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The object of the research is the interaction between unending migrations and the political economy as significant drivers of xenophobic conflicts. The phenomenon of xenophobic conflict in South Africa has garnered increasing attention due to its recurrent violent nature and socio-political implications. This study delves, systematically, into the intricate connection between migration and the politics of xenophobia in South Africa. It examines how migrations, both internal and external, have influenced the development of xenophobic conflict within South Africa, alongside the historical context of the entrenched apartheid system. It further explores the underlying motives of those engaging in xenophobic acts while examining the responses of civil society and the government. By analyzing existing literature and conducting qualitative reviews of the experiences of the victims of xenophobic violence, this study contends that xenophobia in South Africa, among other factors, is a lasting legacy of the apartheid era that has created unequal economic power relations between the South African blacks and the few dominant whites. Findings further underscore the significance of understanding contemporary migration patterns in the 21st century from the context of entrenched economic inequalities, economic disenfranchisements, rising poverty among the indigenous black South African community in South Africa. In addition, economic disparities, resource scarcity, and competition for employment opportunities have emerged for being pivotal catalysts of conflict, thereby exacerbating tensions between native black South Africans and the African immigrant populations in South Africa. Relying on findings, this study thus argues that xenophobia remains an ongoing and persistent challenge that demands urgent attention from policymakers in South Africa. In conclusion, this study underscores the necessity of addressing the xenophobic conflict in South Africa through a multidimensional approach. Policymakers, civil society, and academia must collaborate to formulate strategies that target both the economic and socio-political drivers of such conflicts. By acknowledging the historical context, rectifying inequalities, and promoting accurate narratives, it becomes possible to foster a more inclusive and harmonious society, thereby mitigating the unending cycle of xenophobic tensions, phobia and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science is the property of PC TECHNOLOGY CENTER and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reports the results of studying the influence of surfactants (SAS) on the wetting of titanium dioxide in alkyd paint and varnish materials (PVM), based on pentaphthalic (PPh) and alkyd-urethane (AU) film-forming substances. Edge wetting angle (θ°) and adhesion work (Wa) were used as the criteria for assessing the wettability of titanium dioxide. Three additives were used as SAS: the original product AS-1, obtained from waste of oil refining (with low cost), and industrial additives: "Telaz" and polyethylene polyamine (PEPA). All the studied additives in PPh and AU PVM improve the wetting of titanium dioxide. At the 30 % content of AS film-forming substance in the composition, the maximum decrease in θ° for AS-1 is 4.5°, for PEPA and Telaz it is 4°. For pentaphthalic composition under similar conditions, a decrease in edge wetting angle for AS-1 is 10 °, for Telaz 8.6°, and for PEPA 5.9°. According to the relative change in edge wetting angle for both systems, the maximum decrease in θ° is about 10 %. The introduction of SAS into the composition of AU ambiguously affects the adhesion work, for PPh, the introduction of SAS causes a decrease in adhesion work (Wa). AS-1 is the SAS that minimally reduces adhesion work. The compositions of the PVM by the method of probabilistic-deterministic planning, which ensures maximum wetting of titanium dioxide with film-forming solutions, were analyzed. The equations for calculating the edge angle of wetting of titanium dioxide depending on the content of solvent and the SAS in the PVM were derived. The effectiveness of the AS-1 product as a wetting additive for alkyd paints and varnishes was proven. The wetting ability of the original SAS – AS-1 is close to industrial additives PEPA and Telaz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

С целью максимального использования потенциала украинских месторождений карбонатов в виде белых минеральных наполнителей в составе водно-дисперсионных красок были изучены свойства и возможность их модифицирования методом механохимической активации поверхности в присутствии поверхностно-активных веществ. Установлено, что с помощью оптимальных концентраций модификатора изменяется лиофильный баланс наполнителей, увеличивается площадь их поверхности, а также улучшаются фильтрационные свойства по отношению к органическим материалам. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]