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Genus cotton has total 50 species, diploid species fall into 8 genomic groups (A-G, and K). To the extent of our knowledge, frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has not been calculated in genes of multiple genomes of the genus Gossypium. Here we present the frequency of SNPs in the transcribed regions of the multiple genes, and their utility in resolving phylogenies among 11 diploid species representing five of the eight diploid genomes of the genus Gossypium. We explored the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) data set of G. arboreum showing homology with genes encoding for mitochondrial small heat shock protein (MT-sHSP), histone H2B1, S-adenosyl methionine synthetase, cytochrome p450, actin-depolymerizing factor 2, C-terminal domain of helicases and histone H2B3 for designing primers. The resultant PCR products amplifying partial gene sequences were sequenced. In total, 61 SNPs were detected in cotton genomes which include 53 substitutions and 8 Indels in the total 1920 bp genome length. Phylogenetic analysis using this data revealed grouping of genomes comparable with previous studies. A1 and A2 genomes were most similar (98.0%) while D9 and Oryza genomes were least similar (31.2%). Oryza was most distantly related with other genomes. In conclusion SNPs are potent markers to delineate cotton genomes according to their evolutionary positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The damaging potential of Alternaria alternata on different mungbean genotypes was accessed and its management was done under in vitro and in vivo conditions through suitable fungicides. Seeds of fifty different mungbean genotypes were sown in lines. There were fifteen replications for each line. The data on disease incidence and percent disease intensity were accessed on all the genotypes. Infection was observed on all genotypes, none of them were found to be immune. Fourteen lines were found to be the most susceptible (14114, 14117, 14128, 14198, 14203, 14205, 14250, 14265, 14266, 14295, 14305, 14306, 14368, 14438). Infection was observed on all genotypes, none of them were found to be immune. The maximum PDI (Percent Disease Intensity) was recorded 35.30% while minimum was 2.43%. For detached leaf assay, the conidial suspension of 105 conidia/mLwas prepared and sprayed on detached leaves. The results revealed that maximum infection percentage was observed in 14306, 14198 genotypes while minimum was observed in 14128, 14203. The lesion area was found to be maximum in 14306, 14198 (0.23, 0.22) while minimum in 14128 (0.12) respectively. For management experiments, different fungicides; Propiconazole (Tilt), Propineb (Antracol), Difenconazole (Score), Thiophanate methyl (Topsin M), Mancozeb (Dithane M-45) were tested under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Significant decrease in mycelial growth with the increase in concentration of fungicides was observed. Percent inhibition of mycelial growth was maximum in Propiconazole at its highest concentration (1000 ppm) under in vitro conditions. A significant decline in disease incidence was observed as compared to control treatment. The minimum percent disease incidence was recorded in Propiconazole (10.34) with PDC (67.31) while the maximum percent disease incidence was observed in Thiophanate methyl (25.46). So, Propiconazole could be used successfully for the management of A. alternata under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]