Search

China's rapid growth in recent decades can be attributed in large part to the emergence of a vibrant private sector, which now accounts for around three quarters of the economy. Despite government pronouncements in support of private small businesses, public policy and institutions to support private sector development have been slow to emerge and address their needs. However, many privately owned enterprises are in need of assistance, affected by internal capability constraints such as a lack of management and leadership skills and by an external environment that still privileges state-owned enterprises. Although policy makers may have had other policy priorities in the past, and private enterprises have been able to survive and grow without inputs of professional advice and support, we argue that in the future small and medium-sized enterprises in China will require appropriate and effective business support to continue to grow. In this context we consider two interventions designed to build institutional capacity to provide business support at a local level and the barriers to be overcome if an effective framework for state promotion of privately owned small businesses is to be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyse the role of government in relation to the development of entrepreneurship in countries where private business activity was illegal until the beginning of the 1990s. By focusing on Estonia and Belarus we are concerned with countries with an ostensibly similar political heritage, yet with contrasting experiences during the post-Soviet period. Various authors have argued the need for entrepreneurship research to acknowledge the heterogeneity of environmental conditions, outcomes, and behaviours that exist with respect to entrepreneurship. Government policies and actions are a key element contributing to the heterogeneity of external conditions in which entrepreneurship occurs and are thus part of social embeddedness. The findings have implications for policy makers in transition and developing countries by emphasising the variety of ways in which the state can influence the nature and pace of private business development and the central role of institutional behaviour in this process. The findings also have implications for researchers interested in extending analysis of entrepreneurship into a wide range of business environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with small business development in rural areas and the policy approaches currently being used to support them. The key question underlying the paper is the extent to which small businesses located in rural areas have distinctive support needs, associated with the characteristics of rural businesses themselves or their owners, and/or the characteristics of the external operating environment for business in rural areas. A related question concerns the possible influence of enterprise characteristics and the characteristics of rural areas on how the business support needs of rural businesses are best addressed. The study comprised a desk-based review of existing literature relevant to the support needs of rural enterprises and/or the means of addressing them. It also included primary research on policy initiatives and programmes concerned with enterprise development in rural areas. Telephone interviews were conducted in 2001 with representatives of Business Links with catchments that included rural areas, as well as other key agencies (for example, the Countryside Agency). In addition, twenty-four case studies were completed of rural policy initiatives, based on face-to-face interviews. Following a brief review of key literature, an overview of the policies currently being operated by Business Link is described, based on the survey. This is followed by an identification of good-practice principles of rural business support, based on an analysis of the case-study support initiatives. The paper concludes by identifying the implications of the analysis for future enterprise support policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we are concerned with the nature and extent of product and process innovation and adoption of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in manufacturing plants and SMEs. The paper is based on extensive postal surveys conducted in southeast (SE) England, Northern Ireland (NI), and the Republic of Ireland (RoI) with a harmonised survey instrument. We confirm the findings of a number of previous studies by demonstrating a positive association between product and process innovation and business performance. Data collected from all three surveys show that sales growth, employment growth, and profit margins were higher for innovators than growth, for noninnovators. It also appears that although foreign-owned plants show a higher propensity for innovation than indigenously owned plants, the latter grew faster than their foreign owned counterparts in all three regions. This suggests that a targeting strategy focused on innovative, indigenously owned SMEs may be particularly rewarding. With regard to the nature and extent of the use of ICT and electronic business (e-business), the survey found a higher level of adoption of nearly all ICT facilities in SE England compared with the levels in NI and the RoI. Differences in ICT capability between the regions are greatest in the case of smaller plants, with the adoption of various ICT facilities being particularly favoured amongst the smallest plants in SE England, most of which are indigenously owned. However, there is evidence to suggest that the technology may be underutilised in each region, possibly reflecting a lack of in-house knowledge and resources in some applications and external barriers in others. SE England was found to have the highest proportion of plants engaged in some R&D compared with the two Irish regions, particularly NI. Unsurprisingly, there is a tendency for the propensity of a firm to be engaged in R&D to increase with firm size. The surveys also underlined sectoral... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the importance of high-growth start-up program in small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) policy in Great Britain. Improvement on the management of the business; Assessment on the financial needs of the business; Opinion of the businessmen on the start-up program.

Focuses on the business policy of ethnic minority in Great Britain. Assessment on the business-led organizations; Improvement on the quality of smaller firms; Demands of the regulation.

Poland's membership of the EU will involve economic integration across a variety of fields, with important potential implications for the external environment in which business is conducted in Poland. These implications stem first from the need to adapt Polish legislation, regulatory systems, and methods of certification and standards to EU requirements; and, second, from the continuing process of transforming the Polish economy into a market-based system. Although integration processes have important potential implications for Polish firms of all sizes, it can be argued that there are size-related characteristics of SMEs that can affect their ability to cope with potential threats and respond to new opportunities presented. The paper draws on two studies commissioned by the Polish SME Foundation, in which the authors were involved. The first was concerned with a comparison of the conditions for SME development in Poland with those in EU member states; the second specifically with the implications of accession for Polish SMEs. In this context, the paper considers three key questions: (1) What are the main sources of threat and opportunity for Polish SMEs, arising out of EU membership? (2) What are the main implications for Polish and EU policymakers? (3) To what extent are the implications of Poland's accession to the EU similar to or different from the issues faced by SMEs in the United Kingdom at the time of Single Market completion? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors investigate the relative roles of a number of influences on workplace health and safety in small firms and, more specifically, the adoption of compliance-related improvement measures. From findings drawn from a survey of over a thousand British small enterprises, marked variations in firm behaviour with respect to health and safety were found, underlining the heterogeneity of small firms in this respect, and the way such behaviour reflects their varied contexts. Factors identified as being particularly associated with a propensity to make compliance-related improvements were: regulatory enforcement activity, use of external assistance with respect to health and safety issues, enterprise size and growth performance, management training and experience, and membership of trade or business associations. Although, as a group, ethnic-minority businesses were found to be neither more or less likely to make improvements of this type compared with their white-owned counterparts, detailed analysis revealed that such variations did exist between individual ethnic groupings; variations that are themselves seen to reflect a number of factors, particularly the employment size and sectoral context. Primarily the authors conclude that inspections on the part of regulatory officials are the most important influence, although there is some scope for more innovative approaches to encouraging compliance-related improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors examine the provision of enterprise support to ethnic minority businesses (EMBs) in five cities in the United Kingdom. The central focus is on the nature of support provision, including relationship with the commercial banks. It is well established that EMBs are underrepresented as clients of mainstream providers of enterprise support, such as Business Links in England, or Local Enterprise Companies in Scotland, and that participation and practice, even with specialist ethnic agencies, is highly variable. The authors discuss evidence from research undertaken through a programme of thirty-three face-to-face interviews with respondents from a cross-section of support agencies in five city locations in which EMBs are concentrated, namely, London, Leicester, Birmingham, Glasgow, and Edinburgh. They discuss evidence from the face-to-face interviews in the light of previous research findings, developing implications for future support policy for EMBs. They highlight good practice, identify gaps in provision, and suggest policies which can improve the access of EMBs to support and finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]