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Background. The role of recently discovered neurospecific peptides in the pathogenesis of acute and progressive neurologic disorders, their neuroprotective features, and possibilities to use them as markers for the course and prognosis of certain diseases have been actively studied in recent decades. However, neurospecific peptides are almost not studied in chronic residual diseases. In our study we measured the levels of neurospecific peptides and some other markers to achieve understanding of general neurophysiological trends in congenital and acquired chronic non-progressive brain pathology with reference to the selection of relevant groups — study objects. Objective. The aim of the study is to study patterns of neurospecific peptides, neurotransmitters and neuroreceptor markers distribution in the serum of children with various pathogenetic variants of chronic neuropathology. Methods. The study included children from 3 to 16 years old with different pathologies. The sample was divided into groups by pathology type: no sensory and neurological disorders, congenital sensory deficit due to mutation of genes expressed and not expressed in the brain, early acquired sensory deficit of multifactorial nature, congenital mild and severe organic disorders of central nervous system (CNS) in residual stage without baseline sensory deficit, acquired functional CNS disorders without baseline organic defect and sensory deficit. The following laboratory data (neurophysiological components) was studied: nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotropic factor, neurotrophin-3, neurotrophin-4, neuregulin-1-beta-1, beta-secretase, sirtuin-1, synaptophysin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies. The parameters of cognitive activity, sense of vision, sense of smell, and acoustic sense were also evaluated. Results. The study included 274 participants. Neuropeptides and markers have shown a variable degree and range in the group spectrum of differences from normal levels. The most variable in the examined sample was NO-synthase, as well as levels of both neurotrophins, beta-secretase, and glutamate receptor marker. All visual deficits were associated with increased NO-synthase levels (p < 0.001). Neuroplasticity peptides (beta-secretase, neurotrophin-3 and 4) have been activated in all pathological conditions. Nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotropic factor were specifically activated in mild organic CNS lesions (mild cognitive impairments), while neuregulin — in congenital genetically determined visual deficits. There was no specific activation of neuropeptides and NO-synthase level tended to decrease in cases of severe CNS lesions. Conclusion. The study results suggest that all types of early visual impairment are associated with increased physiological neuronal activity, and non-organic neurological functional disorders — mainly with increased physiological synaptic activity. General neuroplasticity processes were activated in all cases of visual deficits but more specific. However, more specific and well-studied processes were activated in mild organic CNS lesions, and neuroplasticity processes did not activate adequately in severe organic CNS lesions probably due to the limited neuronal and synaptic resources.

The article presents clinical case of Job syndrome, variant of primary immune deficiency disease confirmed genetically. This case is interesting for its early diagnosis due to comprehensive assessment of anamnestic, clinical, and laboratory data. Such typical phenotypic features as facial dysmorphisms, recurrent localized purulent infections, and laboratory parameters (absolute neutropenia and eosinophilia) were the major signs of autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome in a child with normal IgE levels. The combination of 2 heterozygous mutations in STAT3 gene inherited from his father and his mother has played its role in disease clinical features in the child.

The article presents modern data on the epidemiology, etiology and clinical manifestations of food allergies in children. Evidence-based approaches to diagnosis, including differential, treatment, and prevention of food allergies in children are shown. Patient management tactics and algorithms are presented in detail. The guidelines are based on all available up-to-date data on food allergies. The material is based on the methodological guideline for the management of patients with food allergies previously developed by expert specialists of the Union of Pediatricians of Russia in 2021.

The article presents modern approaches to the use of balanced formulas for nutrition and diet correction in children with various forms of food allergies. The guidelines are based on all available up to date evidence on the efficacy, safety and utility of using such innovative medical technology as specialized amino acid formulas. This formula is the targeted medical intervention for food allergies and confirmed cow's milk protein allergy, and particularly for patients with reduced physical growth and development (growth rates included). The material is based on methodological guidelines on the amino acid formulas usage previously developed by specialist experts of the Union of pediatricians of Russia in 2020.

Background. Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes is a g roup of rare congenital autoinflammatory diseases such as familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome and chronic infantile neurological cutaneous articular syndrome. These syndromes are considered as clinical variants of one disease with different intensity of clinical features and severity of pathologic process. The onset of these syndromes is usually on the first year of life, and they start with fever, urticarial rash, various variants of joint diseases (from arthralgia to residual and persistent arthritis) and nervous system disturbances. There are only single case reports of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes in Russia. Clinical Case Description. The disease onset was at the age of 1 year 8 months with fever and rash as well as generalized joint syndrome. Autoinflammatory syndrome was suspected due to to results of blood tests, MRI, molecular genetic testing. Exons 2, 3 and 4 of TNFRSF1A gene and exon 4 of NLRP3 gene with nearby introns were studied with the method of direct automated sequencing. The c.943A>G variant in heterozygous state in NLRP3 gene was revealed. The child was treated with IL-1 beta inhibitor (canakinumab) with positive effect. Conclusion. Diagnostics of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome in children is the serious challenge. Timely decision with help of molecular genetic methods is crucial for successful target therapy.

Background.Currently, scleroderma is a rather rare disease, including among children. Despite the growing interest of investigators in this pathology, the problem of diagnosing oesophageal affection in various forms of systemic sclerosis remains under-investigated since endoscopic data does not provide a complete picture of the oesophageal function. Currently, mano-impedancemetry (MIP) is the leading method in Europe for determining the oesophageal function, including in children with scleroderma; in the Russian Federation, it is used only in adults. Proper and timely evaluation of the oesophageal motility state will allow not only to expand our understanding of the disease pathogenesis but also to determine the efficacy of the initiated therapy and to give practice suggestions in terms of treatment tactics in the early stages of the disease.Our aim wasto determine the possibilities of mano-impedancemetry for diagnosing oesophageal affection in juvenile scleroderma.Patients and Methods.The study included children with juvenile scleroderma taken to the department of rheumatology and dermatology from June to August 2016. To identify oesophageal function disorders, all patients underwent high-resolution manometry in combination with impedancemetry.Results.A decrease in the distal oesophageal contraction amplitude in more than 30% of “wet” swallows was found in 2 of 7 children with juvenile systemic scleroderma and in one of 6 children with juvenile focal scleroderma. All 13 patients had peristaltic waves in the distal oesophagus with an amplitude of Conclusion.Despite the clinical and laboratory methods for diagnosing scleroderma, the data of oesophageal mano-impedancemetry is an important criterion, primarily for the differential diagnosis of systemic and focal scleroderma, and assists in the early initiation of therapy for oesophageal motility disorders.Marina Ju. Stepanyan, Ekaterina I. Alexeeva, Elena V. Komarova confirmed the absence of a reportable conflict of interest.Ekaterina I. Alexeeva — receiving research grants from Pfizer, Roche, Centocor, Novartis.Nikolay N. Murashkin — receiving research funding from pharmaceutical companies Jansen, Eli Lilly. Receiving fees for scientific advice from Galderma, Pierre Fabre, Bayer, Astellas, Libriderm.

Background . Tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). To achieve maximum efficiency of genetically engineered biologic drugs, it is necessary to study predictors of the response to therapy. Objective . Our aim was to identify early predictors of the response to adalimumab therapy in patients with JIA without systemic manifestations. Methods . A prospective cohort study analysed treatment results of patients with JIA without systemic manifestations, who were prescribed adalimumab for the period from August 2008 to August 2014. We studied the relationship between baseline demographic indicators as well as baseline and registered after one month of treatment clinical and laboratory parameters and the best (remission according to the Wallace criteria) response to therapy after one year. Results . In the first year of therapy, 94 (43.9%) of 214 patients achieved remission according to the Wallace criteria. In a multivariate analysis, predictors of achieving remission after one year of adalimumab therapy were the improvement according to the ACR70 criterion after one month of therapy [odds ratio (OR) 3.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–6.7], a history of uveitis (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.03–3.33), a decrease in the number of joints with active arthritis after one month of therapy (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.02–1.16). During therapy, injection reactions in the form of pain were observed in 36 (16.8%) of 214 patients, infectious diseases of ENT organs — in 85 (39.7%), of the respiratory tract — in 17 (7.9%), and tubinfection — in 13 (6.1%) children. Conclusion . The presence of uveitis, rapid reduction in the number of joints with active arthritis and a high level of response to treatment after one month of adalimumab therapy are predictors for achieving remission during the first year of treatment.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is one of the most frequent and most disabling rheumatic diseases in children. Children with JIA receiving immunosuppressive and genetically engineered biologic drugs belong to the high-risk group for the development of bacterial and viral infections, including those administered by preventive vaccines. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) in children with JIA. Methods. In a prospective open-label comparative study, the efficacy of vaccination was determined by the level of specific anti-pneumococcal antibodies (anti-SPP)IgG to Streptococcus pneumonia in the blood serum in patients with JIA. The safety of vaccination was assessed by determining a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and S-100 protein as well as by the number of adverse events, by recording the number of infections of the upper respiratory tract and pneumonias, by the number of joints with active arthritis. Vaccination with 13-valent PPV was performed subcutaneously with one dose of 0.5 ml during therapy of the main disease with methotrexate or etanercept or 3 weeks before the appointment of methotrexate or etanercept. Patients were followed up for 1 year. Results. The study included 42 children with JIA: 21 with JIA in the active phase of the disease, 21 in remission of the disease. As a result of vaccination, the level of anti-pneumococcal antibodies (antiSPP)IgG increased in the group of children with JIA in the active phase from 26.1 (14.3; 52.1) to 73.0 (52.5; 156.0) mg/l (p = 0.001), with JIA in remission — from 27.4 (18.2; 59.1) to 54.6 (35.3; 96.0) mg/l (p = 0.029). The concentration of the predictor of S-100 protein high activity after vaccination was not increased (p = 0.192). JIA aggravation episodes were not fixed in any patient. Serious adverse events were not observed during the trial. Conclusion. The vaccination of children with JIA with 13-valent PPV is highly effective, not accompanied by exacerbation/increase in the activity of the disease and the development of serious adverse events.

Background . Patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) have an increased risk of being infected. Approximately half of all serious infections in children with JIA are associated with airway involvement. Objective . Our aim was to study the efficacy and safety of the pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV) in children with JIA. Methods. In a prospective cohort study, 5 groups were formed: children with JIA in the remission phase on methotrexate therapy (group 1) or etanercept (group 2), with JIA in the active phase prior to the appointment of methotrexate (group 3) or etanercept (group 4), control group (conditionally healthy children). 0.5 ml of the 13-valent PCV was administered once subcutaneously during therapy in patients in the remission phase or 3 weeks before the appointment of methotrexate or etanercept in patients in the active phase. The main study outcome was the proportion of patients with a protective ( 40 mg/L) level of specific anti-pneumococcal antibodies (anti-SPP) IgG to Streptococcus pneumoniae 4 weeks after vaccination. In addition, we assessed the incidence of infectious events before and after vaccination as well as changes in the content of a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, S100 protein, and post-vaccination period. Results. The study included 125 children. Four weeks after vaccination, the protective level of anti-SPP IgG was established in 21 (84%) patients in the 1st, 23 (92%) in the 2nd, 22 (88%) in the 3rd, 24 (96%) in the 4th and 5th groups (p =1.0). Increase in the concentration of S100 protein and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein after vaccination was not noted. JIA exacerbation episodes were not recorded in any patient. After immunization, the total number of infectious events decreased in all observed groups (p 0.001). Serious adverse events were not registered during the study. Conclusion . Vaccination with the 13-valent PCV in children with JIA is highly effective and is not accompanied by the development of serious adverse events.

The article presents a case of a severe progressive course of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, debuting at an early age, refractory to the therapy with methotrexate, cyclosporine, and glucocorticosteroids. A clinical example demonstrates that switching to the second TNF inhibitor in the case of developing secondary resistance to the first drug from this group provides restoration of the therapeutic effect and is not accompanied by serious adverse events. Six months after switching to adalimumab, due to the «escape» of the effect of etanercept, the inflammatory changes in the patient were reversed; the volume of movements in the joints increased, and the laboratory parameters of the disease activity were normalized. After 1 year, there was a remission of the disease. The child managed to completely eliminate glucocorticosteroids for oral ingestion. The duration of the joint syndrome remission was 3 years. Adverse events were not serious and did not become a basis for drug withdrawal.

Objective: Our aim was to study features of the drug therapy of children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA). Methods: We conducted a retrospective data analysis included in the Register of sJIA cases, for the period from 2002 to 2015. Results: The indicators of 384 children with sJIA are studied. Prior to the diagnosis verification, all patients were prescribed to intake antipyretic agents, 98% — antibiotics. After the diagnosis, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were intaken by 282 (73.4%) patients: diclofenac sodium — by 163 (40.1%), nimesulide — by 88 (22.9%) patients. The average duration of NSAID intake from 2002 to 2015 decreased from 81.5 ± 115.3 to 3.3 ± 3.7 months (p < 0.001). Prior to the diagnosis verification, glucocorticoids were received intravenously or intramuscularly by 265 (69.0%) patients, orally — 176 (45.8%). Totally, glucocorticoids were received by 330 (85.9%) patients: methylprednisolone — 300 of 384 (78.1%), prednisolone — 174 (45.3%), there were totally 1855 prescriptions in 668 patients. The average duration of glucocorticoid intake from 2002 to 2015 decreased from 13.7 ± 26.7 to 5.0 ± 3,8 months (p < 0.001). As a disease-modifying drug, methotrexate was intaken by 237 (61.7%), Cyclosporin — by 193 (50.6%) patients. There were totally 809 prescriptions of genetically engineered biological preparations (GIBP) in 430 patients: in 2002–2005–8, in 2011–2015–602 in 397 patients (p = 0.001). Tocilizumab is intaken by 210 (52.9%) of 397 patients, kanakinumab — 37 (9.3%) patients. The disease duration from the manifestation to the prescription of immunosuppressive drugs from 2002 to 2015 decreased from 27.3 ± 23.9 to 1.0 ± 0 months (p < 0.001), GIBP prescriptions — from 70.7 ± 26.3 to 0.5 ± 0.7 months, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In 13 years there have been positive changes in the antirheumatic therapy in children with sJIA — the duration of NSAIDs and glucocorticoids intake reduced, the period between diagnosis verification and immunosuppressants and GIBP prescription decreased. However, it is still widely used antibiotics, non-selective NSAIDs and glucocorticoids.

Objective : Our aim was to study demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), timing of diagnosis and routing of the children after the onset of the disease according to the All-Russian Register of the Union of Pediatricians of Russia. Methods : Retrospective study (1998–2015) analyzing indicators from 384 children with sJIA. Results : The majority of patients live in the Central and Volga Federal Districts — 157 (40.9%) and 68 (17.7%) patients, respectively. The ratio of girls to boys is 1.25:1; 281 (73.2%) children got sick under the age of 5. In 35 (9.1%) children the disease is hereditary. The trigger factor in 1/3 of patients was an infection. At the onset of the disease, fever was recorded in all patients, rash — in 190 (49.5%), enlargement of the liver and/or spleen — in 150 (39.1%), and serositis — in 56 (14.6%) patients. 17 (4.4%) children had 5 manifestations of systemic disease, 117 (30.5%) — 4, 64 (16.7%) — 3, 73 (19.0%) and 73 (19.0%) — 2 and 1. 175 (45.6%) children had arthritis at the onset of the disease and extra-articular manifestations were observed for 6 months. 7 (1.8%) patients were hospitalized to the specialized rheumatology departments, 50 (13.0%) — to the cardiologic departments, and 190 (49.5%) — to the pediatric departments. 250 (65.1%) patients were diagnosed with an infectious disease. None of the patients was diagnosed with sJIA within first 6 weeks. The average duration of the disease from the onset to diagnosis was 2.0 ± 15.5 (0–139) months, from the onset to the admission to a special department of the federal research center — 8.0 ± 29.3 (0–146) months, from diagnosis to the admission to the federal research center — 3.0 ± 28.0 (0–138) months; 50 (13.1%) patients were hospitalized without a diagnosis (established at the federal research center). Conclusion : According to the All-Russian Register, sJIA is characterized by aggressive beginning at an early age with severe extra-articular manifestations and late addition of the articular syndrome. In most cases, the verification of diagnosis and admission of patients to the specialized rheumatology departments of the federal research center were carried out in later periods.

The article shows the observation of rare NLPC4-associated autoinflammatory syndrome with enterocolitis and familial cold urticaria. Diagnosis is confirmed molecularly-genetically: previously not described mutation c.928C>T in the heterozygous state in NLRC4 gene is discovered by a method of the new generation sequencing. The use of a monoclonal antibody to the interleukin 1 canakinumab provided complete relief of fever and skin and intestinal symptoms in just 1 week of treatment. Later the signs of inflammation have disappeared completely; the patient’s quality of life improved and life-threatening complications were prevented. The above example demonstrates the high clinical efficacy of canakinumab in the patient with NLRC4-associated autoinflammatory syndrome and suggests promising therapeutic use of interleukin 1 blockers in such patients. There were no adverse events during canakinumab therapy.

Modern successful treatment of rheumatic diseases is impossible without the use of intravenous immunoglobulin. The use of intravenous immunoglobulin is based on strict indications developed as a result of long-term multicenter controlled studies. The article highlights the issues of using immunoglobulin in pediatric rheumatology practice, and provides the review of literature with the results from the evaluation of the efficiency of intravenous immunoglobulin confirming the efficiency of the drug only for certain rheumatic diseases.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JAL4) is the most common chronic rheumatologic disease in children. JIA is a group of disorders that share the clinical manifestation of chronic joint inflammation. The Human Leukocyte Antigen region (HLA) seems to be a major susceptibility locus for JIA that is estimated to account for 17% of familial segregation of the disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), case-control studies and meta-analyses of the post-GWAS era revealed over 20 non-HLA loci conferring susceptibility to JIA. At least a half of those are shared between JIA and rheumatoid arthritis, an adult rheumatic disease, thereby suggesting for similarity of pathogenic mechanisms of both diseases. New findings also suggest for a likely role of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of JIA that should be investigated in the future.

Represented here is a case of early juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated with uveitis diagnosed in a three-year-old female patient subject to treatment with the standard methotrexate dosage. At the initial stage of treatment, the child demonstrated severe articular syndrome, inflammatory reactions affecting eyeball surfaces, increased laboratory indicators of the illness and functional insufficiency. Successful overcoming of methotrexate resistance through dosage increased up to 20 mg/m 2 of body surface per week was described. Over three months of subcutaneous methotrexate treatment with a 15 mg/m 2 -per-week dose, the child showed milder joint exudation an, arthralgia, less lengthy morning stiffness, although there was no 50% improvement based on ACR pedi criteria, and uveitis was first recognized in the subactive phase. The dose was increased up to 20 mg/m 2 per week. By the eighth week of methotrexate treatment, uveal inflammation reversed. Non-active phase and remission were detected in 6 and 12 months respectively. The remission has persisted for 6 years. No side effects have been observed throughout methotrexate treatment.

The article presents a case of late diagnosis of cutaneomucosal lymphonodular syndrome (Kawasaki syndrome). The child featured fever, mucosal lesion (conjunctivitis, stomatitis), rash, thick edemas on arms and feet, arthritis and coronaritis. Initial therapy proved ineffective. Pathogenetic therapy, which proved to be rather effective, was prescribed after diagnosis was confirmed. The authors present a case of successful use of normal human immunoglobulin for intravenous injections in the dose of 2 g/kg of body weight per course in combination with acetylsalicylic acid in the dose of 80 mg/kg per day. Body temperature decreased down to subfebrile figures and foot pain attenuated as early as after 1 day of treatment. Fever, rash, stomatitis and conjunctivitis terminated, edemas of limbs and arthritic manifestations attenuated considerably and laboratory parameters of disease activity normalized after 1 week (ESR and CRP). Inflammation of coronary arteries terminated after 3 weeks. No adverse events in the setting of immunoglobulin therapy were observed.

Aim : To assess the influence of the genetically engineered biologic drug etanercept on the quality of life of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Patients and methods : The research included 85 children with poly-and oligoarticular variant of the JIA at the age of 5 (2; 17) years. The assessment of the quality of life of patients was carried out by means of the parental version of a special questionnaire CHAQ (Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire), Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3) questionnaire. The doctor and parents of the patient also assessed the global activity of the illness by the 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) before the etanercept prescription and in 1, 6 and 12 months. All patients before the etanercept prescription received immunodepressants. Results : Fast dynamics of the increase of an average point of the quality of life (the response in 1 month after the therapy beginning) was noted by the attributes of a questionnaire of HUI3 «emotions» — from 0.82 (± 0.18) to 0.90 (± 0.13), p =0.001, «cognitive abilities» — from 0.85 (± 0.17) to 0.91 (± 0.18), p =0.006, and «pain» — from 0.78 (± 0.23) to 0.91 (± 0.1), p < 0.001. In 12 months of the treatment the average point of the quality of life raised also by such attributes as «locomotivity» — from 0.85 (± 0.3) to 0.99 (± 0.06), p < 0.0001, and «fine motor skills» — from 0.9 (± 0.19) to 0.98 (± 0.05), p < 0.001. Conclusion: Treatment with the etanercept provided the improvement of the quality of life of children with the JIA and their families, improvement of physical activity and emotional state of patients. Key words : children, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, etanercept, quality of life, Health Utilities Index Mark 3.

The article describes the monitoring of severe cryopyrin-associated syndrome (syndrome CINCA/NOMID). The following clinical case indicates successful application of homogeneous antibodies to interleukin 1 — canakinumab — in patient with chronic neurologic dermatic articular syndrome. Fever, rush and pain syndrome completely jugulated, contractures of articulation joints decreased in a week since the beginning of the treatment. In 8 weeks of therapy movements of affected joints almost completely restored, the boy could stay, spell simple words; decreased and normalized laboratory test values of disease activity (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein). In 12 weeks the child could move with assistance, say simple phrases. The following clinical case shows high efficiency of application of canakinumab in chronic neurologic dermatic articular syndrome treatment and indicates the perspectives of therapeutic use of interleukin 1 blocking agent in patients with early stage of disease before the progress of nonreversible osteohondrous destruction and serious injury of cerebrospinal nervous system. No adverse event were registered on treatment with application of canakinumab. Key words : children, autophologistic syndromes, cryopyrin-associated syndrome, CINCA/NOMID, canakinumab.

The review is dedicated to treatment of allergic diseases in children, particularly to the use of the 2nd generation antihistamine. It demonstrates that mediator histamine has the crucial role in pathophysiology of the allergic reaction. Antihistamines block histamine action aimed at H1 receptors by way of competitive inhibition. The 2nd generation antihistamines are the drugs of choice for the treatment of allergic diseases due to the absence of sedative effect. The review presents clinical and pharmacological description of the selective 2nd generation antihistamine cetirizine, efficacy and safety of which have been appraised in numerous long-term clinical studies in children with allergic rhinitis, urticaria and atopic dermatitis.

The article presents a case of successful use of an interleukin-1 monoclonal antibody drug (canakinumab) for severe systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis refractory to treatment with classic immunosuppressants and genetically engineered biopharmaceuticals with a different mode of action. Canakinumab treatment shortly provided reduction in clinical and laboratory parameters of the disease activity, life quality improvement, development of an inactive disease stage and allowed reducing the prednisolone dose by 90% and avoiding intravenous and intraarticular administration of glucocorticoids.

Cough is the main symptom of respiratory tract lesion. It is commonly caused by viral, mixed (viral-bacterial) and bacterial respiratory infections. Upon that it may be both a sign of respiratory system pathology and a reflex response to other organs and systems disorders. In spite of expert’s close attention to the cough problem it is still urgent as ever. The studies of its causes are currently in progress, diagnostic patterns and treatment methods are improved. In the article potential causes of cough in children due to their age are analyzed, principal lines for diagnostic search and approaches to therapy of cough syndrome in children are presented. Special attention is paid to medication of cough symptomatic treatment. It is shown that selection of drugs depends on cough characteristics, its strength and other features.