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Purpose. To study the morphometric features of macular edema in occlusions of the retinal veins, to determine and systematize the conditional gradations of the degrees of its severity.Patients and methods. 67 patients (67 eyes) were recruited using a continuous sampling method. Their age ranged from 38 to 84 years (on average 60.0 ± 10.5 years). Among them there were 27 men and 41 women. In 19 patients, there was an occlusion of the central retinal vein (28 %), in 48 people — occlusion of its branches (72 %). The lesions of the superior temporal branch prevailed — 32 people (65 %), 16 patients had occlusion of the inferior temporal branch (35 %). Systematization of the obtained data was carried out with the allocation of morphometric gradations of the severity of macular edema against the background of retinal vein occlusions.Results. According to our data, the morphometric parameters of the macular retina in the presence of macular edema were characterized by a wide range of gradations in the thickness of the foveal retina and the volume of the macular retina (from 239 to 861 μm and from 10,4 to 17,4 mm3 respectively).The morphological features of macular edema in retinal vein occlusions are the formation of cystic cavities in the outer and inner layers of the retina, convex deformation of the retinal profile, and the development of neuroepithelial detachment in 21 % of cases. Taking into account the data obtained, we proposed a conditional morphometric classification of the severity of macular edema in retinal vein occlusions. A mild degree of macular edema was characterized by values of the foveal retinal thickness index up to 400 μm; for medium — from 401 to 600 microns; for severe macular edema — over 600 microns. In accordance with our own conditional clinical morphometric classification of the severity of macular edema, mild macular edema was determined in 32 %, medium degree — in 43 %, severe — in 25 % of patients’ eyes.Conclusion. The identification of various clinical and morphometric degrees of severity of macular edema, in our opinion, is of practical importance, since it will allow more optimal and objective selection of the most optimal treatment tactics, taking into account the individual morphometric characteristics of the patient’s macular region.

Purpose. To study the state of interface “intraocular lens (IOL) — posterior capsule (PC)” depending on diameter of capsulorhexis in phacoemulsification of senile cataract.Patients and methods. 227 patients (227 eyes) were examined after phacoemulsification of senile cataract at LenSx femtosecond laser (Alcon, USA). The study did not include patients with corneal opacities, signs of axial displacement of lens, with irido- and phacodonesis, glaucoma, axial length less than 22 mm and more than 26 mm. Depending on diameter of performed capsulorhexis, we formed 3 groups: 1st group — 76 eyes with diameter capsulorexis 5.5 mm; 2nd group — 73 eyes with 5.0 mm; 3rd group — 78 eyes with 4.5 mm. We studied type of interface “IOL — PC”, the maximum value of PC diastasis and the maximum depth of its folds using an RTVue-100 Optical Coherence Tomography (Optovue, USA) on the first day after the operation.Results. The maximum number of eyes with absence of contact between IOL and PC was noted in the 3rd group (62.8 %), the largest number of eyes with full contact between IOL and PC (63.2 %) was in the 1st group. The minimum average depth of the PC folds (111.1 ± 32.7 μm) was noted in the 1st group, and the maximum (165 ± 75.4 μm) — in the 2nd group.Conclusion. The analysis showed that type of interface “IOL — PC” in the first day after phacoemulsification of senile cataract depends on diameter of capsulorhexis. The largest number of eyes (64.6 %) with full contact between IOL and PC was observed in the group of patients with capsulorhexis 5.5 mm, and the smallest (6.4 %) — in eyes with diameter capsulorexis 4.5 mm. Presumably, the main reason for the absence or incomplete contact between IOL and PC is the presence of viscous dispersive between them. The deformation of PC in the form of folds does not directly depend on diameter of capsulorhexis and, obviously, is due to the uneven tension of the capsular bag by the IOL haptics.

Purpose. To study the correlation between pregnancy, complicated by preeclampsia and gestational hypertension (GH), and formation of retinal vascular and optic nerve disorders in the late postpartum period.Patients and methods. 231 women with different previous pregnancy variants of pathology. Exclusion criteria — presence of systemic endocrine, autoimmune, rheumatic pathology before pregnancy; bad habits. Four groups were formed. 1st main group: pregnancy with GH. 2nd main group: pregnancy with preeclampsia. 1st comparison group: pregnancy on the background of pre-existing hypertension, without proteinuria. 2nd comparison group: edema and/or proteinuria during pregnancy, without hypertension. The control group — physiological process of pregnancy. Period of ophthalmological examination after pregnancy is 6–12 years.Results. Development of various vascular and ischemic disorders of posterior eye segment occurred in 70 women (30.3 %). The periods of their formation after previous pregnancy varied from 3 to 11 years. Their frequency in the 1st and 2nd main groups was statistically significantly higher. The most common were retinal vein occlusion and post-thrombotic retinopathy. The negative outcomes of transferred GH and preeclampsia are no eliminated with delivery and can manifest next years and even decades after it.Conclusion. Нigh risk factors for development of vascular and ischemic disorders of posterior eye segment are transferred preeclampsia, especially with its early onset (20–24 weeks), or premature birth (26–28 weeks); pregnancy, complicated by GH. The risk of developing this eye pathology is highest in women aged 38–40 years and over.

Purpose. Revealing of the ocular risk factors in the formation of diabetic macular edema (ME) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2).Patients and methods. A 3.5-year research of 80 patients (160 eyes) with DM2 without signs of ME at the beginning of the research was performed. The main group consisted of 46 patients with ME symptoms on one or both eyes during the research period, the comparison group included 34 patients without ME symptoms to the end of the research. The initial ocular characteristics were retrospect compared in groups.Results. The mean value of the axial lengths (AL) in the eyes of the main group was 23.12 ± 0.75 mm compared to 23.82 ± 0.62 mm in the comparison group (significant difference, p < 0.01). AL was less than 23.5 mm in 66 % of the eyes in the main group and only in 22 % of the eyes in the comparison group (p < 0.01). The mean value of the initial macular retina volume in the main group was significantly higher than in the comparison group — 7.51 ± 0.22 mm3 and 7.21 ± 0.12 mm3, respectively (p < 0.01). Initial background diabetic retinopathy (DR) was noted in 73 % of the eyes in the main group, which significantly differed from the comparison group, where this index was noted only in 13 % of the eyes (p < 0.01).Conclusion. Significant ocular risk factors for the formation of ME in patients with DM2 are: the initial macular retina volume more than 7.3 mm3, the value of the AL less than 23.5 mm; the initial background DR. The use of the detected morphometric parameters of eye and retina in combination with an adequate assessment of the risk factors in human organism makes it possible to assume with high degree of probability a high risk of the primary formation of diabetic ME in patients with DM2.