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This work summarizes data obtained in experiments in which we studied the effectiveness of syngeneic multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MMSC) of adipose tissue in treating severe radiation skin lesions. Experiments were performed on rats of the Wistar–Kyoto inbred line, which were subjected to local X-ray irradiation in the back area in a dose of 110 Gy (30 kV tube voltage, amperage 6.1 mA, filter 0.1 mm Al) at a dose rate of 17.3–20.0 Gy/min. Local exposure led to the development of severe nonhealing (for up to 3.5 months) radiation skin ulcers. MMSCs were injected subcutaneously around the injured zone at various time intervals after exposure: in the early period prior to ulcer formation, in the period of the formed ulcer, and the period of active regeneration of injured tissue. Both single and double cell transplantations were performed. It is shown that only the double injection of MMSCs (with an interval of one week between injections) stimulates the regenerative processes and accelerates healing of the radiation ulcer. The therapeutic effect is more pronounced under conditions of double MMSC injection in the period when the radiation ulcer is already formed and regenerative processes in the affected skin are activated.