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This paper aims to discuss the formation of identities in the Ancash region based on a Narrative Inquiry of two families living in the city of Huaraz, the parents are Hirka and Quyllur. Both have faced the same external influences but have opted for different identity constructions. Narrative inquiry employs three dimensions: interaction, continuity, and situation. The data analysis was based on the composition of meanings and the interpretative perspective of the experiences that consist of organizing meanings based on the data and a reflective process by the researcher, and the presentation of the advances to a support group to discuss, review and adjustment of the obtained data. From the analysis of the experiences, we can conclude that Hirka represents cultural resistance and Quyllur cultural assimilation. The first considers that their cultural practices have been inherited from their ancestors; on the other hand, Quyllur does not have this intergenerational awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Fragility of the Future: Phenomenology of the Old-age". The central thesis of this paper is that old-age is not confused with illness, and its distinction is rooted in the temporal dimension of the living body. The body's time is an ingredient of the self-consciousness (selfconstitutive) in the horizon of the possibilities and potentialities of the ego, which in old-age appear under a fragile and worn condition. I present this thesis in three main parts: first, I try to distinguish the dimensions of time of nature and subjective time. In these distinctions old age is clarified, with respect to the time of nature, as the phase of normal fulfillment or of the broadest and unitary development of the body as a living thing. In the second part I define the fragility of the future as the structural specificity of the time horizon of old-age. Finally, in the third part I explore how this temporal condition determines the self-consciousness (self-constitution) and the signification (historization) of its own body in old-age. The methodological frame of this investigation is taken from the Husserlian analysis of constitution in Ideas II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the terminology with which Indian people was identified, through a selection of sources for the knowledge of Indian law, amongst them legislation, documents relating to the implementation of law, memorials and reports submitted to the Spanish king. These are concepts loaded with legal significance, often with pejorative connotations that undervalued the capacities and competences of the Indigenous population. The limitation of rights, and in particular privileges and exemptions reserved to the Spaniards, could have its cause in this fact. The importance of the assignment of certain adjectives and names constantly in the genesis of the Indian citizen's imaginary is evidenced in the process of building an American policy and, especially, in the Spanish constitutional process in the early nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute, on the one hand, to the discussion of the homogeneous image that is constructed regarding who we are, indigenous students; and on the other, to the knowledge of the challenges that we, indigenous youth, face in academic programs. I present the formative experiences of young men and women from different indigenous groups who attended the Indigenous Education Program at the National Pedagogical University - Ajusco Unit in Mexico city. I use interviews with graduates from the 2007-2011 cohort -of which I was part- to discuss what it means to be an indigenous student at the university, what their main problems and expectations are through their training, how they are seen in their communities of origin after becoming professionals, and if their access to the university caused loss of cultural identity. Methodologically, this research was carried out in the frame of collaborative work or dialogical research. Being part of this generation helped me to have the dialogues addressing the issues mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will argue that one of rigidity's central problems in general terms for natural kinds, is consequence of not distinguishing between de jure rigid terms and de facto rigid terms on these cases. The paper claims that necessary identity sentences defended by Kripke in Naming and Necessity consider the term's occurrence to designate a same kind (kinds which share the transworld relation of being one same kind) through two rigidity terms, a de jure one, and a de facto one. This allows to explain the problems that arise from the notion of rigidity in the case of general terms for natural kinds, since it maintains the causal connection requirements, while at the same time it enunciates the identity criterion between these kinds, through the essential property(ies) of the abovementioned kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will argue that one of rigidity's central problems in general terms for natural kinds, is consequence of not distinguishing between de jure rigid terms and de facto rigid terms on these cases. The paper claims that necessary identity sentences defended by Kripke in Naming and Necessity consider the term's occurrence to designate a same kind (kinds which share the transworld relation of being one same kind) through two rigidity terms, a de jure one, and a de facto one. This allows to explain the problems that arise from the notion of rigidity in the case of general terms for natural kinds, since it maintains the causal connection requirements, while at the same time it enunciates the identity criterion between these kinds, through the essential property(ies) of the abovementioned kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Peruvian government enacted a new law granting consultation rights to indigenous peoples as a mechanism to enhance social inclusion in the country. The law generated debates about the criteria to identify indigenous population in the Andean region. Why does this law have problems granting consultation rights to Andean people? This paper aims to answer the question by reviewing historically the different Andean identities and analyzing the current international debate on indigenity. Our main argument is that the government in trying to apply the law is structuring a restrictive model that is hardly able to grasp the complexity and dynamism of Andean identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central idea of this paper is to make a critical review of the gaucho archetype analyzed from his corporality and identity. Corporality that recreates during a particular territoriality: the pilgrimage on horseback to the Our Lady Basilica at Lujan, Argentina. The purpose of this reviewing is the search of empirical connections among the diverse social objects, the traditionalist displacement and the religious practice, where corporality becomes substantial as catalyzer of those subjacent differentiations, non-viewed, under an apparent homogeneity. From there, it looks to break up the ingenuous vision of a unique and universal model of being gaucho, pilgrim and Argentine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the principal purposes of Q'eros music is to actively regenerate and re-create good relationships with the cosmos and the spirit world they believe in. In this paper, I explore how both the Q'eros' indigenous songs as well as their newly-adopted music and dance for Peru's largest pilgrimage, Qoyllurit'i, achieve efficacy of purpose through similar techniques of sound production and aesthetics. Even though the specific musical traits (structure, scale, and instrumentation) of both musical styles are significantly different, I address how Q'eros' musical production of both types share the same focus and serve the same end-goals, whether the ritual is an intimate one within the community or shared with thousands of other people from the greater region. In addition, the performance of both styles of music serve as specific identity markers for the Q'eros depending on their contextual use and the identity desired at the time. In other words, the Q'eros' musical choices allow them to shift identities between traditional Q'eros in their home community and misti (mestizo) in Qoyllurit'i. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These final reflections stress the relevance of this substantial collection of papers presented in both volumes of the Boletín. Monumental architecture is particularly important with early beginnings, long construction sequences, and, as such, testimony of local histories, identities and memories. It transmits cosmological and cosmogonic ideas as ceremonial centers and organizes the landscape, and thus can be defined as central places in en economic, political and social sense. As such, it is of major relevance to the establishment of interaction spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

«Place» is a word that have many applications and meanings in the daily talking. This has given way to different conceptual interpretations that may confuse to some geographers, especially those too close to social sciences. There are already some anthropological opinions in the sense that in opposition to places that reflect some identity to their users, there are the «non-places»; that is sites where people may transit without any feeling of their existence. Such are the cases of modern shopping centers, express highways, airports, etc. The argument in this paper is that those sites are in some way stable in time and their permanence makes them part of a local landscape. In this sense, these artifacts become part of the landscape and are adopted by local people as part of their goods that develop some identity feelings alike the ones for places. This is shown when comparing with other places that have some similar spatial arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although not all of the papers in the two Boletín volumes focus explicitly on the themes of the V Symposium, Lima 2006 --emerging order, power, and identity-- several concluding trends can be drawn and discussed across South America and beyond. The attempt is to point out tendencies that cut across different regional and international contexts in order to understand the wider setting of this emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]