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In this paper we introduce a "power booster factor" for out-of-sample tests of predictability. The relevant econometric environment is one in which the econometrician wants to compare the population Mean Squared Prediction Errors (MSPE) of two models: one big nesting model, and another smaller nested model. Although our factor can be used to improve finite sample properties of several out-of-sample tests of predictability, in this paper we focus on the widely used test developed by Clark and West (2006, 2007). Our new test multiplies the Clark and West t-statistic by a factor that should be close to one under the null hypothesis that the short nested model is the true model, but that should be greater than one under the alternative hypothesis that the big nesting model is more adequate. We use Monte Carlo simulations to explore the size and power of our approach. Our simulations reveal that the new test is well sized and powerful. In particular, it tends to be less undersized and more powerful than the test by Clark and West (2006, 2007). Although most of the gains in power are associated to size improvements, we also obtain gains in size-adjusted-power. Finally we illustrate the use of our approach when evaluating the ability that an international core inflation factor has to predict core inflation in a sample of 30 OECD economies. With our "power booster factor" more rejections of the null hypothesis are obtained, indicating a strong influence of global inflation in a selected group of these OECD countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a first detailed study of the ethnozoological nomenclature in Urarina, an Amazonian isolate language spoken in Loreto, Peru. Based on a corpus of more than 250 lexical items gathered through fieldwork, we describe and analyze the main linguistic strategies used in the formation of Urarina animal names. As a result, eight naming strategies are proposed for Urarina animal nomenclature, and the relationship between these strategies and the formation of simple and complex lexemes is discussed. The paper contributes not only to the documentation and description of an Amazonian isolate, but also to the comparison, both typological and areal, with other languages of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grammatical agreement, a property of inflectional languages such as Spanish, consists of a formal association of different syntactic constituents. Even though it is a categorical morphosyntactic phenomenon, in Peruvian Spanish non-agreement occurs in different communicative contexts, due to certain social factors that will be analyzed in this paper. Based on a variationist perspective, we intend to identify and analyze non-concordant (NC) utterances extracted from the PRESEEA-LIMA corpus (directed by the author) in several linguistic contexts related to the constituents of noun phrases and verb phrases. An overview of the quantitative results will be provided in this paper. Moreover, we will approach data from both a heuristic and a hermeneutic point of view, through a reinterpretation of the role of quantitative value in the determination of linguistic variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has declared the violation of the right to dignity in various judgments based on the provisions of section 11 of the American Convention on Human Rights, which establishes the right to respect of honor and recognition of dignity. This section does not refer to the right to dignity explicitly, but it has been used by the aforementioned court to declare the violation of dignity as a right. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the right to dignity has an object determined by the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Consequently, the first part of this paper will address some doctrinal positions on dignity with emphasis on two authors that have proposed systematizations of the concept of dignity as a right. Then, the second part will continue with a study of the origin of section 11, which intends to determine how and why the word «dignity» was included in the aforementioned section. Subsequently, this paper will analyze the cases in which the Inter-American Court of Human Rights declared the violation of the right to dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a descriptive-evolutive, dogmatic and comparative study on the collective processes of the European Union (EU). On November 25th, 2020, the Union adopted one of its most awaited legal instruments: the first legislation, that is supposed to create a European collective action mechanism for monetary relief. According to Directive 2020/1828 on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers, and repealing Directive 2009/22/EC, member States have to adopt the transposing measures by December 25th, 2021, and give effect to them on and apply them to representative actions that are brought on or after June 25th, 2023. The European movement for collective litigation started approximately three decades ago. It earned official European recognition in competition law in 2005, owing to the European Commission's Green Paper on Damages Actions for Breach of the EC Antitrust Rules, followed by the White Paper of the same title in 2008. From 2013 to the emission of the recent 2020 directive, the particularity of community collective redress and inhibitory guardianship has proven to be holistic, unlike the US class action model. This paper analyzes the three pillars of the European vision on collective redress seeking, namely: a) the extrajudicial alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, b) the regulatory and public policy mechanisms, and c) the collective processes or litigation. The interplay of these three pillars makes the European Union's view on the matter singular as it proposes a system of incentives, prudence and safeguards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the main criteria and standards developed in the field of international human rights law that delimitate the scope of the right to a special treatment in the execution of the penalty of deprivation of liberty for juveniles in contrast with adults. The work identifies the concrete consequences of the need for a specialized execution of sentences for juveniles in the regulation of institutions and guarantees established in favour of minors within the execution of the sanction of juvenile imprisonment, and then it determines how they have been recognized and developed by the corpus juris of international human rights law (international legislation, doctrine and case law). First, the paper analyzes how the reinforced protection of juvenile prisoners is recognized in the international human rights system, concluding that it is widely recognized. Then, it argues that this reinforced protection requires differences with respect to the treatment of adults, which can be systematized in five areas that are subject to a detailed review: orientation of the execution of the sentence of juvenile imprisonment, prison conditions, prison regime, good order and control mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reveals how a company designed and developed a shared value initiative from a new product line, contributing to the sustainable development goals in Peru. The paper aims to identify the main characteristics of the collective impact achieved by Shared Value strategies of the Peruvian multinational company, AJE Group. The authors use an empirical case study of one of the biggest multinational companies in Peru to build upon Kramer’s model for shared value initiatives and analyze each of its five elements for shared value. The findings of this paper allow practitioners, as well as policy-makers, to identify sustainable managerial practices and opportunities for sustainability-oriented public policy design which can be implemented in other organizations.

This paper presents an analytical framework that captures the informational problems and tradeoffs that policy makers face when choosing between public goods (e.g., infrastructure) and industrial policies (e.g., firm or sector-specific subsidies). The paper first provides a discussion of the literature on industrial policies. It then presents an illustrative model, where the economy consists of a set of firms that vary by productivity and a government that can support firms through general or targeted expenditures. The paper examines the cases of full and asymmetric information on firm productivity. Working under full information, it describes the first-best allocation of government resources among firms according to their productivity. It then introduces uncertainty by restricting information regarding firm productivity to be private to the firm. The paper develops an optimal contract (which replicates the first-best) consisting of a tax-based mechanism that induces firms to reveal their true productivity. As this requires high government capacity, the paper considers other simpler policies, one of which is the provision of public goods to all firms. The paper concludes that providing public goods is likely to dominate industrial policies under most scenarios, especially when government capacity is low.

Through descriptive and econometric analysis, this paper examines the conceptualization and effect generated by the tax rate of Income Tax on the profitability of companies. First, applying a descriptive-analytical methodology, the conceptualization of the factors that affect the tax rate and its behavior over time was verified. On the other hand, to measure the impact of the income tax rate on profitability, a company from the agrobiotechnology sector listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange was used during 1993-2018. Among the outstanding findings, in the case of Mexico, the corporate rate is a standard tax rate whose behavior presented minor changes throughout the period studied. Nevertheless, the results of the empirical tests allow us to affirm that the rate has a significant influence on the business profitability of the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ceramic sequence for the Early Intermediate Period in the Central-South coast is poorly known. The excavations undertaken at the archaeological site of Huaca Malena, in the Asia-Coayllo Valley, as well as the survey of the lowerand mid-valley posit the presence of a ceramic style that may have been shared with the neighbouring valleys of Mala and Cañete. This paper presents the first stylistic sequence for the Asia-Coayllo Valley, which appeared at the beginning of the Early Intermediate Period, spread over the Unchor sector in the middle valley, and was succeeded by a tri-colour style that has been identified at Huaca Malena (in the lower Asia-Coayllo valley). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From its capital in the Ayacucho highlands of Peru, the Wari Empire spread its influence over 1300 lateral kilometers from Cajamarca in the north to Cuzco and Moquegua in the south. Along its southern periphery, Wari presence has been documented most convincingly between 1000 and 3000 meters in elevation in valleys such as the Ocoña, Majes, Sihuas, Vitor, Chili, and Moquegua, where archaeological survey has been carried out in parts of this 300-kilometer stretch of the southern Peruvian sierra. In this paper, I examine the evidence for a Wari southern road and the settlements that connected the far southern part of Peru and eventually to the Ayacucho heartland to the north. I argue that the quichua ecological niche is a primary focus of Wari cultural landscapes and dictated the placement of the principal Wari road network. I further examine the organization of settlement along the proposed royal road, as well as the symbolic and demographic components of its route. Finally, I investigate the role of the Wari road in promulgating a Wari imperial political economy in the far south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“The Relationship between Intuition and Invention in Mathematics: A Consideration from the Points of View of Henri Bergson and Henri Poincaré”. The French authors Henri Bergson and Henri Poincaré call attention upon intuition and its relationship to mathematical invention. Both authors believe that intuition is an intellectual process that requires individual experience both physical and mathematical. They also claim that the results of intuition are to be observed in the surface of consciousness, i.e. in mathematical language. Additionally, both authors believe that intuition is necessary for mathematical invention. This paper shows the coincidences between Bergson and Poincaré concerning the relationship between intuition and invention. It investigates how its definition leads to the understanding of intuition as a process and, finally, how the idea of a dynamic scheme—introduced by Bergson to explain invention—is implicitly present in Poincaré’s thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“David Hume on Materialism”. During the 17th and 18th centuries, an intense debate concerning materialism took place. This paper aims to describe David Hume’s position within this debate. I claim that, even though Hume rejects substantialist metaphysics to focus on the study of perceptions, he defends a position concerning the relationship between mind and matter. However, this position is rather complex to reconstruct since it is not explicitly stated in the texts edited during Hume’s life. I propose to define it as a restricted materialism since, regarding the nature of mind, Hume discards both the materialist and the immaterialist positions; although concerning the causes of thought he comes close to materialist positions by using arguments based on experience and the analogy with nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“On Four Immanent Ontologies in Gilles Deleuze at the Crosspoint between The Movement Image and Difference and Repetition”. By serially arranging Difference and Repetition (1968) and The Movement Image (1983) this paper sketches four trails in Gilles Deleuze’s divergent ontology, showing how each of the montage schools of classical cinema implies a determinate inversion in relation to four facets of the philosophical tradition represented by Hume, Spinoza, Hegel and Descartes. The taxonomy of the cinema studies opens clear paths in Deleuze’s obscure ontology. The book of 1968 reveals the philosophical load implicit in the cinematographic developments; at the same time, it shows the divergencies and incompatibilities that growl under the apparent neatness of the classification of cinematographic images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under internal armed conflicts there is a group of social actors whose performing behaviors do not correspond to neither of the sides in conflict. These actors are neither civil population trapped at the middle of violence nor those compromised with any of the sides. It is state officials charged to accomplish administrative tasks, for example those assigned to education on disputed territories. This paper seeks to explore the notion of silent social actor in terms of its behavior and to draw the attention of the international community concerned about the silent actor on conflicts. This research is focused on a public university in Ayacucho, Peru, during the internal armed conflict (1980-2000) at the end of the last century. The research uses a methodology for studying memory of witnesses of this period and the reflexivity approach in Anthropology. This work proposes using the category of silent social actor characterized by the exercise of a restricted agency but subject to constant pressure from the contenders faced in the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies on anthropogonic myths and on the origins of patriarchy agree in pointing out that the myth of Adam and Eve is one of the most influential in shaping the identity and destiny of women in Western civilization. This paper analyzes a corpus of literary works from the 20th and 21st century written by Spanish and Latin American women writers that offer a female vision of the myth. By transferring the voice to Eve, they rewrite the plot and redefine the characters. The article focuses on the analysis of two of the modifications that these works, manifestly hypertextual, introduce with respect to the hypotext: Eve's perspective and voice, and the transformation of the story of the creation of the primordial couple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to analyze the anglicisms found in the fashion magazine La Moda Elegante (1860-1927). To do so, these words were extracted, and categorized according to their thematic areas, formal typology, frequency of use and first appearance. Previous editions of the dictionaries of the Royal Spanish Academy and the current edition of the Diccionario de la Lengua were consulted. Eighty-eight anglicisms related to fashion, social chronicles, sports and other topics were identified. They were mostly nonadapted and infrequent voices. A high percentage of these anglicisms were included in the dictionaries, and most of them are still valid in the current edition. These data show that they were novel concepts related to new realities which have been incorporated into our language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the linguistics column that Juan B. Selva published in the pedagogical journal La Obra between 1923 and 1927, with the aim of examining both the criteria of authority regarding linguistic knowledge, as well as the ideological assessments and attitudes expressed by the author in relation to the linguistic phenomena he describes. The analysis of the column (which was published in a context in which Argentina was witnessing the institutionalization of linguistics and the expansion of debates on language in the press) allows us to corroborate the centrality of normative issues, a characteristic feature of the genre. However, it also reveals the emergence of a discourse that rejects prescriptive positions and, instead, seeks scientific explanations for the linguistic phenomena it records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the social and stylistic variation in the speech prosody of the Spanish of Mérida, Yucatán. Assertive utterances from sociolinguistic interviews and discourse completion tasks are analyzed considering the social variables of age, gender and educational level. The prosodic analysis is carried out within the Autosegmental Metrical model (Pierrehumbert 1980, Ladd 2008) and with the Sp_ToBI labeling conventions (Hualde & Prieto 2015). The results show that this variety of Spanish is characterized by a prominent descent starting from the first tonal peak, the early-peak alignment in some prenuclear positions, and the presence of some non-falling boundary tones. The social and stylistic variation suggests that the last two are features that indicate vernacularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an analysis of the segmental phonological system of Maleku (Guatuso) on the basis of previously published phonological and phonetic descriptions. It has a particular focus on the distinctive features that contrast the phonemes, since no other publication has addressed this topic in detail before. In the patrimonial consonantal system, a total equivalence is established between the values of the features [sonorant] and [voice] if the phoneme classified as a voiced palatal fricative is considered a "sonorant fricative". On the other hand, in the innovative system, which incorporates four phonemes borrowed from Spanish, the contrastivity of the feature [voice] is activated due to the introduction of voiced stop phonemes that contrast with the unvoiced stops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the new problems arisen after the recent judgement from the Spanish Constitutional Court ratifying revisable permanent prison. We need to bear in mind that Constitutional Law 1/2015 introduces permanent revisable prison for the very first time in the Spanish sentencing system. This sentence faced serious problems of constitutionality that were highlighted by a report made by a group of experts that would serve as a basis for the action of unconstitutionality presented in June the 30th 2015. It has taken six years for the Constitutional Court to solve this action in the sadly predictable sense to consider this penalty as constitutional; nevertheless, three dissenting votes pointed in the opposite direction. This decision has left an open door that certain political parties have decided to take and advantage of, in a punitive turn to extend this revisable permanent prison to new criminal situations. So, this work seeks to analyze the ramifications of this judgement, contributing to the reflection on permanent revisable prison and its escalation, so as the problems that it raises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

«Conformidad» is a very old institution in the Spanish criminal procedure system, since it dates back to the 19th century. In recent decades it has experienced a notable increase in its application as a negotiated criminal justice mechanism, as a result of several modifications in the Law of Criminal Procedure that have sought to introduce more space for negotiation in said figure and encourage its use. However, as an unwanted effect, such modifications have made the already convoluted regulation of said institute more complex, which makes it difficult to understand its physiognomy. This paper examines the current state of «conformidad» in the Spanish Criminal Procedure Law. Its scope of application, its requirements, its content, its processing and its effects are reviewed in the ordinary procedure, in the abbreviated procedure and in the fast procedure. A critical analysis of «conformidad» is also carried out from considerations made by the Spanish doctrine based on the complex normative reality and the not always consistent practice of the system, highlighting the fact that said institution generates certain risks for the accused, for the victim and for society. The work ends with some brief conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Rousseau's Philosophical-political Program: the Theoretical Link between the Discourse on the Origins and Foundations of the Inequality Among Mankind and the Social Contract". This paper presents Rousseau's political and theoretical legacy through the interpretation of his Discourse on the Origins and Foundations of the Inequality Among Mankind and the Social Contract, understanding both as a sole argumentative and methodological unit in his work. In order to achieve this objective, the paper explores first the normative and anthropological considerations that mark the problem of Rousseau's political theory. From there, the main ideas of his notion of democracy will be presented. Finally, the paper concludes that Rousseau's democratic legacy is particularly useful as a form of critique in the hegemonic context of the current liberal and representative democracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores some ontological and political implications of the phenomenon of technical reproduction that takes place at the beginning of the 20th century. In philosophy of technology there is a basic agreement that social and political innovations cannot be understood independently from the emergence and use of certain technical means. Our objective in this work is to critically explore an aspect usually underestimated in this type of inquiry about technology: how inherently technical properties attached to certain new technical systems (for instance, reproduction systems) can actually favor some purposes and uses instead of others. With this objective, the paper reconstructs Walter Benjamin's perspective on the problem of reproducible copies and discusses Latour and Hennion's recent criticisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses data from the pioneering and the latest research in Serranópolis, Goiás, Brazil. It focuses on subjects such as landscape, mobility, territoriality, distribution of rock art sites, lithic material, anthropic action, and natural processes as elements that impact archaeological sites. The approach includes the hunter-gathering groups from the Itaparica (Paranaíba Phase) and Serranópolis (Serranópolis Phase) Traditions from Upper to Middle Holocene, which are characterized by their set of lithic artifacts. Therefore, some data resulting from research that took place between 2000 and 2020 by several researches were included in the previous study from 1980 to 2000 by Schmitz and his crew. The key element is the landscape analysed within a multidsciplinary approach through the Landscape Archaeology. This paper emphasizes some subjects that must be reanalyzed through current techniques and sustains that new excavations need to take place with a special attention to the relation between the landscape and the data developed under a geoarqueological point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the characteristics of the adventure novel of ordeal, which Bakhtin identifies as one of the three essential types of novelistic unity. The exegesis of such chronotope reveals a pattern not unlike that which articulates a popular sub-genre of science fiction: space opera. Our conclusion is that both chronotopes are virtually identical except for a very relevant aspect, temporal reversibility, absent in space opera, because of a lesser protagonism of the event. This is the result of a heroic axiology that is more typical of the epic than of the novel, an aspect that is also analyzed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory of Intentionality". This paper deals with Duns Scotus's intentional Theory and poses the question on the presence of the intentional object, its modalities and how the identification is made, as a first level of knowledge. Throughout this paper, two forms of the presence are explained: on the one hand, through the sensible species and the image and, on the other hand, through the intelligible species. The aim is to determine up to which point the intelligible species can help to enhance the brilliance of the intentional object with the support of the a priori forms, the universals. The correspondence between the intentional object and the common nature leads to posing the question for the unity of the essence or common nature, in so far as the essence precedes the realisation of the intentional act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, article 52 of the Political Constitution of Peru of 1993, which regulates the ways in which Peruvian nationality is acquired and granted, was modified. With this amendment, will be considered Peruvians «by birth», among other cases, not only those persons born abroad of a Peruvian father or mother who are registered during their minority in the corresponding registry, but also those who, in that condition, are registered during their age of majority. This paper explains what should be understood by nationality; develops the role of domestic law and international law in the regulation of this human right, which is also necessary to be able to exercise some other rights; presents Peruvian constitutional regulation of nationality, detailing the amendment process of article 52 of the Constitution; to finally make a critical analysis of this reform. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that there is no justification for establishing differences between persons born abroad of a Peruvian father or mother who are registered during their minority in the corresponding registry, who acquire nationality «by birth», and those who, in that condition, are registered during their age of majority, who --before the amendment-- were granted nationality for exercising the «right of option», which did not allow them access to all constitutional rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial systems around the world have undergone considerable development. This paper analyzes the effect of financial development on economic growth. It replicates the estimation of Beck et al. (2000), one of the pioneering research papers in this field. Then, it tests the sensibility of the results by expanding the sample of countries (99) and the period (1961-2010). This study contributes to the literature by analyzing differentiated effects when a country's economic conditions are incorporated. The results show that the positive impact of financial development on economic growth found by Beck et al. (2000) becomes non-significant if financial crises and macroeconomic instability periods are taken into account. However, if income per capita level is considered, the impact becomes positive and significant in high-income countries and decreases in low-income per capita countries. This impact is influenced by each country's level of education, level of financial deepening, and average inflation rate over the last ten years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this paper is to present an actual case of a Peruvian SME which applied IFRS accounting standards – specifically, IAS 41 for consumable biological assets – to reflect its financial situation more accurately as an alternative to legal and tax regulations applying historical cost, which Peruvian SMEs more commonly use for the preparation of financial statements. Primary data were gathered through interviews and observation at the SME studied. This forestry-industry SME in question tried unsuccessfully to get financing from banks, even presenting complementary information regarding the calculation of biological asset values according to IAS 41. Failing this, it turned to seeking funding from private long-term investors, eventually succeding in obtaining long-term financing from a new strategic investor. The significance of this paper is that it presents evidence of the advantages for companies (specifically agriculture-related companies) that comply with IFRS in a country where historical cost-based tax rules are traditionally applied for accounting purposes. Other SMEs can similarly improve the likelihood of obtaining new capital from potential investors by complementing the information provided in financial statements with detailed data regarding fair value calculation of biological assets.

In this article we analyze the semantics of the "regional society", which has been established as a widely spread assumption to the conceptualization of the social specificity of Latin America. This semantics considers that geographical and spatial limits are significant for the delimitation of social realities. In this way, it allows us to distinguish between internal and external realities, recognizing their simultaneous value for understanding the social dynamics that unfold in the region. Indeed, it is possible to reconstruct the diversity of theorizations about Latin America as alternative ways in which the links between the internal and the external have been conceived. The paper seeks to develop these hypotheses, while advancing in the evaluation of the theoretical and empirical limits of the semantics. We conclude about the need to move towards a non-regionalist concept of society to approach Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the development of the notion of archaeological heritage in nineteenth-century Peru, within the historical and socio-political processes that led to its rise as a modern nation-State. Unlike the many studies locating the origins of the basic principles and praxis of heritage in the early twentieth-century’s intersection of Peruvian archaeology and nationalism, this study argues instead that this period marked a major landmark in the course of several processes that had begun in the nineteenth-century. Throughout the early years of the republic, heritage, here conceived as a social cons.truct and as a process, underwent a formative century from three different perspectives: nationalism, the modern scientific outlook, and the role of tutelary institutions. This study concludes identifying two major foundational moments of archaeological heritage in contexts of nationalist enthusiasm stirred by political and intellectual elites: the rise of the Peruvian State (1821-1824) and the aftermath of the War of the Pacific (1879-1884). The paper likewise acknowledges that the origins of heritage and its political nature cannot be understood outside processes closely connected with modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultural continuum methodology was created in 2011 during archaeological and cultural management intervention in the Mateo Salado archaeological complex (Cercado de Lima). This methodology proposes that all activities evinced into a monument along the time have same value as life styles, connecting in this way pre-Columbian archaeology, historic archaeology, archaeology of the contemporaneity, and public archaeology. It challenges temporal criteria must be determinant because it privileges an epoch at the expense of other ones and trends to select events for a grandiloquent diffusion. Likewise, the cultural continuum allows addressing contemporary and controversial issues in a monument usually seen as only pre-Hispanic. For showing these features, this paper presents cultural continuum applications in investigation, conservation and restoration, and cultural management towards community in Mateo Salado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Enlightenment as a Challenge for Our Present: Some Notes on the Enlightenment in Germany". This paper develops a historiographic approach to the development of Enlightenment in Germany, considering its specific traits in comparison to England and France, as well as its different stages. I also present the typology of its main ideas developed by Norbert Hinske, and discuss the possible relevance and significance of these ideas for our current times, specially analysing the idea of a universal human reason and the vocation of human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Gnoseological Properties and Antecedents of Modern and Contemporary Gnosticism. A Critical Analysis based on Eric Voegelin's Thought". The gnostic presence denounced by Voegelin at the end of the last century --a presence which has seen its more faithful expression in contemporary ideologies-- has mutated into several manifestations denounced by contemporary thinkers, not only because of their immanent nature, but also due to their gnoseological inconsistency. Thus, this paper aims to offer a deeper study of the fundamental properties and characteristics of modern and contemporary Gnosticism, as well as of its gnoseological antecedents. In order to do this, I focus, first, on a critical analysis of the characteristics of gnostic thought, taking mainly Vogelin's ideas as a starting point. After this I analyse the antecedents of gnostic thought in the theological reflections of Joachim of Fiore and the nominalism of William of Ockham. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Echeverría and Unamuno, Baroque and Antagonism. An Articulation of the Baroque Ethos and the Tragic Ethos". This paper seeks to sketch a possible articulation of the tragic ethos and the baroque ethos. The starting point is Echeverría's hypothesis concerning the baroque character of Unamuno's Quijote. I argue that such a baroque ethos --an attitude, a behaviour, and a vital strategy-- as defined by the Ecuadorian philosopher, goes beyond Unamuno's Quijote, and is linked to the tragic ethos of Unamuno's agonism. I follow Saéz Rueda's hypothesis that, on the one side, Unamuno's agonism is closely related to the baroque attitude and, on the other side, that there are at least two unifying bonds between the Baroque and the tragic. I propose that it is possible to add two more bonds. The first one has to do with the understanding of action shared by Echevarría and Unamuno, the choice of a third that cannot be. The second bond considers that such a community of attitude, of ethos, between the tragic and the Baroque can be established from the moral pedagogic function of the tragic and baroque works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Animality's Problematic Place in Ortega's Philosophy". This paper discusses a problem of great actuality in contemporary philosophy: the understanding of animal being and its relationship with human being. It analyses, specifically, the way in which this problem is addressed by the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset, one of the first authors who deals with this issue as a specific and recurring theme in the context of his own thought. I show how Ortega arrives to this problem, which intellectual influences are behind his approach to the cluster of difficulties around the animal, and what place does this issue have in the context of Ortega's general philosophical proposal. As a conclusion, I suggest that Ortega's thought --as it is the case with many of the most relevant authors of the 20th Century-- is marked by his considerations on animals; and that his ideas could still be fruitful when studying important problems concerning the status and the significance of the animal condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orchard is the place where a colossal diversity of food, medicinal plants, condiment, flowers, and wood are cultivated. Based on the orographic conditions, climates, and cultural dynamics of each region, related, farming knowledge is objectified. This paper analyzes the orchard territorial scale in Figueroa, Cauca, social scenario in which agricultural praxis is carried out, which articulates conservation and resistance practices, carried out day-to-day. The method of research is ethnographic, based on the role of ethnographer as assistant-companion in the orchard, and the use of techniques such as participant observation, direct interviews, and ethnographic interviews. Based on the field work, the orchard is identified as a biodiverse place, where there is a complex network of actions and thoughts, whose core axis is the defense of nature and territory, that is, life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss the formation of identities in the Ancash region based on a Narrative Inquiry of two families living in the city of Huaraz, the parents are Hirka and Quyllur. Both have faced the same external influences but have opted for different identity constructions. Narrative inquiry employs three dimensions: interaction, continuity, and situation. The data analysis was based on the composition of meanings and the interpretative perspective of the experiences that consist of organizing meanings based on the data and a reflective process by the researcher, and the presentation of the advances to a support group to discuss, review and adjustment of the obtained data. From the analysis of the experiences, we can conclude that Hirka represents cultural resistance and Quyllur cultural assimilation. The first considers that their cultural practices have been inherited from their ancestors; on the other hand, Quyllur does not have this intergenerational awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]