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The study was performed for miscanthus introduced and grown in West Siberia. Transformation of miscanthus into bacterial nanocellulose was accomplished for the first time. The microbiological synthesis of bacterial nanocellulose using the Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12 symbiotic culture gave chemically pure bacterial nanocellulose with exceptionally high crystallinity index and content of Iα allomorph.

The compositions of alumoboro- and alumochromophosphate with a tetratomic alcohol, pentaerythritol, which is the component forming hydrogen and chemical bonds with the phosphate groups, are considered. The extremum dependence of the softening point on the concentration of pentaerythritol accompanied by a symbatic change in the moisture resistance is found. The heat and thermal resistance, oxygen index of the cured compositions, and bending strength of the composites reinforced by a basalt fabric are measured. The energy of the intermolecular bonds of the monomeric phosphate units with pentaerythritol is calculated, and computer modeling of the conformation of the complexes is performed. The higher chemical activity of alumochromophosphate in comparison with alumoborophosphate is determined.

The interaction energies of fragments of aluminoborophosphate chains with water molecules and nitrogen-containing compounds are calculated using a density functional theory (DFT). The conformational changes of monomer units of aluminophosphate and molecular complexes during the formation of hydrogen bonds are analyzed. The complexation of aluminoborophosphate with various nitrogen-containing compounds, which leads to the displacement of water from the chain surface, is considered, and the thermal effects of complex formation are calculated. The moisture absorption of mixtures of oligomeric aluminoborophosphate with amines was measured upon various ratios of components.

The reactions of oligomeric aluminoborophosphates with hexamethylenediamine and pentylamine are studied, as are the properties of the obtained products which are polycomplexes with the participation of hydrogen bonds, which is confirmed by the results of quantum chemical calculations. The changes in the relaxation properties of the polycomplexes are determined by the softening and flow temperatures measured by thermomechanical analysis. It is shown that the modification of polyphosphates by primary amines under mild conditions leads to an increase in the water resistance of the obtained polycomplexes.

The possibility of synthesizing and processing incombustible materials based on oligomer and polymer oxides and their hybrids with organic and organoelement compounds at temperatures of 20–200°C is explored. Inorganic thermosetting plastics with a wide range of pour points (100–700°C) are synthesized. A more intense heat treatment can provide the formation of fireproof materials. Cast polymer–polymer blends of inorganic/organic polymers prepared by melt blending are studied. Possible areas of application of reinforced materials based on inorganic and hybrid impregnation composites are determined.

Bacterial nanocellulose, which was produced by Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12 cultured in enzymatic hydrolysates of Miscanthus, was studied by X-ray diffraction. The characteristics of the supramolecular structure of the crystalline component of cellulose samples, such as the degree of crystallinity and the size and shape of elementary fibrils, were determined. The atomic structure was compared with the known structural models of cellulose, and the synthesized bacterial nanocellulose was shown to be cellulose Iα. The lengths and angles of the triclinic unit cell were determined. The composition of the culture medium made from enzymatic hydrolysates of Miscanthus was found to have an effect on the shape and size of elementary fibrils and have no effect on the degree of crystallinity and the fraction of cellulose allomorph Іα. The use of Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12 as the producing organism allows the preparation of bacterial nanocellulose with a high degree of crystallinity in the range of 86–93% containing cellulose allomorph Іα as the major component.

Cellulose nitrates corresponding in the basic properties to high-viscosity lacquer-grade colloxylin were prepared by esterification of cellulose pulp, isolated from domestic rapidly renewable feedstock—agroindustrial waste—oat hulls, or cotton cellulose with a sulfuric and nitric acid mixture. The experimental samples of cellulose nitrates were comparatively evaluated. The IR and 13С NMR spectroscopy data confirmed the identity of chemical structure. High chemical purity of samples was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and ampule chromatography procedure. The cellulose nitrate samples have satisfactory mechanical sensitivity level: the lower limit of impact sensitivity is 50 mm and that of friction sensitivity is 1200 kgf/cm2; they have good chemical compatibility and high chemical stability when blended with plasticizers. The obtained results attest to expediency of using cellulose nitrates from oat hulls as a component of explosive compositions.

The results of remote detection of objects containing explosives with a lidar detector of traces of explosives in combination with a portable express gas chromatograph are presented. It is shown that the lidar detector of traces of explosives confidently detects the simulators of TNT, hexogen, and PETN from a distance of 5 m when sounding the surface of a sample. Laser action on the sample surface causes desorption of vapors, which are reliably detected by the gas chromatograph. It is shown that the joint use of the laser sounding and gas chromatography techniques makes it possible to increase the reliability of detection of explosives. The prospects of using the gas chromatography in the development of laser sounding techniques are determined.

Products are obtained from interaction between oligomeric aluminoborophosphate (ABP) and aniline, both complexes based on hydrogen bonds, as confirmed with IR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Nitrogen and hydrogen atoms of an amino group in aniline form hydrogen bonds with hydrogen and oxygen atoms of a phosphate group in ABP, respectively, with a total energy of 14.2 kcal/mol. Aniline, when added to ABP surrounded with a shell of water molecules, displaces two water molecules from the surface of the chain. The energy gain is 9.1 kcal/mol. IR spectroscopy data show that there are strong donor-acceptor interactions between water molecules and aluminum and phosphorus atoms of ABP in the solid-state polycomplex sample. The thermoplastic oligomeric complexes leads to an increase in the softening temperature and fluidity with an increase in an amount of aniline. This means that polyoxide inorganic polymer (metal phosphate) is possible to be modified with a monofunctional amine under “mild” conditions. We showed that the water resistance of the polycomplex is greater than that of ABP.

The effect of culture conditions on the bacterial cellulose (BC) yield synthesized by symbiotic culture Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12 grown in synthetic nutrient medium was studied for the first time. The conditions providing the maximum yield of bacterial cellulose were evaluated: the initial glucose concentration in the culture medium was 20–25 g/L, the temperature was 24–27°C, the ratio of the nutrient medium to the air volume was 1: 10, and the content of the black tea extracts comprised 1.6–4.8 g/L. A sample of chemically pure BC with the following characteristics was obtained under the selected culture conditions: moisture— 99.0%, degree of polymerization—4800, average width of microfibrillar ribbons—30.6 nm, degree of crystallinity— 86%, and the content of triclinic modification Iα—98%.

The possibility of forming supramolecular structures of a polymer complex consisting of products of polycondensation of boric acid and imidazole from aqueous solutions and melts of the components is shown. Depending on the ratio of the components, the heat resistance of the polymer complex lies within 60 and 480°C. The effect of sharp decrease in the heat resistance of the complex and the degree of polycondensation of boric acid upon a slight increase in the imidazole concentration above the stoichiometric ratio is revealed, which was explained by the “blocking” of hydroxyl groups by imidazole molecules and, correspondingly, by a significant decrease in their chemical activity. The energies of the intermolecular bonds in the complexes are calculated.

The full cycle of bioethanol production from pretreated oat hulls is scaled for a pilot plant. The one-stage pretreatment of oat hulls with a dilute nitric acid at atmospheric pressure is scaled for a 250-L reactor. The total amount of hydrolysable polysaccharides in the resulting substrate is 87.2%. Using the commercially available enzyme preparations CelloLux-A and BrewZyme BGX and the industrial strain BKPM Y-1693 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, the process of enzymatic hydrolysis and alcoholic fermentation is successfully scaled for a 63-L reactor. The scaling factor is 1: 400. Bioethanol is obtained with a high yield of 17.9 daL/t. After rectification, the test sample of bioethanol meets the standards for high-purity alcohol from food raw materials according to the mass concentration of aldehydes, esters, and by the content of methanol.

An extreme dependence of the softening temperature of polycomplexes of p-phenylenediamine and low-molecular-weight polycondensation products of boric acid on the ratio thereof is revealed. The stoichiometric ratio of the BA/p-PDA complex is 75/25 wt %, which corresponds to a molar ratio of BA trimer/p-PDA = 1: 1. At a higher content of the amine, the softening temperature of the polycomplex decreases sharply, from 250 to 60°C, which is explained by the complexation of boric acid with the amine, a factor that prevents its dehydration. The energies of the intermolecular interaction between the components of the complex in a vacuum are calculated, and quantum-chemical calculations of the energy of interaction between the components of the complex are performed. The resulting products exhibit paramagnetic and fluorescent properties.

The photodissociation process of the nitrosyl hematoporphyrin complex has been studied using quantum-chemical methods. Photolysis of hematoporphyrin complexes is of high biological usefulness and is widely employed in laser-therapy methods. However, the mechanism of photodissociation of these complexes is not entirely clear. Based on the computations, we propose a detailed mechanism for the photolysis of the nitrosyl hematoporphyrin complex. A transition “dissociative” excited state has been described, which has an energy barrier value of only 0.4 eV for NO dissociation.

The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials (LCMs) from miscanthus and oat husks (OH) in an aqueous medium and the subsequent production of ethanol are studied. LCMs are obtained at a pilot plant of the Institute of Problems of Chemical and Energy Technologies by means of one-stage nitric acid treatment. Enzymatic hydrolysis is conducted in an aqueous medium with a high initial concentration of phosphates (90 g/L) using freely available CelloLux-A and BrewZyme BGX industrial enzymatic preparations. The yields of reducing compounds are found to be 65.4 and 73.3% for miscanthus and oat husk LCM, respectively. The composition of monosaccharides (products of enzymatic LCM destruction) is studied for the first time. It is shown that glucose comprises the largest share of monosaccharides. Ethanol is produced from LCM for the first time. Ethanol yields per metric ton of raw material are 19.4 and 16.2 daL/t for miscanthus biomass and OH, respectively. Ethanol samples are characterized by low methanol contents (0.002 to 0.005 vol %).

The kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of two substrates—lignocellulosic materials from Miscanthus and oat hulls—in an acetate buffer is studied at different concentrations of the substrates. The substrates are obtained via single-step treatment with a dilute solution of nitric acid. The content of a nonhydrolyzable component—acid-insoluble lignin—for Miscanthus and oat hulls was 11 and 14%, respectively. A multi-enzyme composition of commercially available enzyme preparations CelloLux-A and BrewZyme BGX was used as a catalyst. It is shown that treatment with the nitric acid solution produces reactive substrates for the enzymatic hydrolysis. The innovative science of the results is confirmed by Russian patent 2533921. Kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of these substrates in an acetate buffer can be described by a mathematical model based on a modified Michaelis–Menten equation. The main kinetic constants for both substrates are determined from the experimental data. The equilibrium concentrations of reducing substances (RSes) for the substrates are calculated from the initial substrate concentrations. It is found that within the studied range of substrate concentrations (33.3–120.0 g/L), the initial rate of enzymatic hydrolysis for the lignocellulosic material from oat hulls is higher than that for the lignocellulosic material from Miscanthus by 1 g/(L h). It is shown that the yield of RS depends of the initial concentration of the substrates: as the concentration rises from 33.3 to 120 g/L, the yield of RS falls 1.5–2.0 times, due to substrate inhibition. At low initial concentrations, the yields of RS are similar for the substrates from Miscanthus and oat hulls. When the initial concentration of the substrate reaches 120 g/L, the yield of reducing substances for the lignocellulosic material from Miscanthus is approximately 20% higher than that for the lignocellulosic material from oat hulls. The established dependences and the proposed mathematical model allow us to optimize the initial concentration of the substrate for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis.

The enzymatic hydrolysis of celluloses obtained via the refinement of fibrous products after the hydro-thermobaric processing (with an explosion) of two types of feedstocks (Miscanthus and oat hulls) in a high-pressure reactor is studied. A multi-enzyme composition of such enzyme preparations as CelloLux-A, BrewZyme BGX, and Rapidase CR, is used as a catalyst. The celluloses obtained by refining fibrous products from the mentioned feedstocks at a pressure of 1.5 MPa are found to have close reactivities: the yield of reducing substances (RS) was 81% (relative to the substrate weight) and 87–91% (relative to the weight of hydrolyzable compounds). When the pressure of the hydro-thermobaric treatment processing of the feedstocks (Miscanthus) is raised from 1.5 to 2.5 MPa, the fermentability of celluloses diminishes: the RS yield was 53–57% (relative to the substrate weight) or 56–60% (relative to the weight of hydrolyzable compounds). The universality of the hydro-thermobaric processing of different non-wood feedstocks for the subsequent successive fermentolysis of substrates into RS solutions that predominantly contain cellulose is shown. The obtained glucose hydrolyzates are high-quality feedstocks for the biosynthesis not only of fuel alcohols, but also a wide spectrum of such microbiosynthesis products as aminoacids, organic acids, bacterial cellulose jelly films, and protein-vitamin concentrates.

The purpose of this work was to study the enzymatic hydrolysis of the fibrous products obtained by the hydro-thermobaric processing (with an explosion) of two types of raw materials, Miscanthus and oat hulls, in a high-pressure reactor. Multi-enzyme composition of the enzyme preparations, such as BrewZyme BGX, CelloLux-A, and Rapidase CR was used as a catalyst. It was found that the fibrous products from oat hulls exhibit the higher reactivity to fermentation as compared to Miscanthus; hydrolysis of the oat hulls processing product in a high-pressure reactor leads to the maximum yield of reducing substances, 68% (relative to the substrate weight) or 95% (relative to the weight of hydrolyzed components) with the predominance of glucose hydrolyzate. In the case of the Miscanthus processing product obtained under the same conditions, the yield of reducing substances was 44% (relative to the substrate weight) or 56% (relative to the weight of hydrolyzed components). The mass fraction of hemicelluloses in the processing products decreased to 0.4% with increasing pressure in hydro-thermobaric processing of Miscanthus; the reactivity of the products to fermentation decreased, the yield of reducing substances was 37% (relative to the substrate weight) or 55% (relative to the weight of hydrolyzed components).

A number of problems related to the utilization of nanosize aluminum powders as a combustible component of perspective compositions of high-energy materials is considered. The technology of producing nanopowders using the technique of conductor electrical explosion and the method of dispersed powder composition analysis are shown. The results of experimental studies of conductive and radiant ignition of model propellant compositions containing aluminum nanopowder, as well as the results of investigating the rate of stationary and non-stationary combustion of the given systems, are given. The results of an investigation of the ignition and combustion of ecologically safe propellant systems based on a dual oxidant (ammonium perchlorate and ammonium nitrate, which partially replaces it) containing aluminum nanopowder are demonstrated.

A new catalyst was developed for the synthesis of 2-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole: copper triflate Cu(OSO2CF3)2. The process of cyclization of glyoxal phenylosazone in the presence of Cu(OSO2CF3)2 was optimized that made it possible to increase the yield of the target product to 82%.