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Five new orchid species from southwestern China’s Yunnan Province and the Tibetan Autonomous Region, Neottia lihengiae, Neottia chawalongensis, Papilionanthe motuoensis, Gastrochilus lihengiae, and Gastrochilus bernhardtianus, are described and illustrated. To confirm their identities, and to resolve phylogenetic relationships, we sequenced the complete plastomes of these taxa with their congeneric species, adding new plastomes of three Neottia species, two Papilionanthe species and nine Gastrochilus species. Combined with published plastid sequences, our well-resolved phylogeny supported the alliance of N. lihengiae with the the N. grandiflora + N. pinetorum clade. Neottia chawalongensis is now sister to N. alternifolia, while P. motuoensis is closely related to P. subulata + P. teres. Conversely, phylogenetic analyses based on complete plastomes and plastid sequences showed inconsistent relationships among taxa in the genus Gastrochilus, but the two new species, G. lihengiae and G. bernhardtianus were supported by all datasets.

Vaccinium motuoense (Ericaceae), a new species from Motuo County, Xizang Autonomous Region, China is described and illustrated. This new species belongs to Vaccinium sect. Calcicolus and is morphologically most similar to V. dunalianum, but differs in having yellowish-brown tomentose young branches, petioles and inflorescence rachis, leaf blades with 2–3(–4) pairs of secondary veins, usually all basal and with fine veins impressed adaxially and urceolate to spherical corollas.

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Bulbophyllum reflexipetalum, a new species from Motuo County, Southeast Xizang, China, is described and illustrated here. This new species belongs to Bulbophyllum sect. Umbellata Bentham & J. D. Hooker, and it is morphologically similar to B. umbellatum Lindley, B. guttulatum (J. D. Hooker) N. P. Balakrishnan and B. salweenensis X.H. Jin, but is distinguished from them by having reflexed petals, base of dorsal sepal with 1 dentate on each side, lip with significantly revolute margin, adaxially with dark brown spots or patches and one longitudinal groove.

Ceropegia jinshaensis D.T.Liu & Z.K.Wu (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae), a new species from northwestern Yunnan along the upper Yangtze river of China, is described and illustrated. This species is similar to C. meleagris H. Huber, C. dorjei C. E. C. Fischer and C. aridicola W. W. Smith, but can be distinguished easily by its leaf shape and floral features, especially the corolla shape and size, the interior of corolla tube and coronal characters.

Based on morphological studies performed on live plants in the field and specimens deposited in herbaria, a new species, Glochidion shanense Gang Yao & Shixiao Luo (Phyllantheae, Phyllanthaceae), is here described and illustrated. The species is morphologically most similar to G. ellipticum Wight, but can be distinguished from the latter by having hairy branchlets, longer pedicels, uniseriate and narrowly triangular sepals of female flowers, 4–5-locular ovaries, stout and cylindric persistent style on fruits.

A review of 16 species of Hesperosoma Scheerpeltz from China is presented. Five new species are described: H. (s.str.) chenchangchini sp. nov. from Yunnan, H. (s.str.) languidum sp. nov. from Yunnan, H. (s.str.) motuoense sp. nov. from Xizang, H. (Paramichrotus) parvioculatum sp. nov. from Hubei, Hunan and H. (s.str.) xizangense sp. nov. from Xizang. Two species are new to China: H. (Paramichrotus) brunkei Schillhammer, 2015 from Yunnan and H. (s.str.) kleebergi Schillhammer, 2009 from Xizang. Females of H. (Paramichrotus) alexpuchneri Schillhammer, 2009, H. (Paramichrotus) guizhouense Schillhammer, 2018 and H. (s.str.) flavoterminale Schillhammer, 2004 are described for the first time. Habitus and diagnostic characters of all species are photographed and a key to Chinese species of Hesperosoma is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]