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'... a most stimulating essay, by an economist who is a leading authority in his field... a most welcome addition to the literature on economic development.'Terence J.Byres, British Book News'... a perceptive and challenging contribution to the economics of technology transfer and industrialization.'Michael Hobday, The Economic Journal.

Early transition was characterized by debate over shock therapy and gradualism as alternative reform strategies. Other important debates concerned the nature of the former USSR. Was it ever Socialist and what were its laws of motion? What implications does the old system have for the course of post-communist reforms? These are among the key issues analysed in this book, through a mix of conceptual analysis and an interesting selection of country studies.

Highlighting recent revolutionary changes, this volume deals with the ongoing transformation from central planning towards more efficient economic structures in Eastern and Central Europe and the former USSR. Political democracy and the creation of market economies have now become realistic aims but the process of reform is only just beginning and is likely to take many years. The papers and discussions deal with systematic changes, deregulation, abolition of price controls and macroeconomic fiscal and monetary policies needed to stabilise the economics and to implement appropriate structural changes.

​“A novel, insightful and provocative foray into the abilities, capacities and limits of corporate power on the one hand and public power and capacities on the other hand. Eckert offers new and refine insights on core issues in the theories of public and private interest regulation.”—David Levi Faur, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel“This impressive book breaks important ground in the regulatory governance literature by bringing in a fresh corporate perspective. Based on a set of fascinating case studies of European regulation, Eckert compellingly unpacks key facets of corporate power. A must-read for regulation scholars who often neglect the targets of regulation!”—Burkard Eberlein, York University, Canada“This book offers systematic and empirically fascinating insights into the regulatory power of corporations which unfolds outside the traditional political arenas. Its policy effects have important implications for the target groups of regulation, the general public, and the democratic political process as such. The conceptualization and use of rich empirical sources make for a compelling read.”—Adrienne Héritier, European University Institute, ItalyThis book takes a fresh look at corporate power in the regulatory process. It examines how corporations seek to prevent, shape, make or revoke regulation. The central argument is that in doing so, corporations utilise distinct power resources as experts, innovators and operators. By re-emphasising the proactive role of business, the book complements our acquired knowledge of policymakers'capacity to put pressure on, or delegate power to private actors. Empirically, the book covers European consumer and environmental policies, and conducts case studies on the chemical, paper, home appliance, ICT and electricity industries. A separate chapter is dedicated to the assumption that Brexit will lead to an unprecedented result of EU regulation being lifted, and how this could put corporate power in regulation at risk. This book provides a new perspective on the policy implications of corporate power to scholars, students and practitioners alike.

Representing the speeches and papers given by ministers or other authorities at the symposium on Argentina's Economic Policy 1946-1983 held in Toledo, Spain, this collection spans both the economic and political dimensions of the development of Argentinian economic policies.

This book illuminates the characteristics of the Japanese economy comprehensively and analyses how and why they have been changing. The contributors to this fifteen-paper volume are internationally-known and leading researchers of the Japanese economy. Following the overview chapter, the book covers such areas as the Japanese firm, the labour market, consumption and saving patterns, financial markets, macroeconomic policies and international economic relations.

A comprehensive overview of current research in the field of trade, payments and debt. Grossman and Helpman provide a non-technical review of the literature on technological deteminants of trade. Thisse and Fujita discuss current work on the spatial configuration of economic activities. Robert Findlay tracks world trade from 1000 to 1750, while Robert Baldwin surveys the impact of international trading alliances. In his Presidential paper, the World Bank Vice-President Michael Bruno looks at the pattern of debt crises and economic recovery. The sustainability of external debt in Africa is examined by Daniel Cohen. Alberto Giovannini's argues the case for flexible exchange rates.

Economic prospects for the countries of the Middle East and North Africa are assessed in light of the changing world economy, increasing integration of trade and financial markets, greater needs for educated labour, and growing concerns about poverty and environmental degradation. Cross-country papers on thematic topics by international scholars are presented. The need for major economic reforms is emphasized if the region is to use greater integration in the world economy as the basis for generating growth and jobs and reducing poverty.

This book provides an up-to-date interdisciplinary critique of the new economic orthodoxy as represented by the Washington Consensus. The originator of the term, John Williamson, updates his original thesis which is then discussed by an interdisciplinary group of scholars that includes economists, environmentalists, political scientists, institutionalists, sociologists and a philosopher. The papers span a range of viewpoints which includes sympathetic modifications to the consensus as well as strong rejections of it.

In this volume the perceptive reader will find many clues to the future of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, East-West economic relations and the impact of governments in this area. The authors are aware of the mistakes of the past, the limitations of centralized planning, the dangers and the futility of confrontation; and the global significance of the new roles that governments must play in the transitional period of political and economic reform in the East.

On June 3, 2015, the Greek Parliamentary Budget Office, the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, the Democritus University of Thrace, and the University of Peloponnese sponsored an international conference to address medium- and long-term growth in Greece. This collection presents the strongest papers on the conditions required to revive and maintain economic growth. Leading experts cover almost every major issue identified in the latest literature, from demographic issues and proposals for export strategy to the need for innovation and structural reform. The combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches to assessing present conditions make this ground-breaking collection a valuable resource for a variety of academics, professional economists, and economic policy practitioners planting the seeds of Greece's future.

The Multinational Enterprise and the Emergence of the Global Factory brings together research papers authored by Peter J. Buckley, focusing on three of the most important empirical and theoretical issues in the global economy: the rise of the'global factory'; the growth of FDI from emerging economies; recent developments in the theory of IB.

The latest scholarly developments in research on banking, financial markets, and the recent financial crisis. This selection of papers were presented at the Wolpertinger Conference held in Valletta, Malta, 2012 and provide insights into bank performance, banking risk, securitisation, bank stability, sovereign debt and derivatives.

The 4th volume of Davidson's major contributions to the economics and policy debates of our times, this book contains articles, newspaper columns and papers that explain why Keynes's General Theory, as developed by Post Keynesian theorists, provides important policy implications for the economic problems of the 21st century global economy.

In examining alternative economic policies for the EU after the rejection of the European Constitution, this book covers: macroeconomic policy and the European Constitution; EU financial integration; reform of European regional policy; assessment and alternative proposals on European structural policies; and labour market policies in the EU.

Reconsiders the current account in the context of integrated world capital markets. The case of the UK receives particular emphasis with financing and competitiveness issues fully appraised.

This volume explores a range of current problems faced by cities in Germany and England and reflects on constructive strategies for enhancing the quality of life for the citizens of twenty-first century urban environments. The chapters of the book are based on papers given at a symposium organised by the Universities of Bristol and Hannover in 1997 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of twinning between the cities of Hannover and Bristol.

A collection of papers presented at the International Conference on Japanese Financial Growth, held in London in October 1988. The papers cover not only the subject of Japanese financial development, but also the question of how its likely future patterns may affect the global capital market.

This book brings together papers written by representatives from UN agencies and academics who take a fresh look at the expanding role of transnational corporations and foreign direct investment in the world economy. These papers deal with such issues as the nature and extent of globalisation, the shifting relations between transnational corporations and national economies, and the opportunities and obstacles facing policy makers in the rapidly changing global economy.

Québec's engagement with the United States is the most significant and consequential point of interaction amongst all its international activities. This new, edited book volume seeks to explore the many ways in which Quebec engages with the United States, including political exchange, border issues, trade, business and investment, transportation, immigration, cultural links and identity, the role of energy transmission and natural resources, and environmental considerations. As a sub-national actor pursuing a wide range of paradiplomatic bilateral and multilateral initiatives directly involving the U.S., our book both explores and explains what, when, why and how Québec has chosen to engage the United States while examining the fundamental issues that lie at the heart of the relationship. Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary in focus, this edited collection of essays, titled The Québec-United States Relationship: Political, Security, Economic, Environmental and Cultural Dynamics, features the work of scholars who think deeply about Quebec-U.S. relations. Each contribution considers contemporary policy relevant issues; in so doing, this collection examines and emphasizes the background, scope, and impacts of policy decisions. This is an open access book.

This open access book documents the critical thinking and political actions that generated one of the world's most progressive national constitutions, presented to the Chilean public in 2022. Although that text was ultimately rejected in a national referendum, it drew on decades of diverse environmental, political, Indigenous, and community organizing and contained concepts and goals at the forefront of global efforts to create more just and equitable political systems, healthier living environments, and more resilient ecosystems. Drawing on research by faculty and students from the USA and Chile, chapters within this book address political memory, Indigenous representation, public participation, the Rights of Nature, environmental law, mining conflicts, natural commons, knowledge systems, and rural education. This book highlights important contributions from Chile's 2022 reform efforts for diverse global responses to the erosion of democracy, environmental degradation, and climate change.

The Palgrave Handbook on Right-Wing Populism and Otherness in Global Perspective argues that a key characteristic of the recent rise in right-wing populist politicians worldwide is the pervasive dynamic of exclusionary conflicts and moral divisions, designated as meta-othering. This is achieved through the use of two distinct forms of otherization:'upward'othering, which targets the establishment elites and their associates, and'downward'othering, which involves demeaning and scapegoating certain out-groups or external outsiders. The Handbook takes a multidisciplinary approach and focuses on recent real-world expressions of right-wing populist tactics to justify, strengthen, or instrumentalize alterity narratives and claims. It provides a comprehensive analysis of manifestations of right-wing populism othering from diverse cases and variations around the world with a particular emphasis on including examples from the Global South.

The'Report on RMB Internationalization 2023: Broadening and Deepening Economic and Trade Cooperation'is the 12th annual report from the International Monetary Institute (IMI) at Renmin University of China. The report follows a general-to-specific analytical approach combining a literature review, comparative studies and empirical analysis. It systematically demonstrates the significance and mechanism of constructing a comprehensive global economic and trade cooperation network for RMB internationalization. Focusing on three international cooperation agreements that target different levels and areas, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), China-EU Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAl), and Digital Economic Partnership Agreement (DEPA), the report discusses the opportunities and challenges of RMB internationalization according to its priorities and development paths in difference phases. The report emphasizes that as the international currency competition has entered a strategic stalemate stage, RMB internationalization needs to maintain its strategic stability while pursuing progress in a planned way. Internally, China should accumulate strength to make up for disadvantages promptly. Externally, it should engage in extensive cooperation and prioritize risk prevention to improve the convenience and security of the use of RMB internationally. More chances should be created for the use of RMB in order to establish a solid foundation for an RMB currency area.

This book centers on the political economy behind the internationalization of Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs). Special attention has been given to the role of political-sided considerations and state policies in their investment strategies during the “stable period” (2006 to 2017) when Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) witnessed substantial growth, even as the entire world was relatively friendly towards Chinese MNEs. The author uses scientific methods to develop Country Political Risk Index (CPRI)—the first composite index that captures how Chinese MNEs perceive political risk in host countries when making investment decisions, applies it to China Global Investment Tracker (CGIT) dataset developed by American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and interprets the reasons behind the political risk distribution of Chinese OFDI from the standpoint of China's holistic approach to national security. Offering by a young scholar with practical experience in business consultancy and M&A projects, this book can help researchers, diplomats and business people better understand how China's FDI-related policies empowered Chinese MNEs to venture overseas and emboldened them in the face of unstable investment environments.

This book is an authoritative reader on the economics of transition and emphasizes a view of transition that addresses broader areas of economics, such as development, public finance, and economic history.

This book addresses the impact and implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the most challenging public health risks to human wellbeing, on the economic activities and behaviors of Middle Eastern countries during and in the aftermath of the pandemic. It provides detailed examination of how the global and Middle Eastern economies incurred significant financial and economic damages, human losses, and hundreds of millions of people losing their jobs. The analysis of this book is entirely based on primary data and a mix of quantitative and qualitative research methods to accurately account for the effects of the pandemic on the economy, finance, and tourism. While providing in-depth analysis of the macro and micro economy at global and national levels, the book investigates the impact of the pandemic on human behavior including household and water consumptions in the GCC countries, as well as offering potential green strategies for sustainable recovery in the post-pandemic era. As well as explaining the negative effects of the pandemic on the tourism and hospitality industries, the book also offers some positive outcomes from the pandemic, most notably in the innovation and IT sector and creative approaches in banking practices and services to ensure financial stability and sufficient liquidity in the market. Readers, students, researchers, industry practitioners and policy makers will benefit from the new insights offered by a diverse group of senior researchers and experts from across the world.

This book explores the pitfalls and bottlenecks of viewing the Arctic from a mere scientific prism and offers recommendations to approach it from a strategic construct and climate change by strengthening bilateral and multilateral cooperation with the Arctic states and the Arctic intergovernmental organisations. It discusses the inception and development of the soft law cooperative governance structure prevailing in the Arctic and explores engagement by the various stakeholders including the eight sovereign states, thirteen sovereign states as observers, various intergovernmental and inter-parliamentarian outfits, NGOs, and others desirous of an active participation in the Arctic. It brings out the geo-economic and geostrategic levers which have propelled the Arctic as a key region for emerging great power rivalry. It posits the efforts of Arctic states and the Observers holistically to draw parallels with the Indian efforts requiring greater focus and effort. It critically examines the Arctic Policy released by the government on 17 Mar 2022 that missed the opportunity to elucidate India's geo-economic, geostrategic, economic, and geopolitical aspirations in the hugely vital region and debates if India's economic and geopolitical position as well as historical links to the Arctic region fits the requirements of an external observer state and must continue to build on its strengths for mutual betterment.

This book examines human capital development in the Middle East. It focuses on the investment in human capabilities, namely education and health, the two most critical components of growth and development. The book assesses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the healthcare sector, with particular attention paid to effectiveness of public health policies and services, health expenditure, mortality rates, and psychological effects of the pandemic on the wider society. It also evaluates the pandemic effects on the education sector, more specifically medical education, physical education, emotional effects on students and teachers, method of communications, learning and teaching, and the extent to which digital readiness has minimized these effects. The book reveals the severity of the pandemic on human capabilities in terms of loss of lives, illness, vaccinations, knowledge acquisitions, skills development, and productivity, while providing new insights for governments to deal with similar crises in the future. It uses a variety of research methods and quantitative and qualitative techniques, country case studies, and primary data collected through survey questionnaires, interviews, and official reports to analyse the impact of the pandemic on health and education. The analyses are supported by statistical data and illustrated by tables and figures. Readers, students, researchers, industry practitioners and policy makers will benefit from the new insights offered by a diverse group of 40 professors, researchers, and industry experts from across the Middle East and beyond.

This book examines how new flows of foreign direct investments from autocracies are framed, their effects, and the policy responses to them, within the context of challenges to the international liberal order. Chapters address thematic and regional issues, from national investment controls and threat perceptions to China and Russia's responses. Collectively, they explore a new dynamic in international politics: the securitization of money crossing borders. Historically, foreign investments operated under minimal global regulation, based on the assumption that they were beneficial, and profit driven. However, the past decade has witnessed a radical shift in approaches to foreign investments due to changing investment patterns and the entry of state-sponsored actors into this traditionally unregulated realm. China and Russia are seen to leverage foreign investments to advance their long-term economic and political objectives. The book comprehensively examines the subsequent repositioning of foreign investment policy and its consequences for national and international politics.

This book analyzes collective protests and contentious politics in Chile over a span of 13 years. Utilizing an unprecedented database developed by the Centre for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), twenty social scientists provide a systematic overview of conflicts between 2008 and 2020 in the so-called “laboratory of neoliberalism”. Readers will understand different aspects of social protest in Chile in the realms of labor, student activism, pension issues, as well as contentious episodes regarding gender rights, socio-territorial mobilizations, conflicts over memory, and the thorny Mapuche question. Readers will also discover spectacular findings about the popular rebellion of 2019 as well as an inventory of contentious mechanisms and tactical repertoires routinely employed by Chilean civil society groups.

This book provides an updated analysis of political developments in a sample of overseas territories of France, the United States, China, Denmark, the Netherlands, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain and New Zealand. Ranging from Guam, Diego Garcia or New Caledonia/Kanaky to Greenland/Kalaallit Nunaat, Sakhalin, Kuril or Puerto Rico and other territories located all over the globe, these subnational island jurisdictions deserve attention because they lie at the intersection of many evolving issues such as decolonisation, self-determination, post-colonialism, globalisation, climate change, patterns of innovative governance. Moreover, they offer occasional “hotspots” for analysing international rivalries, conflicts related to illegal migration, disputes pertaining to the delimitation of exclusive economic zones (EEZ) and clashes between mainlands and islands. In addition, they provide fascinating case-studies to grasp the interplay of subnational, national and international politics, particularly in the age of the strategic shift towards the Indo-Pacific. Fred Constant reveals the extent to which these invisible dots on the map may matter in contemporary world affairs.

It is quite easy to find corruption within nonprofits. This is particularly the case in the subsector of not-for-profits that are incorporated as traditional 501(c)(3) entities. With the continuing erosion of public confidence in charities, these institutions must act now, both individually and collectively, to bolster trust and ensure public support for nonprofits that has been a hallmark of American democracy. This book explores the causes of malfeasance in the nonprofit realm. It examines how the current inadequate regulatory environment—together with inherent “agency” problems—can lead organizations astray as they turn away from fulfilling donor wishes to instead act in their own self-interest. The book highlights the distinction between “soft corruption” in the nonprofit sector and “hard corruption.” The former includes the misuse of donor funds that do not cross the line into illegality and the latter covers explicitly illegal misappropriation of contributions. In Foul Play in the Nonprofit Sector, economist Mark S. LeClair provides constructive overviews regarding charity evaluation. Is it truly fair to judge nonprofits on their financials? The financial figures so frequently dictate the value of a nonprofit, and this often isn't the best way to judge a charity's performance. The manuscript includes suggestions for internal sectoral changes and regulatory reforms that can deter corruption at nonprofits.

This book explains the strong push for the security of digital currencies and the sustainability of global trade development. It studies multilateral international trade agreements such as Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement. This book analyses and examines case studies from Asia and Europe presented from different trade agreements'policies. It focuses on the role of digital currencies as the tool for global trade development used by the biggest economies and international trade organisations such as WTO. It explores the strategies of the respective countries using digital currencies in international trade to gain economic advantage. It is beneficial for international finance students and professionals working in the banking sector.

This study traces the welfare regimes of Mauritius and South Africa from the early 20th century focusing on the historical circumstances that gave rise to the dominance of state-funded old-age pensions within their respective welfare frameworks. It highlights intersections between powerful business interests, the state, and social forces that sowed the seeds of social entitlements. Due to different mobilisation efforts of these social actors, both countries have spawned welfare regimes of different persuasions. Mauritius has maintained its long-standing traditions as a social democracy stretching back to the late 1950s, while South Africa continues relentlessly in pursuit of a liberal welfare state, a journey it has treaded since 1928 when the old-age pension laws first came into effect. While unravelling the innermost workings of welfare state development in Mauritius and South Africa, it also probes the present political and economic circumstances that have kept these two welfare regimes resolutely unchanged. Against this backdrop, it draws parallels between current welfare outcomes and those of old as they continue to chart their way into the future.

This is a book about policy change that focusses on a single case study; the rise and fall of the British policy for membership of European institutions. It traces the establishment of British identity as a European Member State and the meaning of the country's participation in the block in 1973, to its deterioration through the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, ending with its eventual failure at the 2016 referendum. Considering the abject state into which the meaning and identity of the pro-European policy had fallen by that time, the book argues that while David Cameron might have lost his June referendum by a slender 1.8% majority, he should have lost by a whole lot more. It also raises important implications for understanding the nature and dynamics of policy change in UK politics and beyond. It will appeal to scholars and students of political theory, public policy, British and European politics.

This book explores the political, economic, defence, and cultural relations of Poland with South Asia—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka—since the late 1940s to the present. It examines how Polish preoccupation with gaining admission to NATO and the European Union led South Asia to fade into the margins of Polish foreign policy. It discusses key narratives and perceptions of South Asia in the Polish media and thinktanks, features of the South Asian diaspora in Poland, and assesses future prospects of Warsaw's deepening political and economic engagement with the region. The pioneering book will be essential reading for students and scholars of Central/East European studies, International Relations, Indian foreign policy, Polish-Asian politics and foreign policy.

This book examines the geo-racialized order of the Colombian state and its consequences for Afro-descendant territories. To do so, it employs a historical institutional approach tracing racial exclusion and subnational socioeconomic outcomes in Colombia during the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. It uses a mixed-methods and interdisciplinary qualitative and quantitative analytical approach to identify the quantitative effects of informal racial exclusion on subnational collective outcomes, as well as to show more precisely how these effects were generated. Through its exploration of Colombia's geo-racialized project, implicit exclusion of Afro-descendant territories and spatialized nature of racial diversity, this book contributes to literatures of Latin American political economy, institutional theory, racial politics and economic history.

This work uses international economics and space economics theory to study the regional economic integration of China's border areas with the increasing integration of China's border areas, and to realize the theory and countermeasures of economic development across border areas. As China's economy pivots towards neighboring developing countries in Southeast Asia, new economic rhythms come into being; this book seeks to explore the practicalities thereof, in a text that will interest economic researchers, researchers of China's economy, and scholars of international relations.

This book advances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (henceforth, NATO) burden analysis through a decomposition of the political, financial, social, and defense burdens members take on for the institution. The overemphasis of committing a minimum of 2% of member state Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to defense spending, as a proxy indicator of alliance commitment does not properly reflect how commitments reduce risks should Article V be invoked through attack (i.e., 2% is a political & symbolic target adopted by Defense Ministers in 2006 at Riga). Considering defense burdens multi-dimensionally explains why some members overcontribute, as well as, why burden sharing negotiations cause friction among 30 diverse members with differing threats and risks. In creating a comprehensive institutional burden management model and focusing on risks to members, the book explores the weaknesses of major theories on the study and division of collective burdens andinstitutional assets. It argues that member risks and threats are essential to understanding how burdens are distributed across a set of overlapping institutions within NATO's structure providing its central goods. The importance of the USA, as a defense underwriter for some, affects negotiations despite its absence from research empirically; new data permit testing the argument (Kavanaugh 2014). This book contributes conceptual innovation and theoretical analysis to advance student, researcher, and policymaker understanding of burden management, strategic bargaining, and defense cooperation. The contribution is a generalizable risk management model of IO burden sharing using NATO as the case for scientific study due to its prominence.

This book discusses Indonesia's international economic strategies. It examines unilateral aspects, foreign direct investments, bilateral economic relations, regional elements, ASEAN's role, and the Indo-Pacific's dynamic frameworks. Starting at the unilateral level, the book outlines how Indonesia managed its macro-economy to recover quickly and adequately from 2020 to 2021 amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic. It argues that Indonesia needs an open economic principle to enhance trade and investment relations. In addition, the book elaborates on how Indonesia transforms its economy with export-oriented long-run investment (Foreign Direct Investment) inflows as a necessary condition for economic transformation as it fits with Indonesia's manufacturing sector, which is critical to the country. Further, the book thoroughly explains Indonesia's bilateral economic relations, from its production networks with Indonesia's major partners to their impacts. It highlights the products which will provide enormous potential benefits for the country. The book also covers regional and mega-regional aspects of Indonesia's economy. Focusing on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), it emphasises the regional organisation's three essential principles for economic integration: openness, convergence, and inclusiveness. In doing so, research in the book also includes perspectives on how ASEAN sees Asia and the Indo-Pacific framework. It also argues that ASEAN needs centrality in enlarging its economic cooperation with other countries or regions and how a member state's unilateral and bilateral liberalisation are building blocks for ASEAN.

This book examines the economic interconnections of the Greek economy at a macro and micro level, allowing it to explore both the economic relations between the various sectors and the interconnections of various companies and overlaps in management boards. Two approaches are used to quantify interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral interfaces: the traditional input-output analysis approach and the “influence and information flow” approach through network analysis. The book's first part presents the current conditions and the economic interconnections within the Greek economy. In the second part, during the analysis of microeconomic interconnections between individuals and companies, a much more thorough presentation of the economic interconnections of Greek companies is established. Finally, the book's third part presents how the Greek economy must transform its production prototype under structural constraints and opportunities for economic diversification and inclusive growth and under the pressure of economic shocks and uncertainty.

This handbook offers readers various perspectives on globalization and multilateralism with Chinese characteristics. Its originality is derived from the hybrid approaches the handbook takes, where chapters provide complementary, intertwined, and multi-level analysis on the topic. Based on contributions of scholars and practitioners from a number of countries, the handbook helps readers to comprehend ongoing debates on the Belt and Road Initiative and global governance, within a shifting balance of world power, characterized by competing views between Western and Chinese norms, standards, values, and narratives.Split into three Parts, and consisting of 46 chapters, the handbook views globalization as comprehensive concept that benefits from the contributions of various disciplines such as geography, geo-economics, political science and international relations. In producing one of the most ambitious and updated outputs on the topic, the handbook as a whole seeks to discusswhat globalization with Chinese characteristics looks like, and the role of the Belt and Road Initiative in this process.

This book answers why anti-trade forces in developing countries sometimes fail to effectively exert pressure on their governments. The backlash against globalization spread across several Latin American countries in the 2000s, yet a few countries such as Peru doubled down on their bets on free trade by signing bilateral agreements with the US and the EU. This study uses evidence from three Latin American countries (Peru, Argentina, and Bolivia) to suggest that geography can play a significant role in shaping trade preferences and undermining the formation and clout of distributional coalitions that seek protectionism. Because trade liberalization can have uneven distributional impacts along regional lines, trade liberalization losers can find themselves in unfavorable conditions to associate and engage in collective action. Under these circumstances, few coalitions emerge to battle for protection in the policy arena, and when they do, geographic distance from decision-makers in the capital city can be a significant barrier to realizing their interests. As a result, even where a majority of the population living in regions that have not benefitted from trade elect a leftist president, trade reform reversal will not occur unless protectionist interests are close to the capital city. The contrast between Peru, on one side, and Argentina and Bolivia, on the other, highlights the powerful influence geography can have on reversing trade policy or preserving the status quo.

This book sheds light on structural drivers that led to the Chinese omnipresence in African infrastructure markets and offers a strategic-relational approach to the study of African agency in Sino-African infrastructure encounters. Case studies cover the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA), Zambia's road sector as well as Tanzania's Bagamoyo port and Standard Gauge Railway. It is shown that African (state) agency in the infrastructure sector is contingent upon dynamic state-society relations and distinct political-economic contexts and constraints. The book problematises contradictions related to infrastructure debt, the emergence of Sino-African public-private partnerships and the intensifying geopolitics-cum-geoeconomics of infrastructure across Africa.