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The Anolis heterodermus group comprises eight big-headed and short-legged lizard species from the highlands of the northernmost South American Andes. Recent studies revealed unknown lineages within this group that had previously been categorized as a species complex. By widely sampling and applying an integrative taxonomic framework, we (1) assessed the species diversity of the group using a molecular dataset (two mitochondrial and one nuclear markers) along with an inclusive morphological study (scalation, scale configuration and ornamentation, morphometrics, and dewlap and body colour patterns); and (2) we inferred the evolutionary relationships within this species group. Our analyses confirmed the formerly reported differentiation between populations of those high-altitude lizards, and we identified several unknown evolutionary lineages. Our results provided evidence for the existence of nine distinct, independently evolving evolutionary lineages in the heterodermus group. As a result, we described two morphologically and genetically highly distinct lineages as species new to science (A. quimbayasp. nov. and A. tequendamasp. nov.). We redescribed A. heterodermus and erected as a valid species Anolis richteri, a previously described synonym of A. heterodermus. A taxonomic key for the identification of species of the Phenacosaurus clade was presented. The identification of two additional poorly-known lineages suggested that the diversity of this group of lizards is still unknown; therefore, it is necessary to establish measurements for the group´s conservation, as well as to perform fieldwork and revision of herpetological collections to identify possible hidden diversity within the group.

We document four species of Anolis from the main campus of Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo: Anolis distichus (Cope, 1891), A. cybotes (Cope, 1862), A. porcatus Gray, 1840 and A. sagrei Duméril & Bibron, 1837. Anolis distichus was the most abundant species, with 176 individuals, followed by A. cybotes with 26, A. porcatus with 13, and A. sagrei with 2 individuals. We include details on the distribution and some ecological aspects of these species.

A new species ofAnolislizard from the Andean slopes of southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador, from between 1187 and 2353 m in elevation, is described. The new species can be distinguished from otherAnolisin squamation, cranial osteology, hemipenial morphology, and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. The new species is sister toAnolisaequatorialis, and it is suggested that previous records ofA.aequatorialisin Colombia correspond to the new species described herein.

We update the southeastern distribution of Anolis fuscoauratus d’Orbigny, 1837 based on newly collected specimensand on specimens from scientific collections misidentified or deposited with questionable identifications. We includephotographs showing the coloration of live individuals and a distribution map for this species in the southeasternAtlantic Forest of Brazil. Although this species is rather rare, it is more regionally widespread than previously realizedand has an altitudinal range of approximately 30–800 m above sea level.

We report new localities for Anolis pseudokemptoni Köhler, Ponce, Sunyer & Batista, 2007, along the Serranía de Tabasará in the Comarca Ngöbe-Buglé of western Panama. These records extend the known geographic distribution of this lizard about 6 km eastward and 9 km northwestward, as well as the known vertical distribution approximately 470 m lower and 380 m higher. We also provide photos of specimens from different localities and comment on their morphology. No population of this Panamanian microendemic species, which is classifiable as Critically Endangered, lives inside a protected area.

In this study, based on a morphological analysis, the resurrection of the name Anolis ustus Cope 1864, is proposed for populations from the Yucatán Peninsula (Campeche, Yucatán, and Quintana Roo, Mexico, and Belize), formerly referred as Anolis sericeus Hallowell, 1856. Anolis ustus differs from Anolis sericeus by its mean snout-vent length and number of gorgetal scales in males, in tibia length and head width in females, and dorsal and ventral scales for both sexes. In addition, Anolis ustus has a small dewlap of similar size between males and females, whereas in Anolis sericeus males have a dewlap much larger than that of the females. These characteristics allow Anolis ustus to be identified within the Anolis sericeus complex. In this study, a description of the characteristics of the hemipenis is also provided, and its importance in the taxonomy of Anolis is discussed.