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1. Enfermedades crónicas degenerativas como factor de riesgo de letalidad por COVID-19 en México.

Author

Ángeles Correa, María Guadalupe, Villarreal Ríos, Enrique, Galicia Rodríguez, Liliana, Vargas Daza, Emma Rosa, Frontana Vázquez, Gabriel, Monrroy Amaro, Sergio Javier, Ruiz Pinal, Viridiana, Dávalos Álvarez, Javier, and Santibáñez Beltrán, Shaid

Subjects
*REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, *RELATIVE medical risk, *COVID-19, *CHRONIC diseases, *RISK assessment, *COMPARATIVE studies, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *STATISTICAL sampling, *LONGITUDINAL method
Abstract

Objective. To determine the relative risk of a lethal outcome associated with chronic degenerative conditions in patients with COVID-19. Methods. A cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records belonging to patients who tested positive for COVID-19 on RT-PCR while receiving care as outpatients or inpatients in a social security system facility between March 2020 and March 2021. Two study groups were formed. The exposed group was divided into four subgroups, each of which was diagnosed with one and only one chronic condition (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or chronic kidney disease); the unexposed group was obtained from the medical records of patients without comorbidities. A total of 1 114 medical records were examined using simple random sampling. Once the minimum sample size was reached, the relative risk was calculated for each chronic condition. Combinations of two, three, and four conditions were created, and each of them was included in the analysis. Results. In the absence of a chronic degenerative condition, the prevalence of a lethal outcome from COVID-19 is 3.8%; in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 15.8%; in the presence of arterial hypertension, 15.6%; and in the presence of obesity, 15.0%. For diabetes and hypertension combined, the prevalence of a lethal outcome is 54.1%; for diabetes and obesity combined, 36.8%, and for obesity and hypertension combined, 28.1%. Conclusion. In patients with COVID-19, the relative risk of a lethal outcome is 4.17 for those with diabetes, 4.13 for those with hypertension, and 3.96 for those with obesity. For two chronic conditions combined, the relative risk doubles or triples. The relative risk of a lethal outcome is 14.27 for diabetes plus hypertension; 9.73 for diabetes plus obesity, and 7.43 for obesity plus hypertension. Chronic conditions do not present alone; they generally occur together, hence the significance of the relative risks for lethal outcomes presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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2. Stability and change in public health studies in Colombia and Mexico: an exploratory approach based on co-word analysis.

Author

Vílchez-Román, Carlos and Quiliano-Terreros, Rocío

Subjects
*PUBLIC health, *MEDICAL research, *RESEARCH, *STATISTICS, *SYSTEMATIC reviews, *DATA analysis, *STATISTICAL significance, *THEMATIC analysis
Abstract

Objective. To determine the level of stability or change in topic areas published by public health journals in Latin America and the Caribbean, using Keywords: and co-word analysis, in order to support evidence-based research planning. Methods. Keywords: were extracted from papers indexed in Scopus® that were published by the Revista de Salud Pública (RSP; Colombia), the Salud Pública de México (SPM; Mexico), and the Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública (RPMESP; Peru) for three periods: 2005 - 2007, 2008 - 2010, and 2011 - 2013. Co-word analysis was used to examine keywords extracted. Textual information was analyzed using centrality measures (inbetweenness and closeness). The hypothesis of stability/change of thematic coverage was tested using the Spearman's rho correlation coefficient. VOSviewer was used to visualize the co-word maps. Results. A moderate level of change in thematic coverage was observed in 2005 - 2010, as evidenced by the correlation coefficients for two of the 3-year periods, 2005 - 2007 and 2008 - 2010: 0.545 for RSP and 0.593 for SPM. However, in 2008 - 2013, more keywords remained constant from one period to the next, given the size of the correlation coefficients for the last 3-year periods: 2008 -- 2010 and 2011 - 2013: 0.727 for RSP and 0.605 for SPM. Conclusion. The research hypothesis was partially accepted given that just two consecutive 3-year periods showed a statistically-significant degree of stability in thematic coverage in public health studies. In that sense, this study provides compelling evidence of the effectiveness of using a combined approach for examining the dynamics of thematic coverage: centrality measures for identifying the main keywords and visual inspection for detecting the structure of textual information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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3. Family help received by Mexican older adults across socioeconomic strata: changes over a critical decade

Author

Karina Orozco-Rocha, Cesar Gonzalez-Gonzalez, and Rebeca Wong

Subjects
family, population dynamics, economics, mexico, Medicine, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Objective. To identify how patterns of family economic support help alleviate the cumulative effects of inequality, with focus on the financial support that children give their elderly parents. Methods. This paper uses data from two cross-sections, 2001 and 2012, of the Mexican Health and Aging Study for the 50 years and older population. Analysis includes descriptive statistics to estimate differences in economic support based on family and individual characteristics; and a multinomial probit regression model, in each cross-section, to analyze the amount of money received for economic help and the associated characteristics. Results. Economic help received was significantly reduced, both in proportion, from 20% to 10% between 2001 and 2012, and in the amount received, with differences by income quintile. In 2001, 14.9% of those in the lowest quintile (Q1) would move to Q4–Q5 with children’s help; in 2012, this was 9.1%. The adjusted probability of receiving any amount of money from children decreased from 0.511 in 2001 to 0.340 in 2012. Conclusions. In Mexico, economic inequality in the 50 years and older population remains a constant. Economic help received from children varied by income quintile and plays an important role for those in the lowest income groups. More research is needed to understand the patterns of intergenerational exchanges as these cohorts of older adults continue to age and as future cohorts are entering old age with more pronounced changes than the current cohorts experienced over this critical decade.

Published
2021
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4. Egresos por lesiones externas en un hospital de Ciudad Juárez, México Discharges for external injuries from a hospital in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico

Author

Beatriz A. Díaz-Apodaca, Federico G. De Cosio, Gustavo Moye-Elizalde, and Felipe F. Fornelli-Laffon

Subjects
lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, heridas por arma de fuego, wounds, gunshot, lcsh:RC955-962, México, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:RA1-1270, wounds and injuries, Violence, heridas y traumatismos, Violencia, lesiones, Mexico, injuries
Abstract

En Ciudad Juárez (Chihuahua), México, la morbilidad y la mortalidad por lesiones aumentaron en forma alarmante a partir de 2008. El presente trabajo se propone determinar los cambios en el número de egresos hospitalarios por causas externas registrados durante el período 2008-2010 en un hospital de dicha ciudad. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo sobre la incidencia de causas externas como causa de egreso hospitalario en los años antes mencionados en el Hospital General Ciudad Juárez. La media de egresos hospitalarios por causas externas fue de 27%, con el grupo etario de 25 a 44 años como el más afectado. Las fracturas fueron la causa de más de la mitad de los egresos. Los egresos hospitalarios por lesiones en Ciudad Juárez presentan una incidencia casi cuatro veces mayor que la reportada a nivel nacional.In Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, morbidity and mortality from injuries have increased alarmingly since 2008. This paper aims to examine the changes in the number of hospital discharges for external injuries recorded during the 2008-2010 period in a hospital in Ciudad Juarez. A descriptive retrospective study conducted at the Ciudad Juarez General Hospital looked at the incidence of external injuries as the reason for hospital discharges during the period under analysis. The average proportion of hospital discharges attributed to external injuries was 27%, with the 25-44-year-old age group being the most affected. More than half of the discharges were for fractures. The incidence rate of hospital discharges attributed to injuries in Ciudad Juarez was almost four times greater than that reported at the national level.

Published
2012

5. United States-Mexico border diabetes prevalence survey: lessons learned from implementation of the project Encuesta de prevalencia de diabetes en la zona fronteriza entre México y los Estados Unidos: lecciones aprendidas de la ejecución del proyecto

Author

Federico G. de Cosío, Beatriz A. Díaz-Apodaca, Rosalba Ruiz-Holguín, Agustín Lara, and Carlos Castillo-Salgado

Subjects
lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Salud fronteriza, lcsh:RC955-962, México, international cooperation, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Estados Unidos, lcsh:R, Hispanic, cooperación internacional, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:RA1-1270, United States, Border health, diabetes mellitus, type 2, diabetes mellitus, hispanoamericanos, Mexico
Abstract

This paper reviews and discusses the main procedures and policies that need to be followed when designing and implementing a binational survey such as the United States of America (U.S.)-Mexico Border Diabetes Prevalence Study that took place between 2001 and 2002. The main objective of the survey was to determine the prevalence of diabetes in the population 18 years of age or older along U.S.-Mexico border counties and municipalities. Several political, administrative, financial, legal, and cultural issues were identified as critical factors that need to be considered when developing and implementing similar binational projects. The lack of understanding of public health practices, implementation of existing policies, legislation, and management procedures in Mexico and the United States may delay or cancel binational research, affecting the working relation of both countries. Many challenges were identified: multiagency/multifunding, ethical/budget clearances, project management, administrative procedures, laboratory procedures, cultural issues, and project communications. Binational projects are complex; they require coordination between agencies and institutions at federal, state, and local levels and between countries and need a political, administrative, bureaucratic, cultural, and language balance. Binational agencies and staff should coordinate these projects for successful implementation.En este artículo se analizan los principales procedimientos y normas que se deberían seguir al diseñar y ejecutar una encuesta binacional, como el estudio de prevalencia de la diabetes en la zona fronteriza entre México y los Estados Unidos que se llevó a cabo entre el 2001 y el 2002. El objetivo principal de la encuesta fue determinar la prevalencia de diabetes en las personas de 18 años o mayores en los condados y municipios fronterizos entre México y los Estados Unidos. Se definieron diversos aspectos políticos, administrativos, financieros, legales y culturales como factores fundamentales que se deben tener en cuenta al elaborar y ejecutar proyectos binacionales similares. La falta de comprensión de las prácticas de salud pública, la ejecución de las normas existentes, la legislación y los procedimientos de gestión en México y los Estados Unidos pueden retardar o cancelar las actividades de investigación binacional, y afectar las relaciones de trabajo entre ambos países. Se señalaron muchas dificultades con respecto a la multiplicidad de organismos y fuentes de financiación, las autorizaciones de carácter ético y presupuestario, la gestión del proyecto, los procedimientos administrativos, los procedimientos de laboratorio, los aspectos culturales y la comunicación del proyecto. Los proyectos binacionales son complejos; requieren coordinación entre los organismos y las instituciones a escalas federal, estatal, local y entre países, y precisan un equilibrio político, administrativo, burocrático, cultural e idiomático. El personal y los organismos binacionales deben coordinar estos proyectos con objeto de lograr su eficaz ejecución.

Published
2010

6. Seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra Trypanosoma cruzi y su asociación con factores de riesgo en menores de 18 años de Veracruz, México Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies and associated risk factors among the population under 18 years of age in Veracruz, Mexico

Author

Paz María Salazar, Gloria Rojas, Martha Bucio, Margarita Cabrera, Guadalupe García, Adela Ruiz, Yolanda Guevara, and Roberto Tapia

Subjects
child welfare, Chagas disease, salud del adolescente, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Enfermedad de Chagas, lcsh:RC955-962, Trypanosoma cruzi, México, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, lcsh:R, seroepidemiologic studies, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:RA1-1270, estudios seroepidemiológicos, salud del niño, Mexico
Abstract

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la prevalencia de anticuerpos contra Trypanosoma cruzi en menores de 18 años del estado de Veracruz, México, e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados con las características de la vivienda y la presencia y distribución del agente transmisor. MÉTODOS: Estudio epidemiológico transversal en la población menor de 18 años que vivía en 10 de las 11 jurisdicciones sanitarias del estado de Veracruz, México, entre 2000 y 2001. La presencia de anticuerpos contra T. cruzi se determinó mediante una prueba de hemaglutinación indirecta (HAI) y un ensayo inmunoenzimático indirecto tipo ELISA en muestras de suero tomadas en papel de filtro y se confirmaron mediante las pruebas de HAI, ELISA e inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) en muestras de suero. Se aplicó un cuestionario para evaluar las condiciones de la vivienda y se calcularon los índices entomológicos de triatominos intra y peridomiciliarios. Los resultados se evaluaron mediante análisis bifactorial y multifactorial por regresión logística no condicional. RESULTADOS: De las 150 personas inicialmente reactivas, 14 resultaron positivas (5 mediante la prueba de HAI, ELISA e IFI; 6 por HAI y ELISA y 3 por ELISA e IFI), para una prevalencia general de 0,91% (IC95%: 0,85% a 0,94%). Los casos positivos residían en cinco jurisdicciones sanitarias y la mayor prevalencia se encontró en Tuxpan: 5,2% (IC95%: 1,2% a 9,0%). Los factores de riesgo fueron el haber visto chinches dentro de la vivienda y los techos con fisuras. La única especie del agente transmisor capturada fue Triatoma dimidiata. Los índices entomológicos de infestación, colonización e infección natural fueron: 10,9%, 50,0% y 9,0%, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Se confirmó la transmisión vectorial activa de la infección en el estado de Veracruz, México, con una seroprevalencia general de anticuerpos contra T. cruzi en menores de 18 años de 0,91%. Se debe seguir atentamente la seroprevalencia en este segmento de la población, como grupo centinela, a fin de evaluar la conveniencia de aplicar medidas más estrictas de control del vector y de vigilancia epidemiológica.OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Trypanasoma cruzi antibodies among the population under 18 years of age in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, and to identify risk factors associated with housing conditions and vector presence and distribution. METHODS: A cross-sectional, epidemiological study of the population under 18 years of age living in 10 of the 11 health districts of the state of Veracruz, Mexico, from 2000 to2001. Presence of T. cruzi antibodies was determined by hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) of serum samples spotted on filter paper, and confirmed by HAI, ELISA, and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) on serum samples. A questionnaire was administered to determined housing conditions, and entomological indices for triatomines were calculated for both the intra- and peridomiciliary areas. The results were analyzed using bifactorial and multifactorial unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 150 individuals presenting an initial reaction, 14 were confirmed positive (5 by HAI, ELISA and IFA; 6 by HAI and ELISA, and 3 by ELISA and IFA), for a total prevalence rate of 0.91% (95% CI: 0.85-0.94). All of the confirmed-positive cases were from five of 14 health districts, with the Tuxpan district having the highest prevalence rate: 5.2% (95%CI: 1.2-9.0). Risk factors included having noticed cracks in the house walls and gaps in the roof. The only species of vector captured was Triatoma dimidiata. The entomologic indices for infestation, colonization, and natural infection were: 10.9%, 50.0%, and 9.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Active, vector-borne transmission of T. cruzi was confirmed in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, with an overall antibody seroprevalence rate of 0.19% among the population under 18 years of age. Seroprevalence rates among this segment of the population, which serves as a sentinel group, should be closely monitored to determine if more stringent methods of vector control and epidemiological surveillance are needed.

Published
2007