Search

Biotechnology is a technology-related branch of biology. It has so many applications in the fields of agriculture, pharmaceutical and human medicine. Pharmaceutical biotechnology nevertheless has its cornerstones in fermentation and bioprocessing, but the paradigm shift created through biotechnology and pharmaceutical research has resulted in an up-to-date concept. The biotechnological revolution has redefined the processes of drug research, development, manufacturing and marketing. Insulin is one of the finest inventions in medical science in the field of biotechnology applications. Human insulin was formulated in the laboratory under in vitro conditions using recombinant DNA technology that is used for the treatment of a variety of diseases and is widely used in the clinical research industry. Human recombinant insulin was one of the first products of biotechnology. It has been developed in response to the need for consistent and sufficient global supply. This paper will discuss the production of human insulin formulations and the place of recombinant DNA technology in society.

Biotechnology is a technology-related branch of biology. It has so many applications in the fields of agriculture, pharmaceutical and human medicine. Pharmaceutical biotechnology nevertheless has its cornerstones in fermentation and bioprocessing, but the paradigm shift created through biotechnology and pharmaceutical research has resulted in an up-to-date concept. The biotechnological revolution has redefined the processes of drug research, development, manufacturing and marketing. Insulin is one of the finest inventions in medical science in the field of biotechnology applications. Human insulin was formulated in the laboratory under in vitro conditions using recombinant DNA technology that is used for the treatment of a variety of diseases and is widely used in the clinical research industry. Human recombinant insulin was one of the first products of biotechnology. It has been developed in response to the need for consistent and sufficient global supply. This paper will discuss the production of human insulin formulations and the place of recombinant DNA technology in society.

Concrete is made from freshwater, cement, and aggregate and the only material shared with mankind, flora, and fauna is freshwater. One of the most concerning problems the world has been facing over the last few decades is the rising demand for freshwater due to the increasing global population and depleting source of freshwater by 2050. In Malaysia, the population is expected to rise from 32 million people in 2020 to 40.50 million people in 2050, which would correspondingly increase the demand for domestic houses, industrial areas, and other building construction as well as increase the overall usage of freshwater. The utilisation of seawater has been applied in constructing buildings and infrastructures since the time of the Roman Empire and the structures still survive for more than 2000 years against chemical attacks and underwater wave force. Given that seawater is considered an alternative mixing agent in concrete production, research on seawater-based concrete has continued to gain interest from the scientific community and undergone swift development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a systematic literature review on the recent development of concrete with seawater as the mixing agent and its effect on the physical and mechanical performance of the concrete. A four-stage investigation criterion was conducted for the data collection from the Scopus database, which includes the search parameter, identification, screening, and writing. The screening of the literature retrieved 53 articles, which were then classified based on the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete. Based on the review, the use of seawater as a single mixing agent reduced the physical and mechanical performance of the concrete. However, the incorporation of seawater with special chemical admixture, mineral admixture, and reinforcement with certain treatment resulted in a higher performance of the concrete. Finally, the review highlighted the various potential studies

Concrete is made from freshwater, cement, and aggregate and the only material shared with mankind, flora, and fauna is freshwater. One of the most concerning problems the world has been facing over the last few decades is the rising demand for freshwater due to the increasing global population and depleting source of freshwater by 2050. In Malaysia, the population is expected to rise from 32 million people in 2020 to 40.50 million people in 2050, which would correspondingly increase the demand for domestic houses, industrial areas, and other building construction as well as increase the overall usage of freshwater. The utilisation of seawater has been applied in constructing buildings and infrastructures since the time of the Roman Empire and the structures still survive for more than 2000 years against chemical attacks and underwater wave force. Given that seawater is considered an alternative mixing agent in concrete production, research on seawater-based concrete has continued to gain interest from the scientific community and undergone swift development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a systematic literature review on the recent development of concrete with seawater as the mixing agent and its effect on the physical and mechanical performance of the concrete. A four-stage investigation criterion was conducted for the data collection from the Scopus database, which includes the search parameter, identification, screening, and writing. The screening of the literature retrieved 53 articles, which were then classified based on the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete. Based on the review, the use of seawater as a single mixing agent reduced the physical and mechanical performance of the concrete. However, the incorporation of seawater with special chemical admixture, mineral admixture, and reinforcement with certain treatment resulted in a higher performance of the concrete. Finally, the review highlighted the various potential studies

Concrete is made from freshwater, cement, and aggregate and the only material shared with mankind, flora, and fauna is freshwater. One of the most concerning problems the world has been facing over the last few decades is the rising demand for freshwater due to the increasing global population and depleting source of freshwater by 2050. In Malaysia, the population is expected to rise from 32 million people in 2020 to 40.50 million people in 2050, which would correspondingly increase the demand for domestic houses, industrial areas, and other building construction as well as increase the overall usage of freshwater. The utilisation of seawater has been applied in constructing buildings and infrastructures since the time of the Roman Empire and the structures still survive for more than 2000 years against chemical attacks and underwater wave force. Given that seawater is considered an alternative mixing agent in concrete production, research on seawater-based concrete has continued to gain interest from the scientific community and undergone swift development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a systematic literature review on the recent development of concrete with seawater as the mixing agent and its effect on the physical and mechanical performance of the concrete. A four-stage investigation criterion was conducted for the data collection from the Scopus database, which includes the search parameter, identification, screening, and writing. The screening of the literature retrieved 53 articles, which were then classified based on the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete. Based on the review, the use of seawater as a single mixing agent reduced the physical and mechanical performance of the concrete. However, the incorporation of seawater with special chemical admixture, mineral admixture, and reinforcement with certain treatment resulted in a higher performance of the concrete. Finally, the review highlighted the various potential studies

This paper reviews the current status of livestock industry in Malaysia and the measures taken to direct this industry towards sustainability. The statistics related to the number of animals and farms, self-sufficiency ratio, and consumption of livestock products are presented. The largest population of livestock in Malaysia goes to non-ruminant where chicken dominates by 95.9%. However, the largest percentage of registered livestock farms in West Malaysia is dominated by ruminant farmers of which 56.3% are beef cattle farms. The meat consumption in Malaysia is inclined towards white meat where poultry meat has self-sufficiency ratio of over 100% for the past five years.  The manure excreted from the livestock in Malaysia is estimated to be 17.745 million tons for the year 2020 which is largely contributed by chicken, followed by cattle. The current practices and policies adopted to emphasize sustainability in this industry are also reviewed. Current policies in Malaysia that are related to livestock industry adopt sustainable practices which is important to expand the livestock industry without harming the environment.

Concrete is made from freshwater, cement, and aggregate and the only material shared with mankind, flora, and fauna is freshwater. One of the most concerning problems the world has been facing over the last few decades is the rising demand for freshwater due to the increasing global population and depleting source of freshwater by 2050. In Malaysia, the population is expected to rise from 32 million people in 2020 to 40.50 million people in 2050, which would correspondingly increase the demand for domestic houses, industrial areas, and other building construction as well as increase the overall usage of freshwater. The utilisation of seawater has been applied in constructing buildings and infrastructures since the time of the Roman Empire and the structures still survive for more than 2000 years against chemical attacks and underwater wave force. Given that seawater is considered an alternative mixing agent in concrete production, research on seawater-based concrete has continued to gain interest from the scientific community and undergone swift development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a systematic literature review on the recent development of concrete with seawater as the mixing agent and its effect on the physical and mechanical performance of the concrete. A four-stage investigation criterion was conducted for the data collection from the Scopus database, which includes the search parameter, identification, screening, and writing. The screening of the literature retrieved 53 articles, which were then classified based on the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete. Based on the review, the use of seawater as a single mixing agent reduced the physical and mechanical performance of the concrete. However, the incorporation of seawater with special chemical admixture, mineral admixture, and reinforcement with certain treatment resulted in a higher performance of the concrete. Finally, the review highlighted the various potential studies

Wetlands are one of the natural resources that can be seen are suffering for the past few years from human activities. The destruction of wetlands not only came from human activities but also from natural event such as continuous erosion that occurs at Tanjung Piai. The destruction of wetlands not only occurs in Malaysia but also in other country. The study was carried out at wetlands located in Tanjung Piai to identify the beneficial of wetland Tanjung Piai to community and wildlife. For the past few years, problem related to water such as flooding and water pollution worsen but wetlands seems to be one of the method to reduce these events. Wetland becomes storage area that accepts rainwater that cannot be accepted by river. Water that went through as groundwater recharge will go through filtration first thus, reducing the unwanted material in the water. Other than that wetland also acts as habitat for animals and measures to reduce erosion. Despite of the benefit of wetlands to community, wetland suffers from pollution, extinction of the mangrove and climate change. The study was carried out through observation and interview on the person in charge of the Tanjung Piai wetland. The objectives of the study are to identify the benefit of the wetland, problems that was suffered by wetland and measures to make sure wetland are in good condition.

Gold nanoparticles (GNP) have been extensively investigated within these few decades for their unique electronic, optical and catalytic properties. Nanosized gold or GNP exhibits different physico-chemical properties from bulk gold where GNP exhibits various vivid colors depending on the particle size and shape. GNP is highly reactive, and highly stable against oxidation, making it an exciting material for interdisciplinary research especially in photocatalysis and biomedical field. This chapter provides an insight on the historical discovery of GNP, and its unique properties as opposed to bulk and gold cluster, together with its applications in the advancing world of science and technology. Although variety of research on GNP had been reported especially on its biomedical applications there are still many setbacks and parameters that need to be tuned. The lack of sufficient stability of GNP due to its facile aggregation, and its biocompatibility concern to be used within living cells have impeded development of its applications in the real world. Also discussed in this chapter are the conventional and green methods employed by scientists in the synthesis for stable and biocompatible GNP. This chapter also concludes with a short overview on the future scientific miracles we may achieve with GNP.

Nd0.75Na0.25Mn1-xCrxO3 (x = 0, 0.02 and 0.05) ceramics have been synthesized using solid-state reaction method and the crystalline phase, surface morphology as well as electrical properties were reported. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed all samples showed single phase and crystallized in an orthorhombic perovskite-structure whose unit cell belongs to the space group of Pnma. The increment of Cr content influenced the lattice parameters and the calculated unit cell volume; this is suggested due to the difference of ionic radius between Mn3+ and Cr3+ ions. Scanning electron microscopy image for sample with x = 0 shown the grains was in irregular shape and inhomogeneous causing the grain boundaries was not clearly seen compared to the x = 0.02 and 0.05 samples. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity measurement for all samples showed insulating behavior down to lower temperature under zero magnetic field for all samples. However, analysis of resistivity data of dlnr/dT-1 vs T shows a peak around 210 K and 160 K for x = 0 and 0.02 samples respectively. No such peak has been observed for x = 0.05 sample. This may be an indication the charge-ordered (CO) state was weakened by Cr-doped.

Nd0.75Na0.25Mn1-xCrxO3 (x = 0, 0.02 and 0.05) ceramics have been synthesized using solid-state reaction method and the crystalline phase, surface morphology as well as electrical properties were reported. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed all samples showed single phase and crystallized in an orthorhombic perovskite-structure whose unit cell belongs to the space group of Pnma. The increment of Cr content influenced the lattice parameters and the calculated unit cell volume; this is suggested due to the difference of ionic radius between Mn3+ and Cr3+ ions. Scanning electron microscopy image for sample with x = 0 shown the grains was in irregular shape and inhomogeneous causing the grain boundaries was not clearly seen compared to the x = 0.02 and 0.05 samples. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity measurement for all samples showed insulating behavior down to lower temperature under zero magnetic field for all samples. However, analysis of resistivity data of dlnr/dT-1 vs T shows a peak around 210 K and 160 K for x = 0 and 0.02 samples respectively. No such peak has been observed for x = 0.05 sample. This may be an indication the charge-ordered (CO) state was weakened by Cr-doped.

Nd0.75Na0.25Mn1-xCrxO3 (x = 0, 0.02 and 0.05) ceramics have been synthesized using solid-state reaction method and the crystalline phase, surface morphology as well as electrical properties were reported. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed all samples showed single phase and crystallized in an orthorhombic perovskite-structure whose unit cell belongs to the space group of Pnma. The increment of Cr content influenced the lattice parameters and the calculated unit cell volume; this is suggested due to the difference of ionic radius between Mn3+ and Cr3+ ions. Scanning electron microscopy image for sample with x = 0 shown the grains was in irregular shape and inhomogeneous causing the grain boundaries was not clearly seen compared to the x = 0.02 and 0.05 samples. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity measurement for all samples showed insulating behavior down to lower temperature under zero magnetic field for all samples. However, analysis of resistivity data of dlnr/dT-1 vs T shows a peak around 210 K and 160 K for x = 0 and 0.02 samples respectively. No such peak has been observed for x = 0.05 sample. This may be an indication the charge-ordered (CO) state was weakened by Cr-doped.

The world is blessed with tea for its health benefits and the hundreds of flavours to be chosen from. Flavonoid and caffeine is the most abundant type of phenolic compound and alkaloid found in tea respectively. These compounds can be extracted using various solvents, resulting in various concentration when compared with water as the solvent. This study was conducted by preparing tea infusion from both distilled water and organic solvents to observe the effect of solvents on the content of flavonoid and caffeine. Using spectrophotometric method, the content of flavonoid and caffeine in commercial black (Boh, Sabah, Lipton) and oolong (Oo Long Kee Zhong, Montea, Ten Ren) teas obtained from Malaysian market were determined. Sabah and Montea has the highest flavonoid (0.044 g/L) and caffeine (3.585 g/L) content in distilled water respectively. The final content of flavonoid and caffeine was found to be higher in organic solvents compared to distilled water, as well as when the steeping time is increased.

The world is blessed with tea for its health benefits and the hundreds of flavours to be chosen from. Flavonoid and caffeine is the most abundant type of phenolic compound and alkaloid found in tea respectively. These compounds can be extracted using various solvents, resulting in various concentration when compared with water as the solvent. This study was conducted by preparing tea infusion from both distilled water and organic solvents to observe the effect of solvents on the content of flavonoid and caffeine. Using spectrophotometric method, the content of flavonoid and caffeine in commercial black (Boh, Sabah, Lipton) and oolong (Oo Long Kee Zhong, Montea, Ten Ren) teas obtained from Malaysian market were determined. Sabah and Montea has the highest flavonoid (0.044 g/L) and caffeine (3.585 g/L) content in distilled water respectively. The final content of flavonoid and caffeine was found to be higher in organic solvents compared to distilled water, as well as when the steeping time is increased.

The world is blessed with tea for its health benefits and the hundreds of flavours to be chosen from. Flavonoid and caffeine is the most abundant type of phenolic compound and alkaloid found in tea respectively. These compounds can be extracted using various solvents, resulting in various concentration when compared with water as the solvent. This study was conducted by preparing tea infusion from both distilled water and organic solvents to observe the effect of solvents on the content of flavonoid and caffeine. Using spectrophotometric method, the content of flavonoid and caffeine in commercial black (Boh, Sabah, Lipton) and oolong (Oo Long Kee Zhong, Montea, Ten Ren) teas obtained from Malaysian market were determined. Sabah and Montea has the highest flavonoid (0.044 g/L) and caffeine (3.585 g/L) content in distilled water respectively. The final content of flavonoid and caffeine was found to be higher in organic solvents compared to distilled water, as well as when the steeping time is increased.