that the acción de protección has procedural limitations to deal with the problems of doxing in social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents three categories in which the notion of dignity can be used in jurisprudence, depending on the subject to which it is ascribed: as institutional status, as a characteristic of the human being and as a characterization of other elements. In each one of the types, in the first place, a theoretical explanation is made that, although brief, tries to introduce some characteristics about the respective meaning. Second, it describes how the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has used the term «dignity» in the respective sense; that is, a review of the casuistry is included. Finally, some ideas are discussed. The methodology has been analytical regarding the use of the concept and is based on an analysis of the contentious cases and the advisory opinions of the mentioned institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses binding judicial precedent. The semistructured interview was used as a methodology for execution and a total of thirty-two academics, from ten countries in Latin America and Europe, participated of it. The results are structured around the arguments for and against precedent as a theoretical position; to narrate how vertex courts and inferior courts behave on precedents; and finally, to know the roadblocks that prevent following precedent correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the front-of-pack food labelling, with particular attention to Chilean, Colombian, Ecuadorian and Peruvian regulations (also de lege ferenda regulations). The aim is to contribute to a better understanding and use a comparative methodology, in particular of the figure of the legal transplant. In that sense, a concrete example of operability (not necessarily achieved) of a transplant is provided. The work also shows that the analyzed legislations are far from European models and take Latin American standards as a reference, contributing to a paradigm shift in relation to the traditional influence of foreign regulations that is usually incorporated into Latin American national systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document strives to analyze the new approaches to regulatory supervision (innovation facilitators) that are being developed worldwide because of the fintech phenomenon, evaluating whether they would be beneficial for Perú, especially in relation to financial inclusion. For this reason, we have proceeded to a review of initiatives to promote fintech innovation worldwide, studying their characteristics. This analysis has a teleological nature of reviewing administrative supervision policies, grouping them into three large taxonomies: innovation centers, sandbox and others, such as innovation accelerators, studying in greater detail the sandboxes due to their relevance and potential impact. Specifically, the article explains the concept of sandbox, including the objectives for which they are designed, their main benefits and risks. Afterwards, the paper specifies the phases that these projects usually go through and their timelines. Two particular cases of sandbox are also described, the Mexican, which requires a «new model» license; and the Israeli, focused on data. Subsequently, the potential benefits and challenges of applying this type of public policy in Peru are evaluated. Finally, a model is proposed for the country, aligned with the financial inclusion strategy, which allows the open participation of all types of entities, including those called fintech, for the greater benefit of society and the markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays we can find in common law and civil law legal systems noncustodial criminal sanctions with an intervention in the life of the offender that takes the form of supervision. In this paper, it is argued that these elements of intervention were present into alternative penalties from its inception in the common law system, which later fertilized civil law jurisdictions, that had alternative penalties without supervision. To do so, the origin and evolution of alternative penalties in both groups of jurisdictions are studied. The introduction of supervision in the civil law system in the 1960s and a second moment of fertilization or transfer in the 1990s are also taken into account, considering the broader legal and cultural processes to explain these developments and the main resistance to these changes. Finally, a special reference is made to the role of European institutions in the homogenization of European penal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the association between the compliance of the institutional mission of open capital Brazilian companies and the use of non-financial performance indicators. To achieve this goal, it was operationalized a descriptive and quantitative research, considering non-financial companies listed on B3. The institutional mission was measured based on the characteristics proposed by Pearce & David (1987) and David (1989) studies. Likewise, the indicators of non-financial performance were measured based on the research realized by Marquezan, Diehl and Alberton (2013) and Vargas, Diehl, Ayres, & Monteiro (2016). Data referring to nine characteristics associated to mission, as well as nonfinancial indicators of eight distinct groups were collected in annual reports and institutional websites from the companies by the content analysis. The probabilistic sample consisted in 115 companies referring to the fiscal year of 2018. The significance analysis of the relations was realized using Fisher's Exact Test. The results found showed evidence concerning the presence of relations between the compliance of the institutional mission and non-financial performance indicators, suggesting that the analyzed companies make use of these indicators to track the compliance of the declarations expressed in the mission. In practical terms, this study contributes by reinforcing the relevance of the institutional mission to the achievement of entrepreneurial objectives and strategies and by demonstrating that the non-financial performance indicators may be preferable in order to monitor whether what was stated in the mission is being achieved. A new perspective on the analysis of non-financial indicators was inserted in the context of researches that analyze the relation between mission and performance, bringing theoretical contributions and providing new insights for discussions related to the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new socio-cultural scenario produced by immigration in schools implies a complex process of psychosocial adjustment. National students must also face diverse and new challenges as a result of immigration, which are linked to the perception and management of cultural differences. This paper aims to identify acculturative profiles in a sample (N = 426) of Chilean secondary school students. Cluster analysis allowed us to find a solution of three acculturative profiles (Tolerant Individualist, Undifferentiated Individualist and Undifferentiated Ethnocentric). Results show that these profiles differ in their levels of Affective Prejudice, Cultural Self-efficacy, and Well-being. These findings stress the importance of promoting social environments which could improve positive intergroup contact to enable the development of intercultural competence from early stages of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confronted with the challenges of the globalized world, recent research suggests that identification with humanity has socio-affective roots and is driven by the celebration of collective rituals that promote benevolence and universalism. This paper analyzes the relation of a self-transcendent emotion (i.e., Awe) lived in local collective meetings with human identity. We conducted a across-sectional study in Mexico and the Basque Country (N = 656), and the results of structural equation modelling shows that this emotion increases the identification with humanity, well-being (directly) and prosocial behavior (indirectly). Further, the intensity of this emotion also predicted the perception of emotional synchrony while controlling for more stable and trait-alike variables. Following Durkheim, the emotional processes experienced in collective events encourage the development of shared identities and the promotion of the common welfare through experiences of self-transcendence, which can result of great importance in the common efforts to deal with current large-scale social issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Fragility of the Future: Phenomenology of the Old-age". The central thesis of this paper is that old-age is not confused with illness, and its distinction is rooted in the temporal dimension of the living body. The body's time is an ingredient of the self-consciousness (selfconstitutive) in the horizon of the possibilities and potentialities of the ego, which in old-age appear under a fragile and worn condition. I present this thesis in three main parts: first, I try to distinguish the dimensions of time of nature and subjective time. In these distinctions old age is clarified, with respect to the time of nature, as the phase of normal fulfillment or of the broadest and unitary development of the body as a living thing. In the second part I define the fragility of the future as the structural specificity of the time horizon of old-age. Finally, in the third part I explore how this temporal condition determines the self-consciousness (self-constitution) and the signification (historization) of its own body in old-age. The methodological frame of this investigation is taken from the Husserlian analysis of constitution in Ideas II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"There is no such Revival. Around the Philosophical Disquisitions on Alienation in the late Twentieth Century". The following paper proposes to give arguments to relativize the extensive account that the concept of alienation lost theoretical attention in the field of philosophy during the eighties of the last century, and that a revival of the study of the concept occurred in the nineties. The conclusion is that there was no such loss of attention, but that furthermore, the presumed premises in the discussion concerning alienation from the nineties up to the present were delineated during the eighties. This conclusion has two supporters: the type of approach regarding alienation carried out by analytical Marxism and the philosophical incursions into the concept in the context of North American sociology. Based on this, the text offers a systematization of the history of the philosophical study of the concept in two sections or stages. And it concerns itself with two -and not three- stages because, for what was argued, philosophy did not stop talking about alienation in the eighties, although it did so to a much lesser extent than before (specifically, during the sixties and seventies, considered the boom in the philosophical treatment of alienation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Intersubjectivity, Empathy and Education. A Phenomenological Approach". The aim of this paper is to describe from a phenomenological perspective: a) the relationships between intersubjectivity and the phenomenon of education; b) empathy as the basis and the foundation of intersubjective relationships; and c) the importance of empathy for education. The thesis to be defended states that every educational process of teaching and learning, whether in school, in the family or in society, needs the experiencing of others and empathy makes it possible to access this sort of experience. This experience is mediated by the body and develops into an intercultural, intersubjective and inter-corporeal dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Some Reflections on the Ethical-legal Parallel in Kant's Religion". The aim of this paper is to contribute to understanding the ethical-legal parallel drawn in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. I will analyze the similarities, differences and the analogy among the ethical state of nature, the exeundum and the community, on the one side, and the juridical state of nature, the exeundum and the community, on the other. I will argue that moral progress, understood as overcoming radical evil, requires a complement between the ethical and legalpolitical spheres, given that each area provides a different approach and a different community solution within the same public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Thing which Traces Itself: Limits and Apories of Sensible Appearing from Early Phenomenology". This paper aims to investigate the presence of sensible things in the light of the works of early phenomenology. For this purpose, a reflection will be made from the problems that some thinkers of Gotinga circle outlined in the context of Husserl's theses about Abschattung. Thus, we will distinguish between things and their sensible stroke, detecting the possibilities of their mutual phenomenal connection and detachment. By this way, a triple relationship will be identified in which the empirical thing appears, composed of sensitive qualities, sensations of the perceiver subject and its spatial location, in order to examine which of these instances explains the necessary link between sensitive stroke and thing as a possibility of its actual appearance in reality. It will be concluded that there is an a priori adjustment between qualities and physical properties that will allow to understand the presentative function of the sensible stroke of things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we explore the hair and beard grooming narratives of fourteen upper-middle-class men aged between 27 and 40 years from Lima, as well as those of barbers and barbershop managers. We conduct in-depth interviews and analyze their thematic and interpretive content. We find that the interviewees use various strategies to avoid being feminized by their interest in grooming. At the same time, the subjects seek to match their hairstyle and/or beard with their clothing and body type in order to appear well turned-out; in Peru, this practice is strongly linked to racial, gender and class narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper consists of two first-person reports of linguists working in the documentation of endangered languages. We narrate two opposite situations: that of Guató, a language with only two speakers, survivors of a long process of colonization, and that of the language spoken by the Xinane people, a monolingual recently-contacted group. We make use of these two examples to problematize the concept of «isolation»: the Xinane situation is, in fact, one of de-isolation (contact), carefully planned and executed by young people, after three generations of isolation motivated by white violence. Vicente, on the other hand, one of the two last speakers of the guató language can be more literally characterized as one of voluntary isolation, despite the 400 years of contact of his fragmented people. We also discuss the challenges of creating fieldwork methodologies in these two extremely contrastive contexts of language vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elderly are part of a society defined by technology acceleration, communication and information. These transformations happen at a rapid pace, making a big impact in the life of senior citizens. Our premise is to consider older people as active subjects in full exercise of their rights, to whom digital inclusion is also a part of social inclusion. The objective of this paper is, on the one hand, to carry out a content analysis of the policies implemented in Argentina regarding digital inclusion, including: level of coverage and survey of possible existing gaps. On the other hand, data from a national survey on access to resources and use of information and communication technologies by the elderly are analyzed. The conclusions show that there are significant gaps in both access to resources and frequency of use. Regarding national public policies on the subject, we observed that the pandemic showed that there was no strategic plan for the achievement of a policy of inclusion of the elderly in the new technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the examples of the Quechua grammars composed between 1560 and 1753: a total of nine missionary arts. It analyses the marking of the examples, their topics, their function and their origin so that, on the one hand, it brings to light the links that exist between the grammars of this tradition and, on the other hand, it connects the examples used by the missionaries with the didactic and evangelizing purposes of these grammatical texts. To this end, this paper focuses on the analysis of the chapters related to nouns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes two econometric tools that are used to evaluate distributional effects, conditional quantile regression (CQR) and unconditional quantile regression (UQR). Our main objective is to shed light on the similarities and differences between these methodologies. An interesting theoretical derivation to connect CQR and UQR is that, for the effect of a continuous covariate, the UQR is a weighted average of the CQR. This imposes clear bounds on the values that UQR coefficients can take and provides a way to detect misspecification. The key here is a match between CQR whose predicted values are the closest to the unconditional quantile. For a binary covariate, however, this relationship is not valid. We illustrate these models using age returns and gender gap in Argentina for 2019 and 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is oriented to quantify the trade creation and diversion effects in the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Peru and the United States. For that purpose, using a disaggregated database at the 10-digit level for Peruvian goods with intervals of 3-years between 2002 and 2018, this article adopts a three-dummy variable methodology that allows the identification of intrabloc and extra-bloc effects. Besides, a theoretically-founded gravity equation is employed with the incorporation of country-time and time-invariant fixed effects to solve common econometric specification problems, such as lack of multilateral resistance terms in modelling, heteroscedasticity of trade data, the inclusion of zero trade flows, and endogeneity of trade policy. Estimating with the PPML method for the complete sample and among types of goods (group 1: raw materials and intermediate goods, and group 2: consumer and capital goods), the main results show that the Peru-US FTA generates intra-bloc trade creation for the entire sample and two groups of goods separately. Also, the FTA produces export trade diversion for the complete sample and group 2, while import trade creation for both groups. Overall, the Peru-USA FTA is an "intra-bloc trade creation agreement" that boosted bilateral trade flows. These effects are considered to formulate some policy recommendations for improving the results of this Peruvian FTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impact of import competition from China on labor outcomes in the Peruvian manufacturing sector in 2001-2010. Using data from the Peruvian Household Survey, we use a two-step procedure to evaluate the impact of the surge in imports from China on the likelihood of having an informal job and on wages in both the formal and informal sectors. On the first step, the results suggest that greater import competition increased--albeit weakly--the likelihood of having an informal job for workers with elementary education. On the second step, we find that the surge in imports from China was detrimental to wages of the least educated individuals with informal jobs--with no education and elementary education--, although we also find that this result is mostly driven by the presence of self-employed among informal workers. We also observe a wage increase among workers with formal jobs and elementary and high school education. These results are robust to the inclusion of different exclusion restrictions and even after accounting for industry-level growth which was strong during the period studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the discourses of financial-independence and «professionalisation» of offspring promoted by state-provided health-care and welfare (Juntos), Quechua women living in poverty find that upon entering motherhood their full citizenship becomes conditional on successful behaviours and stewardship of children to a more «desirable» livelihood than their own. This suggests that mothering-while-poor places a moral value on women that the state uses to justify monitoring and governing them. This paper is based on one-year's ethnographic-fieldwork in rural communities and health centres or posts in Vilcashuaman province, Ayacucho department, Peru. 100 interviews were conducted with women, men and health-workers, in addition to substantial participant-observation. Whilst the pervasive discourses overburden women's freedoms, there are alternatives to «professionalization» of indigenous-youth that do not require the financial literacy currently imposed on mothers. This paper suggests that moral values placed on poor-maternities are sometimes used unfairly as a justification for reproductive-intervention and revocation of full-citizenship for poor, indigenous women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Civil Code of Andrés Bello, influenced by the French Civil Code, and unlike other European and Latin American codes, included the category of quasi-delict as a source of obligations. However, this notion has been difficult to understand, and has been often branded as merely formal, difficult to define and devoid of any practical utility. For this reason, this paper proposes an analysis of the category of «quasi-delicts» on the basis of the so-called obligations quasi ex delicto in classical Roman law. Such obligations were very useful for the formulation of a perfect and comprehensive division of the sources of obligations. After studying the reception of the quasi-delict in Andres Bello's Code, both in Chile and in Colombia, this paper proposes some ideas that could contribute to a new understanding of the category and, with it, to the renewal of its systematic and practical utility. The aim of this paper is to highlight the most important aspects of this category that allow for a re-reading of the modern category of quasi-delict in the light of classical Roman categories. For this reason, it would exceed the scope of the present work to carry out an exhaustive exegetical analysis of the entire collection of Roman sources that refer to this matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the background paper for the productivity extension of the World Bank's Long-Term Growth Model (LTGM). Based on an extensive literature review, the paper identifies the main determinants of economic productivity as innovation, education, market efficiency, infrastructure, and institutions. Based on underlying proxies, the paper constructs indexes representing each of the main categories of productivity determinants and, combining them through principal component analysis, obtains an overall determinant index. This is done for every year in the three decades spanning 1985-2015 and for more than 100 countries. In parallel, the paper presents a measure of total factor productivity (TFP), largely obtained from the Penn World Table, and assesses the pattern of productivity growth across regions and income groups over the same sample. The paper then examines the relationship between the measures of TFP and its determinants. The variance of productivity growth is decomposed into the share explained by each of its main determinants, and the relationship between productivity growth and the overall determinant index is identified. The variance decomposition results show that the highest contributor among the determinants to the variance in TFP growth is market efficiency for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries and education for developing countries in the most recent decade. The regression results indicate that, controlling for country- and time-specific effects, TFP growth has a positive and significant relationship with the proposed TFP determinant index and a negative relationship with initial TFP. This relationship is then used to provide a set of simulations on the potential path of TFP growth if certain improvements on TFP determinants are achieved. The paper presents and discusses some of these simulations for groups of countries by geographic region and income level. In addition, as a country-specific illustration, the paper presents simulations on the potential path of TFP growth for Peru under various scenarios. An accompanying Excelbased toolkit, linked to the LTGM, provides a larger set of simulations and scenario analysis at the country level for the next few decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the debate that arose in the Peruvian legal system about whether the term that the State has to collect civil compensation in cases of judgments arising from criminal procedures for offenses against public administration is one of expiration or prescription. The difference is not minor because while the prescription period allows for interruptions, the expiration period is not interrupted even when the debtor performs dilatory maneuvers to avoid payment. This last situation is recurrent in the context of the prosecution of the crimes against the public administration, as they sanction state corruption. In this paper, we intend to contribute to the aforementioned debate based on the revision of the figure of civil compensation and its capacity to combat and prevent corruption. Also, the definition, scope and differences between the figures of the expiration and the prescription will be studied to indicate, on the end, that this last institution is the one applicable to the supposed matters of examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper approaches comparative legal history in light of the life and work of John H. Wigmore. This paper first presents a definition of comparative legal history. Secondly, this paper addresses a mosaic of interests that Wigmore lived and experienced. It therefore presents a main dialogue of this jurist with the law of evidence, another dialogue with auxiliary disciplines, and a common thread that is represented by his interest in legal history and comparative law. This paper therefore points to the role that different actors may have in the development of an autonomous discipline, while they interact with other actors in other jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the word indio and the concepts underlying it, in American documents from 1494 to 1905 written in Spanish. The paper examines the syntax, the semantics and the contexts in which indio appears, to shed light on the relationships between indio and other actors of the American society, like español, and to shed light on the conceptual changes along 400 years. The paper analyzes various independent syntactic and semantic variables; for instance, the general frequency of the word during four centuries, the textual genre in which indio preferably appears, the quantifi- cation, the individuation, and the semantic classes of verbs. In all variables, it is clear a strong social asymmetry for indio and the low social class status that indio had always in Spanish America. There are some important grammatical and conceptual changes in the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do market relative prices reflect real scarcity of resources? If this were so, market prices would provide society with the correct signals about real scarcities. Economics--the science of scarcity-- has different answers to this question. Following the principles of current epistemology, the paper reviews three theories of markets: neoclassical, bio-economics, and unified theory, analyzing their assumptions, their derived empirical predictions about the relation between market prices and scarcity, and their validity when confronted against known basic facts. Clarifying misconceptions about the nature and the role of the market mechanism in the functioning of capitalism is the expected contribution of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic satisfaction has been studied from different perspectives that considerate distinct ways of measurement. However, the plurality of evaluated facets prevents a more parsimonious assessment of the general students' academic satisfaction. In the article, we aimed to provide psychometric evidence of the validity and reliability for the AMSS in Brazil in two studies (N = 893). In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis and item parameters (Item Response Theory) support the one-factor solution and the suitability of the six items. Moreover, evidence for factorial invariance across gender and convergent validity with the PANAS and with the SWLS was also presented in Study 2. In conclusion, the present paper provides evidence of the adequacy of the AMSS to evaluate global satisfaction with the academics course in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of the interactive regulation of dyadic situations on the argumentative abilities of the subjects in two types of tasks: ordering causes of social phenomena and taking position in front of dilemmatic situations. A quasi-experimental study was carried out, the pre-test and the post-test of the participants after the interaction were compared, constituting two groups; dyads with assistance from the interaction by the researcher (participation, evaluation and counter-argumentation) and dyads without assistance. The results show that the assistance produces significant effects in the individual argumentative competence and the type of task qualifies the indicated effect, producing differentiations. The importance of the regulation of interaction over argumentation is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Power as a Means of Differentiation in Immanence. Deleuze, Reader of Schelling, Readers of Spinoza". This paper seeks to analyze the Deleuzian concept of potency, by drawing a genealogy that traces it back to Schelling's philosophy -who is, in turn, inspired by Spinoza-, with the aim of showing how that concept can help us to think the way in which Being is differentiated and individuated within the philosophy of immanence. In order to do this, we will summarize Schelling's presence in Deleuze's concept of potency, as he develops it in his two books from 1968: Difference and Repetition and Expressionism in Philosophy. We will then expose the main features of that concept following the works of Schelling mentioned by Deleuze (particularly, the Stuttgart Private Lessons, from 1810, and The Ages of the World, from 1815). Finally, we will develop the specificity of the Deleuzian concept of potency in its double aspect: as ideal potency and as intensive potency, to show the way in which it articulates an immanent individuation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Problem of Violence in Mainländer's Worldview". Is it possible for a philosopher to, by example, promote violence as a means of conflict resolution? Socrates, Descartes, Rawls, Wittgenstein or Jonas, among others, are cases of those who ended up for different reasons enlisting in armies or participating in some way in various wars or conflicts. Despite this, many managed not to mix their philosophies with something alien to it. This article aims to investigate Mainländer's The Philosophy of Redemption in order to detect the dangers of exalting the use of violence, by elevating love of the country to the level of philosophical wisdom. This aspect will be identified as the most critical of his thinking and will explain why he isn't qualified as a philosopher in this paper, but referred to as a thinker. This is sustained to the extent that certain reflections that turn out to be essential in some matters could end up being contaminated by a nationalist fanaticism, opening the possibility of thinking about a base of crypto-bellicism in some aspects of his work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]