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This article reviews issues relevant to the Chinese School of International Relations (IR) theory. After 20 or more years of relentless effort, the Chinese School has achieved concrete breakthroughs, evident in the emergence of Relational Theory, Moral Realism, and Symbiosis Theory. The Chinese School has thus entered a new stage, its primary task having been upgraded from theory innovation to theory development. But to proceed further, the Chinese School needs critical responses from its Western counterparts. Owing primarily to the language barrier, as well as to the non-confrontational academic tradition within Chinese IR, and the ethnocentrism that both sides practice, the few dialogues that have taken place between the Chinese School and Western theories have tended to be problematic, with important issues either ignored or misrepresented. In order to further study a comprehensive and intensive exchange of ideas between the Chinese School and Western theories, this article categorises issues relevant to the Chinese School into three areas. They are: process of evolution; progress in theoretical studies; and the Chinese School's future relationship with other theoretical entities (in particular, Global IR). Predominantly reliant upon the discourse analysis of Chinese School publications, this contribution seeks to provide a foundation for further exchanges between Western theories and the Chinese School. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies an absence in currently constituted criminological discourse on the Global North and Global South. This absence is the Global East. The Global East is not a defined region but a relation of betweenness, geographically and geo-politically, within and between the South and North, representing peoples from countries and societies which fit imperfectly into a North/South binary. We focus on the Eastern European and Eurasian regions to demonstrate this point, concentrating specifically on its omission in punishment and society studies. Our paper makes a positive argument for the Global East concept, disrupting the assumed categories of North and South and producing a strategic essentialism to help better represent peoples thus far overlooked in southern criminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminology and propaganda studies have both substantially influenced political, public and commercial thought yet not as a co-ordinated, embedded twine. Propaganda studies identify how narratives are constructed, conveyed and embedded within public and political discourses. To enhance existing debates, this article stirs the criminological cauldron with critical insights from propaganda analyses. Criminology is an evolving crucible, a gravitational black hole that imbues, harnesses and inculcates diverse perspectives in the pursuit of originality, criticality and creativity. By drawing on historical and contemporary propaganda scholarship we aim to enrich criminological theory, policy and practice. Our intention is not to critique, supplant or subvert existing criminological discourse but to invigorate it with the proponents, and prospects of propaganda studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Research Methods for Digital Discourse Analysis" by Camilla Vásquez is a book that addresses the challenges of analyzing digitally mediated texts in the field of discourse analysis. The book explores how traditional analytical tools can be adapted for digital discourse analysis (DDA) and discusses the emergence of new digital tools. It provides guidelines for analyzing digital discourse, including data sampling, ethical considerations, and interpretation of findings. The book also covers specific topics and approaches to DDA, such as multilingualism, multimodality, cross-platform analysis, and corpus linguistics. While the book primarily focuses on qualitative methods, it acknowledges the need for more quantitative analyses and explores the potential of mixed methods in DDA. Overall, the book aims to be a helpful resource for researchers in the field of DDA, providing them with an overview of methodology and inspiring them to address unique issues in digital discourse. [Extracted from the article]

Objective Physical therapy is generally considered to be a white profession in Western nations. Australia's increasingly diverse population, driven largely by growth in immigration, invites Australian health systems to be responsive to factors that may impact on non-white Australian population's access to health care. Here, the authors sought to explore non-Indigenous Black people's perspectives of physical therapy in Australia. Methods Eligible participants (n  = 12) took part in semistructured, in-depth interviews and were prompted to discuss their experiences and perceptions of physical therapy. Interview data were analyzed using critical discourse analysis, underpinned by critical race theory. Results Participants were on average 29.4 years (SD = 12.9) from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Participants described mostly positive experiences with physical therapists, but they noted that it was not widely accessed by their communities, with 2 key discourses underpinning these discussions. Discourse 1, "physiotherapy is a solution for white people," established physical therapy as primarily accessed by and welcoming of white people. "Whiteness" and the perpetuation of Western norms in physical therapy resulted in little consideration of other cultural practices. Participants' discussions also pointed to the intersections of systemic racism and social inequities such as low income and language barriers, impacting Black people's engagement with physical therapy. Discourse 2, "physiotherapists are white," was mostly concerned with how the perceived "whiteness" of professionals and lack of Black physical therapists impacts cultural safety and comfort when accessing physical therapy. Conclusion Our results suggest that Westernization and whiteness persist among discourses surrounding physical therapy. Such discourses are likely to inform Black people's perceptions and experiences of physical therapy. Our analyses suggest avenues to enhance the cultural diversity of the profession and improve physical therapy accessibility for Black people in Australia by providing culturally appropriate material, including critical reflexivity, epistemic and cultural humility in the curricula, recruiting staff from diverse backgrounds, and providing outreach services to underserved populations. Impact These findings highlight the need for increased cultural safety and diversity within the physical therapy profession to improve equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic uncertainty is prevalent throughout medicine and significantly impacts patient care, especially when it goes unrecognized. However, we lack a reliable clinical means of identifying uncertainty. This study evaluates the narrative discourse within clinical notes in the Electronic Health Record as a means of identifying diagnostic uncertainty. Recognizing that discourse producers use language 'semi-automatically' (Partington et al. 2013), we hypothesized that clinicians include distinct indications of uncertainty in their written assessments, which could be elucidated by linguistic analysis. Using a cohort of patients prospectively identified as having an uncertain diagnosis (UD), we conducted a detailed corpus-assisted discourse analysis. The analysis revealed a set of linguistic indicators constitutive of diagnostic uncertainty including terms of modality, register-specific terms, and linguistically identifiable clinical behaviours. This dictionary of UD indicators was thoroughly tested, and its performance was compared with a matched-control dataset. Based on the findings, we built a machine learning classification algorithm with the ability to predict UD patient cohorts with 87.0% accuracy, effectively demonstrating the feasibility of using clinical discourse to classify patients and directly impact the clinical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the discourses around climate change in the UK press from 2003 to 2019. Our main goal is to investigate how the media discourse developed during a period of significant world events, whilst also exploring the change in the UK public's perception of the problem. We combine the novel technique of Usage Fluctuation Analysis (UFA, McEnery et al. 2019) with corpus-assisted discourse analysis to track the fluctuation in the usage of the phrases climate change and global warming over this 17-year period. Thus, in addition to offering a methodological contribution by applying UFA to a relatively small specialized diachronic corpus, this article offers new insights on how the discourse evolved. Results indicate that the tabloids and broadsheets offer a surprisingly similar image of climate change discourse, both showing two major discoursal shifts. From an overall prevalence of articles advocating for the climate change cause, the discourse incorporated voices of climate sceptics from 2008 onwards, moving on to increased coverage and awareness of the problem in recent years when the public started to engage in it more heavily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The police in the United States typically pull over about 19 million drivers a year for routine violations such as speeding and running a stop sign. The verbal exchanges that occur during traffic encounters embody one of the ideal principles of procedural justice: giving citizens an opportunity to speak (voice) before a decision is made. The accounts and excuses that drivers articulate represent the logical outcome of opportunities provided to drivers to explain the reason for their legal violations. This paper examines the accounts and excuses that drivers proffer during routine traffic encounters. The findings indicate that drivers' responses to police solicitation of accounts fall into three types: remaining 'silent' during encounters and forgoing an opportunity to voice their concerns; crafting excuses and apologies in response to the announcement of an infraction; and denial of knowledge. The implications for police procedural justice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines three popular e-dictionary platforms using a quantitative user survey coupled with a qualitative multimodal discourse analysis (MDA): Chinese Youdao , Cambridge English-Mandarin Chinese Dictionary (Cambridge), and the Free Dictionary (FD). The survey (N  = 478) revealed that, despite its language flaws, Youdao was preferred by most Chinese EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners mainly due to its search functionality and personalization. In contrast, English majors and postgraduates preferred Cambridge for its reliability and multimodal resources. FD ranked the lowest in popularity mainly for perceived inconvenience of searching and less accessibility of personalized functions. Multinomial logistic regressions and structural equation modelling showed that dictionary selection by users was contingent upon their perception of its features and their use strategies. Furthermore, MDA revealed how each dictionary contributed to the construction of a cultural identity. Youdao seemed to be a toolbox for personal use, with raw texts of varying quality, but with a clear and practical vision, in addition to customization options. Cambridge portrayed itself as a welcoming language community through appealing imagery, interactive options, and diverse navigational styles. FD was comparable to a dynamic and cluttered library, archiving large blocks of hyperlinked texts and word lists accompanied by musical animations. In brief, multimodal and cultural factors partially explained Chinese EFL learners' preferences for a specific dictionary, highlighting the importance of adaptation to the linguistic and cultural background of the user, including customization. A general cultural and semiotic framework is proposed to examine the representation of cultural identity in e-dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been an emergence of online metaphor repositories. The purpose of this article is 2-fold. First, we present a review and comparison of the existing online databases of conceptual metaphors, showing that although there are a good number of domain-independent conceptual metaphor repositories based on English texts, repositories that are field-specific and/or in other languages are still scarce. Accordingly, the second goal of this article is to present the first metaphor repository specific to the mental health field, named The Mental Health Metaphor Dictionary. This repository is based on a Spanish corpus of first-person accounts published on social media (blogs and Twitter) by people suffering from severe mental disorders. We present the structure and the building process of the repository, and more significantly, we demonstrate its usefulness for a wide range of groups: professionals working in the field of mental health, public health communicators, family members or friends of people diagnosed with a mental disorder, the affected people themselves, and researchers of conceptual metaphors and discourse analysis in mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonplace to say that international organizations (IOs) face a legitimacy crisis because they are perceived as undemocratic, unaccountable, and inefficient. Plausible as it may seem, this still must count as a conjecture. In this article, I review the rapidly growing literature that has explored this connection empirically. I follow three strands of research that approach the legitimacy of IOs from different angles. The first strand explores individual beliefs through observational and experimental surveys. The second strand analyzes public discourses, mapping arguments deployed to (de-)legitimize IOs. The third strand studies political action related to legitimacy, such as protest voting, street demonstrations, and withdrawal of member states from IOs. The empirical evidence shows that citizens expect fair procedures and balanced outcomes also in international politics; that legitimation discourses revolve around democratic standards and not only performance; and that institutions respond to protests. It is less clear, however, how the three dimensions of (de-)legitimation interact. I argue that we need to triangulate them more systematically to see the connections between beliefs, arguments, and political action at work. I suggest in-depth case studies, sensitive to the context and content of legitimation debates, that cover these three dimensions and their interactions simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the increasing use of military actors in the governance of migration in the Mediterranean basin. The article analyses maritime migration as distinct from migration via other routes. It investigates the understudied features of the securitization processes of maritime migration and discusses their repercussions for migrants' rights. To this end, building on critical security perspectives and inspired by critical geopolitics, the article conducts a textual and discourse analysis of NATO and the European Union's security assessments and strategies, and examines the practices ensuing from these organizations' security narrative. The article's main arguments are two-fold: first, it contends that framing migration as a 'hybrid threat' by NATO and the EU expands the spaces of containment of human mobility at the expense of migrants' protection and rights; and second, it argues that such a 'threat discourse' simultaneously provides legitimacy for military operations and eliminates accountability for infringement of the human rights of migrants and refugees. The article ends with a summary of the analysis and the subsequent conclusions, as well as suggestions for overturning the current trends of dehumanization of migrants and law-breaking in the name of security in the Mediterranean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using discourse analysis to examine exchanges between fraudsters and victims in telephone-mediated frauds, this research examines the interactional techniques used by perpetrators of fraud to gain and maintain compliance from their victims, without causing them alarm. It reveals how compliance is secured and maintained in a process of establishing the relationship, grooming the victim and setting expectations of follow-through. Reimagining traditional understandings of fraud victimization and vulnerability, this work exposes how social and interactional norms are replicated and manipulated by fraudsters in order to compel individuals to be drawn into participating in an alternate, exploitative reality that is indistinguishable from safety; quashing a victim's ability to recognize the situation as harmful and rendering any motivation to escape as nonsensical. In doing so, this paper questions the efficacy of public fraud protection guidance strategies and delivers evidence for the need to change the present approach to understanding and tackling fraud victimization and complicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discourse of mastery is prominent in applied linguistics. The idea of mastery, however, does not remain only on the discourse level: curricula and policies are meant to be implemented, and therefore mastery and all that is associated with it (near perfection, dominance over something, etc.) is also practiced. In this paper, I argue that we might survive mastery by recuperating other ways of being, thinking, and learning. By drawing on examples from the South African higher educational context, I show glimpses of other ways of doing and thinking about language. Drawing inspiration from decolonial theory, I extend the notion of linguistic citizenship by showing that, for applied linguists, vulnerability, relationality, and failure could be points of focus as productive as mastery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its final destruction in antiquity, the memory of the temple in Jerusalem has served as the nexus of Jewish liturgy and messianic worldview. This article has sought to examine the ideological and cultural roles played by the image of the Jewish temple in the Hebrew literature of 1848–1948. Toward this end, I formulated a broad corpus comprised of homogeneous genres and authors, namely those which situate the temple as their main focus. The evidence arising from this corpus suggests that the conceptual role of the temple underwent no dramatic transformations; the temple in this literature, taken as a whole, is mostly indistinguishable from the historical, religious, and nationalistic symbol that featured in the Jewish tradition over nearly 2,000 years. The bulk of the present corpus places the temple in conceptual and historical contexts that are familiar and very similar to those of the historical temple in all its contexts, without removing it from the domains of Jewish nationalism or classical religiosity. These findings contravene my initial presupposition that the discourse of the temple had undergone a metamorphosis in the 19th and 20th centuries, the image of the temple had changed into an abstract symbol for world peace, moral perfection, and intellectual and scientific excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clergy have regular opportunities to take a prophetic stance on social issues in their weekly sermons, but they are also responsible for maintaining organizational stability. How do they respond to controversial denominational decisions? We collected sermons from the United Methodist Church (UMC) clergy following the 2019 UMC decision to maintain their prohibition against same sex marriage and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) ordination. Our qualitative analysis of a sample of 447 sermons reveals three strategies clergy use to respond to the UMC decision: prophetic engagement, unifying discussion, and detached acknowledgment. Further, we show that different strategies are likely tied to the pastor's perception of the attitudes of their attendees. Some clergy are willing to use a constrained prophetic voice in support of LGBTQ people, but most balance their comments with pragmatic efforts to minimize conflict. As a result, a more inclusive religious voice is present, but it may be muted by congregational concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether and how China's rise renders it a threat has been an enduring study. Such literature may be categorised into four traditions: rationalist, structuralist, culturalist, and poststructuralist. Although these highlight the objective and subjective elements of China and its rise as a security concern, there is a puzzling scarcity of analyses that investigate the extent to which the USA itself has discursively constructed China as a security issue. To examine systematically what the USA has made of China, therefore, this article applies discourse analysis to US official security discourse. It finds that, whereas the US government has constructed China as a threat to its own national security as regards cybersecurity and economic competition, it has represented China's rise to the international community only as a collective risk across the military, political, and economic sectors. This practice has been largely consistent since 2005, in spite of China's so-called "assertive" turn. The article thereby clarifies the state of US–China competition from the US perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives In the 21st century, the future of the Norwegian welfare state is broadly debated. In Norway, as in other countries, concerns regarding the sustainability and affordability of the welfare state in light of the projected population development have been voiced in public and academic discourse, and not least in governmental statements and documents. Because we consider texts, such as government white papers, as both products and producers of discursively based understandings of the social world, a close examination of policy documents can provide insight into the predominant understanding of a distinct phenomenon in a specific society at a particular point in time. Research Design and Methods The article is based on a critical discourse analysis of 3 recent Norwegian government policy documents addressing the older adult population. Results We demonstrate that prominent ideas from the widely contested successful aging paradigm are embedded and forwarded in current Norwegian policies, where ideas about successful and healthy aging produced and reproduced in the documents frame and shape expectations toward older adults. Discussion and Implications We argue that the ideas and ideals of successful aging and neoliberalism in parallel pave the way for changes in the historically generous and comprehensive Norwegian social democratic welfare state. For decision makers, the rhetoric of successful aging that emphasizes activity, productivity, self-reliance, and freedom of choice is undoubtedly more convenient to communicate to the public than explicit arguments for the necessity of downscaling public services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Involving older persons in the design process of digital technology (DT) promotes the development of technologies that are appealing, beneficial, and used. However, negative discourse on aging and ageism are potential underlying factors that could influence which and how DTs are designed and how older persons are involved in the design process. This scoping review investigates the explicit and implicit manifestations of ageism in the design process of DT. Research Design and Methods Seven databases were screened for studies reporting on the design of DT with older persons between January 2015 and January 2020. Data regarding study and DT characteristics, discourse about older persons, and their involvement in the design process were extracted, coded, and analyzed using critical discourse analysis. Results Sixty articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Various forms of exclusion of older persons from the design process were identified, such as no or low involvement, upper-age limits, and sample biases toward relatively "active," healthy and "tech-savvy" older persons. Critical discourse analysis revealed the use of outdated language, stereotypical categorizations, and/or design decisions based on ageism in 71.7% of the studies. Discussion and Implications A discrepancy was found between an "ideal" discourse regarding the involvement of older persons throughout the design process and actual practice. Manifestations of ageism, errors, and biases of designing DT with older persons are discussed. This article calls for more authentic inclusion of older persons and higher awareness toward the implications of ageism in the design process of DT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I propose a return to Jacques Lacan, I develop a Lacanian discourse analysis (LDA) as one possible method in international relations and demonstrate its potential by sketching out the case of climate change policy within the European Union. Lacan's theory of the four discourses as conceptual "mind maps" informs a method of discourse analysis enabling researchers to empirically investigate how a hegemonic discourse can be challenged and potentially subverted. A Lacanian perspective emphasizes the "subject of the enunciation" and conceptualizes subjects as socially produced but lacking: Discourse provides an historicized socio-linguistic structure sustaining the subject's societal relations, but the speaking activity always produces a cut within subjectivity, which manifests as an excess-loss of meaning in the enunciation. Via the case study of the energy efficiency policy in the EU, I first illustrate how an LDA allows us to investigate climate knowledge and the authority of the discourse. Then, by looking at how energy efficiency is spoken in the enunciation, I expose the excess of meaning produced as an effect of language, which "fractures" the discourse. Finally, I show how to leverage on these produced fractures to assess the transformative and empowering potential of the observed discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spyware has been heralded as an essential tool for law enforcement and intelligence operations. However, examples abound of states that use it in a manner that violates human rights as well as undermines democracy and the rule of law. Against this backdrop, the European Union (EU) Dual-use Regulation was recast in 2021. It now makes an effort to control the export of cyber surveillance technologies, including spyware, which it defines as dual use. What narrative is created by framing spyware as 'dual use'? This article illustrates how the term 'dual use' roots in a distinction between 'peaceful' and 'non-peaceful', or 'civil' and 'military' uses, and has gradually become associated with a broader dichotomy between 'legitimate' and 'illegitimate' purposes. Historically, this duality served not only to articulate the risks posed by certain technologies and indicate the rationale for their export control but also to justify their trade. Yet recourse by EU actors to dual use tilts the EU discourse on spyware export control towards state-centric security considerations and commercial interests over human rights. Unmasking how the term transposes a conceptually flawed, deceptive and empty duality to the spyware context, this article shows that the very concept of dual use may undermine human rights safeguards in spyware export control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this reply to Stephen Humphreys, we challenge the dismissal of future generations as a locus of responsibility for present generations. Drawing from diverse sources such as indigenous law, environmental jurisprudence and practice, we demonstrate that global discourse on intergenerationality is broader and more nuanced than Humphreys suggests. Our response highlights the importance of incorporating diverse perspectives to enrich discourse and promote an inclusive approach to the progressive development of international law. Further, we contend that 'future generations' discourse has emancipatory power, offering potential for reshaping international law based on a vision of justice and solidarity across time and space. We call for increased dialogue and collaboration among scholars, practitioners and frontline communities to ensure that future generations discourse remains grounded in real-world experiences. By persistently interrogating and developing our understanding of responsibilities owed to future generations, we can imagine and cultivate a more inclusive – and, hence, more promising – approach to addressing climate change and related global crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charles Mills posits an epistemology of ignorance that underwrites the complicity of Whites, or people of Western European descent, as signatories of the racial contract. There is prevailing discourse about the complicity of White persons in perpetuating racism and whether they can experience epistemic injustice. In this paper, the claim to hermeneutical injustice, in particular, makes a further assertion that moral blameworthiness is mitigated for a subcategory of White Americans because of being socialized into a White-dominant culture of caste-based Afroscepticism. I argue, based on Peirce's conceptualization of doubt, as against Descartes, that Afroscepticism is a totalizing belief system predicated on a racial group-based social epistemology and maintains a settled stance of questioning the commensurate citizenship of Blacks or American descendants of slaves. These perceived social costs warrant educational interventions that can dismantle its reasoning architecture. White Afroscepticism poses a barrier to the teacher's efforts to cultivate the democratic habitus in students; however, educator preparation that takes its existence into account can build on the standard classroom practices of critical social justice that promote equity, critical multicultural education, and critical thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As I hope will have become clear from this review, despite my suggestions as to improvements that could be made, Christian Meyer and Shin Nishimagi have done an important service to the fields of musicology and medieval studies with their new edition and translation of the I Musica disciplina i of Aurelian of Réome. Before considering the edition and translation themselves, I must address one other issue that has dominated discussion of Aurelian's I Musica disciplina i - namely, the fact that in the two complete copies of the treatise in the V group its final chapter, chapter 20, has two "Explicits", followed by what appears to be a second dedication. Against this background, the appearance of the present edition and translation of the I Musica disciplina i by Christian Meyer and Shin Nishimagi gives all scholars interested in medieval music theory cause to rejoice. The two authors have divided their responsibilities: Nishimagi has prepared the edition itself, and Meyer the Introduction, the French translation, and the set of "notes critiques et explicatives". [Extracted from the article]

This case study investigates a migrant adult's identity work in playful talk occurring spontaneously in a classroom for Literacy Education and Second Language Learning for Adults (LESLLA). Based on 12 hours of video-recorded interactions among four learners and their teacher, I identified five playful episodes. This paper focuses on two episodes instigated by a woman who told stories of her outside lives. Discourse analysis was performed through the lens of chronotope (timespace) to examine how she navigated multiple chronotopes, including the front-region classroom chronotope, to negotiate identities and how playful language was related to her chronotopic identity work. Playfulness began in the periphery of the classroom chronotope; then the playful language in it led to the playful formulation of outside-life chronotopes where her agentive identity was constructed. Her full semiotic behaviours blurred the boundaries between the classroom chronotope and the outside chronotope so that the other participants could witness her agency. The study concludes that the classroom chronotope itself showed signs of change in a forward-looking direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-creation seems to be flourishing across innovation policy discourses: The concept suggests that engaging diverse actors throughout innovation processes will unlock new sources of innovation and conduce robust outcomes. While co-creation seems to embrace new and diverse participation opportunities, it is necessary to interrogate how it affects existing notions of public engagement. In this paper, we explore the discursive uptake of co-creation in European innovation policy. Drawing on a qualitative discourse analysis of European Union (EU) publications, we scrutinize the value propositions of co-creation and discuss them in light of the existing public engagement literature. We find that the EU tends to foreground alleged economic benefits of co-creation over questions of social justice. To that effect, it consistently conflates citizens, consumers, and users and blurs the line between self-motivated opportunity and democratic legitimacy. Countering the prevalent co-creation optimism, we propose a more nuanced outlook on co-creation that should prompt further scholarly inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responding to the wider concern with how to understand the connections between sex and violence in the context of conflict-related sexual violence, this article examines how international criminal law constructs what is sexual about sexual violence. The article adopts a narrative expressivist approach to the knowledge generating effects of international criminal proceedings, using a discourse analysis of judgments and trial transcripts to demonstrate how 'the sexual' in sexual violence emerges in the judgments of international criminal courts primarily as a social question, in how sexual violence injures the conjugal order of the community to which victims belong. Drawing on the concept of sexual subjectivity, the article nevertheless reveals how some testimonies during the proceedings of international criminal trials go beyond this dominant narrative, offering instead a perspective that captures the specifically sexualized harm inflicted on individuals by sexual violation. The article ultimately exposes how the dominant narrative of sexual violence that emerges through the judgments of international criminal courts tends to overlook the injury to individual sexual subjectivity inflicted by sexual violence and, in doing so, functions to discount victims' full subjectivity, including in their sexual lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article draws on prospect theory to explain the variation of China's risk propensity during the 2012–14 Diaoyu/Senkaku islands disputes with Japan. China's initial reference point 1.0 regarding the disputed islands was the 'shelving agreement' 'shelving the sovereignty dispute and a tacit acceptance of Japan's de facto exclusive control. So after Japan's 'nationalization' of the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands, China was clearly in a domain of losses. China was thus highly risk-acceptant by intensifying maritime and air patrolling, engaging in provocative behaviors, and suspending crisis management mechanisms. Meanwhile, China's reference point evolved. Discourse analysis of Chinese official statements and media coverage indicated that regularized patrolling or joint control became China's reference point 2.0. As it started to act from a domain of gains, Chinese behaviors turned risk-averse by scaling back patrolling and resuming negotiations over crisis management mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the new knowledge about our past that is generated in cultural heritage disciplines is produced in non-structured forms, such as project reports, monographs, or research papers. This proliferation of cultural heritage knowledge in textual discourse form requires support for information structuration and extraction of the semantic relations embedded in these texts, in order to fully understand and post-process them. Previous works show that discourse analysis techniques can represent pieces of textual information in a highly structured manner, identifying the semantic relations between them and the entities referred to in the discourse according to well-established linguistic patterns. This is particularly useful for aligning the structure and information extracted with information system post-processing techniques, such as natural language processing, that are currently applied to cultural heritage. In this paper, we apply discourse models through a previously developed methodology to a real case study to represent and analyse cultural heritage textual narratives. Then, we perform an empirical study with cultural heritage experts in order to validate the models obtained, the resultant information, some usability aspects of the approach, and the degree of agreement between experts. The main objective was to obtain empirical and quantitative validation of the application of our proposed discourse analysis methodology to narratives in cultural heritage, its implications for different specialists, and its possibilities as a methodology to assist in providing structure to and capturing the semantics of freestyle documents, to automatize some discourse information extraction tasks and to facilitate their post-processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In L'archéologie du savoir (1969), Foucault specifies the method of discourse analysis as the identification of statements. Few digital humanities projects have set out to conduct discourse analysis in this tradition. A certain degree of confusion relates to what the Foucauldian statement consists of and how it can be operationalized in order to identify discourse, using digital methods. This article demonstrates, however, that such an operationalization becomes possible if we take Foucault's own distinction between statement (énoncé) and enunciation (énonciation) into account. As an example, the article shows how discourse on women prior to the first wave women's movement in Western countries has been identified in almost 7,000 books digitized by the Norwegian National Library. This article concludes that a digitized Foucauldian discourse analysis is possible, using a combination of digital methodology and close reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how international advocacy campaigns approach and define media freedom, and what influences this process. It does this through a two-year case study of the Media Freedom Coalition—an intergovernmental partnership of over 50 countries—that included 55 interviews with key stakeholders, observations, and document analysis. This revelatory case sheds light on how norms of media freedom are constructed and contested on the international stage, and their implications for journalists, media freedom and geo-politics. We show that the Coalition adopted a state-centric, accountability-focused, and negative understanding of media freedom. This discourse legitimized a narrow, reactive, and "resource-light" approach to supporting media freedom, focused on "other" countries. We argue that critical norm research provides a helpful prism for understanding this Coalition's operations, and the global politics of media freedom more generally. These findings have important implications for understandings of "norm entrepreneurship," "media imperialism," and "media freedom" itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of EFL classroom talk with the focus on how teachers successfully encourage and elicit student dialogic talk through questioning. It is based on observation data from forty-nine classes involving eleven teaching staff in a university in central China. The findings reveal the difficulty of engaging students to be the first to participate in dialogic interactions in a culture where deeply engrained reserve is the accepted norm. Two teacher questioning patterns are identified that are effective in eliciting students' first dialogic contribution in each interaction. These patterns can also serve as a profitable investment to elicit subsequent productive talk from students. This study also argues for a situated, contextualized analysis of classroom talk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at Nils Franzén's article titled "Evaluative Discourse and Affective States of Mind," that explores the connection between moral judgments and the use of certain verbs. It mentions Franzén argues that the subjective attitude verb "finds," as in the sentence "he finds dancing morally wrong," supports the idea of non-cognitivism, which suggests that moral judgments are rooted in affective attitudes rather than cognitive beliefs.

Despite repeated calls by scholars to critically engage with the concepts of race and ethnicity in US epidemiologic research, the incorporation of these social constructs in scholarship may be suboptimal. This study characterizes the conceptualization, operationalization, and utilization of race and ethnicity in US research published in leading journals whose publications shape discourse and norms around race, ethnicity, and health within the field of epidemiology. We systematically reviewed randomly selected articles from prominent epidemiology journals across 5 periods: 1995–1999, 2000–2004, 2005–2009, 2010–2014, and 2015–2018. All original human-subjects research conducted in the United States was eligible for review. Information on definitions, measurement, coding, and use in analysis was extracted. We reviewed 1,050 articles, including 414 (39%) in our analyses. Four studies explicitly defined race and/or ethnicity. Authors rarely made clear delineations between race and ethnicity, often adopting an ethnoracial construct. In the majority of studies across time periods, authors did not state how race and/or ethnicity was measured. Top coding schemes included "Black, White" (race), "Hispanic, non-Hispanic" (ethnicity), and "Black, White, Hispanic" (ethnoracial). Most often, race and ethnicity were deemed "not of interest" in analyses (e.g. control variables). Broadly, disciplinary practices have remained largely the same between 1995 and 2018 and are in need of improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural discourse theory's (CDT) strength is accounting for cultural differences between historically transmitted expressive systems. In its current form, the theory is not set up to account for the mobility of particular communication practices across cultural boundaries. Relying on CDT's conception of communication practices as discursive resources for social interaction, we extend the theory's explanatory power by investigating how speakers constitute the value and movements of a particular resource: the speech genre of public speaking. We performed a cultural discourse analysis (CuDA) of public speaking's circulation between the United States and China to show that value ascriptions constituted divergent cultural discourses of circulation together with key symbols (such as "localization" and suzhi) and explicit metacultural commentary. These cultural discourses have an accelerative function on the dissemination side of circulation, and an integrative function on the replication side. Thus, cultural discourses of circulation communicatively constitute the mobility of particular discursive resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the context for the accompanying suite of papers on creating and sustaining democratic spaces in education. Prompted by the centenary of Summerhill, the internationally famous democratic school founded in Suffolk, England, in 1921, by A.S. Neill, this collection of papers explores and broadens out the central questions at the heart of experiments in democratic education. We suggest that, at a time of distrust in and questioning of the central institutions of democratic government, and in the wake of challenges to the mainstream system of state schooling, these questions are more relevant than ever. We argue that detailed attention to the everyday practice of creating democratic spaces in a variety of educational and social contexts can highlight the myriad ways in which educators, students, families and communities can keep democratic values and principles alive, thereby enriching our discussions about the meaning and value of democratic education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How should teachers of international relations in settler-colonial states engage with First Nations' sovereignty claims? While a growing body of recent scholarship explores how teaching might acknowledge and move beyond the discipline's racist and colonial origins, less research investigates how pedagogy might rectify inattention to Indigenous sovereignty. This paper reports on a class activity that sought to highlight how the discipline's foundational assumptions can naturalize Indigenous dispossession. In the class, students were asked to conduct discourse analysis of debates surrounding the "Uluru Statement from the Heart," and to consider practices of Indigenous transnationalism. Although students generally succeeded in identifying how discursive practices consolidate the authority of the settler-colonial state, class discussion tended to reproduce the state's justificatory narratives and to classify First Nations' claims as akin to those of any other ethnic minority. At a time when many universities are seeking to embed more Indigenous content within curriculum, we reflect on how the activity revealed epistemic colonialism's operation within educational settings. We argue that in addition to introducing Indigenous perspectives and knowledges, it is valuable for teaching in settler-colonial states to focus critical attention onto non-Indigenous practices that reproduce systemic injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

French linguistics has recently paid close attention to discourse markers containing the verb dire , in line with the increased interest in discourse markers over the last few decades. At the heart of this debate are several intersecting and topical questions, among them: consideration of the speaker's attitude within the semantic/pragmatic value of the marker, its dialogic function, and its level of fixedness. This study aims to examine the French discourse marker je vais te dire une bonne chose from this perspective, a phrase that purports to announce something that is not as good as it seems, in which the speaker plays a role halfway between advice-giving and imposition. The objective of this article is not only to uncover the discourse and interactional mechanisms governing the use of the phrase, but also to respond to criticism accusing some studies in semantics for their lack of operational criteria that could provide predictive and reproducible models. The analysis will be carried out through the identification of stable linguistic characteristics that can be identified by reproducible criteria. The study will be based on examples taken from Frantext and Sketch Engine, as well as personal readings and examples coined for the purposes of the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until now, there has been very little unified analysis of metadiscourse across speech and writing. Drawing on a reflexive metadiscourse model, this article conducts a multidimensional analysis of metadiscourse across 10 spoken and written registers in a corpus of 626 texts. Two metadiscourse dimensions, participants' interaction and discourse presentation, are identified. The more interactive registers are more prominently marked by participants' interaction, and the more informational registers by discourse presentation. Along metadiscourse dimensions, the 10 registers are lumped into 6 clusters: 'discussion broadcasts and public conversations', 'scripted speeches and unscripted speeches', 'general prose and nondiscussion broadcasts', 'press and fiction', 'casual conversations', and 'academic prose'. Metadiscourse markers of both dimensions are frequently used in registers of the first two clusters which are highly interactive and informational, while they rarely occur in registers of the next two clusters which have low interactive or informational focuses. Metadiscourse markers of participants' interaction are pervasive in the highly interactive register (casual conversations), and those of discourse presentation in the highly informational register (academic prose). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates 'partnership' as a key discursive tool for extending neoliberalism in the field of international development. As a case study, it examines the language-in-use among development organizations when discussing public libraries as potential partners in Africa. Critical discourse analysis of 20 interviews with development practitioners via Fairclough's three-part framework and keyword analysis illuminates how libraries are discursively constructed as partners. Findings reveal discourses centered around competition, visibility, and growth which uphold market logic and responsibilize potential partners, reproducing colonial power imbalances between Global North and South. As other institutions such as universities and NGOs grapple with similar dynamics, we must be attendant to the power asymmetries that are obscured by discourses of partnership in order to navigate the tension between increasing access to funding and advancing economic justice. We suggest measures for organizations to resist neoliberalism through self-conscious effort and investment toward more equitable partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the contents of the Architectural Biennial of Quito's (BAQ) archive from its first edition in 1978 to its eighth in 1992, using technological tools and producing bipartite networks that make visible the inter- and intra-relationships of the archive's data through quantitative and qualitative analysis. By using these methods and means, the results firstly show how the BAQ articulated discussions of modern architecture in Ecuador, and secondly, the extent of local and international exchanges implicated in the professional scope throughout the BAQ. The study of this archive allows one to understand the most important relationships in the architectural productions and communications at the hands of BAQ as a platform for circulating ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada has received worldwide recognition for its implementation of the Canada Chairperson's Guideline 3: Child Refugee Claimants. This informal immigration rights policy, statutorily authorized by the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act , instructs immigration officials to provide special considerations to accompanied and unaccompanied child migrants. Our analysis examines the language of Guideline 3 to understand how the social construction of age influences the provision of protections. Our findings demonstrate that, although chronological age is prominently featured throughout Guideline 3 , other factors known to impact the social construction of age, such as gender and cultural background, are only superficially discussed. The homogenized discourse of children within Guideline 3 illustrates the protection of an idealized conception of childhood, which does not accurately reflect the heterogeneity of migrant and asylum-seeking children. The implications of such an idealized notion of childhood in informal immigration rights policies delineates children worthy of protections, and children who are excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the imperative to pay attention to the words we use as a routine dimension of research, the methodological and pedagogical tools illustrating how to work on our own use of language are largely missing within and beyond international relations (IR). To address this gap, we develop a method—the "Reflexive Review"—which adds a linguistic and reflexive dimension to the common practice of a literature review. This method is accessible for researchers who are neither linguistic specialists nor working on language and can be integrated within a standalone research project. First, we review the existing traditions used in IR to investigate language—quantitative text analysis, conceptual analysis, discourse analysis, deconstruction, and problematization—and assess their interest and limits regarding linguistic reflexivity. Second, we introduce four methodological steps for conducting the Reflexive Review, by reviewing literature to: (1) build a list of "priority words" that may need reflexive attention; (2) look for metalinguistic statements to synthesize how the literature has explicitly discussed these words; (3) identify patterns of word use, as collectively shared meanings that coexist and that we should become aware of; and (4) compare the identified uses of language with our own. Third, we demonstrate the Reflexive Review in practice based on a word commonly used in IR: "local." We identify four patterns of the word use of "local" in IR literature as: a class of actors, a level of analysis, community, and experiences of the everyday. In sum, we demonstrate how a Reflexive Review enables us to implement reflexivity in practice and make more conscious linguistic choices, to support more nuanced, ethical, and rigorous analysis and empirical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UN Security Council has published about eighty-three thousand documents between 2001 and 2021. This study analyzes this large corpus of text to identify, map, and trace the evolution of discourses on climate change and their impact on the organization. The article analyzes diplomatic speeches and other primary sources to identify instances of climatization of security and securitization, riskification, and mainstreaming of climate change. To fulfill its aim, the article introduces a mixed method that combines an automated content analysis with a discourse analytic approach. The findings suggest that, despite the stall in high-level discussions on climate security, the Security Council is de facto moving toward a climatization of security and riskification of climate change in daily practices, procedures, and operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decade has seen a push for 'gender sensitive' approaches within nuclear policy-making. Yet the significance of this approach, and how it understands 'gender sensitivity' are unclear and have not been studied. This article asks the question: how does work done on 'gendering' nuclear policy to date understand what a gender sensitive approach to nuclear weapons means and requires? The article provides an overview of the movement to include gender in nuclear policymaking before conducting an analysis of the discourse on gender in a core institution of nuclear politics, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Through qualitative analysis of five years of NPT texts, we find that dominant understandings of a 'gender sensitive approach' centre on the inclusion of women. We further find that there is almost no mention of men and masculinity in the NPT discourse; women are constructed as a homogenous category of outsiders; and women's inclusion is understood mainly as a means of increasing institutional efficiency. We suggest that the next steps in 'gendering' nuclear policy engage more with feminist policy analysis and the experiences of those already working within the policy space, and consider further how and if one can meaningfully link gender sensitive approaches to the practice of nuclear deterrence. The findings of this study also have significance beyond nuclear weapons, illuminating the broader dynamics and challenges of 'gendering' international security spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Norwegian and Japanese fishermen killed almost identical numbers of whales in the last two decades, they were subject to a largely uneven attention from the international community. While Japan was significantly shamed by all actors, the attention on Norwegian whalers was much smaller. Why is that? The article first conceptualizes the gaps in contemporary shaming literature and shows that whereas lots has been written on why and how states shame, much less has been written about why some actors are shamed more and some less. To remedy that, it then adopts post-structural theoretical position and the methodology of discourse analysis to deconstruct anti-whaling campaigns against Japan and Norway. The analysis shows that whereas Japanese culture was often depicted as cruel and barbarous, and its science as faulty and illegitimate, Norway was largely spared of this discourse. I argue that this difference can be ascribed to differing identities between the Euro-American anti-whaling camp and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Media discourses have the power to construct and perpetuate positive and negative aging images and influence public and individuals' attitudes. This study aims to critically examine the media portrayal of older persons' everyday information and communication technology (EICT) usage during the first and second waves of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Research Design and Methods A total of 51 articles published in 3 leading German newspapers between March 2020 and November 2020 were identified from the LexisNexis Academic database. Data were analyzed employing critical discourse and thematic analysis. Results EICT use was associated with youthful, consumption-orientated, and active lifestyles, while nonuse was constructed as failures on the policy or individual level. The pandemic seemed to have acted as an amplifier, further exacerbating and perpetuating stereotypical, dichotomous, but also empowering aging images. Discussion and Implications Neoliberal rational and binary distinctions of active users and nonusers opened and encouraged critical discussions on positive aging trends, the concept of the third and fourth ages, and aging-and-innovation discourses. Moreover, the crucial educative role of the media in raising awareness about power imbalances and reducing EICT-related ageism is stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on a study exploring how men who purchase sex in Sweden experience and navigate risk. The focus is on individual assessments of risk in relation to experiences of crime, exploitation and stigma. Based on interviews with 30 Swedish men who purchase sex, an inductive thematic analysis has been applied. The participating men had different strategies to avoid crime and exploitation and they navigated in relation to stigma when purchasing sex. Their risk assessments and conceptualizations of purchasing sex were based on own experiences and on the normative discourse on commercial sex in Sweden. Their fields of action were structured through discipline, governing and responsibilization, and they tried to distance themselves from being defined as 'sex buyers' and to purchase sex in 'good' ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol is a modifiable risk factor for cancer. Public awareness of the link between alcohol and cancer risk is poor; thus, alcohol consumers may be unknowingly putting themselves at increased risk of cancer. One way to raise awareness of alcohol-related cancer is through placing labels warning of cancer risk on alcoholic beverage containers; however, little is known about the impact of such labels. We conducted seven focus groups, comprising participants who self-identified as low-to-moderate alcohol consumers, to gauge public attitudes towards the labels and messages relating to alcohol-related cancer risk. Transcripts of discussions were coded to identify emergent themes. Participants expressed a negative response to the alcohol warning labels, and their talk worked to challenge the legitimacy of alcohol-related cancer messages, and the entities responsible for disseminating the information. These responses functioned to counter any implied recommendation for reduction in speakers' alcohol consumption. These findings illustrate how the general population make sense of information about health risks, using this knowledge to make decisions about personal behaviour. In combination with other public health initiatives, alcohol-warning labels have the potential to increase awareness of cancer risk and help in the fight against cancer, but any messaging will need to account for probable consumer resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Initiatives to create dementia-friendly environments are subject to political attention all over the world. As the interpretation of dementia-friendliness is influenced by current cultural trends, the concept is highly ambiguous. The present study aims to explore how discourses concerning dementia-friendliness are manifested in Danish and international policy documents and how they interact internationally. Research Design and Methods Inspired by Fairclough's critical discourse approach, 21 policy documents were analyzed to reveal how power is exerted through language and the discursive construction. Results We identified 5 types of discourses, namely, those concerning the domains of socioeconomy, rehabilitation, knowledge, responsibility, and a good life. Dementia-friendliness was found to be embedded in an overall ideology aimed toward supporting the individual's autonomy in life and health choices and their participation in society. Discussion and Implications Our analysis furthermore suggests that dementia-friendly initiatives are used collectively as a lever to achieve these policy aims to ultimately compensate for and protect people with dementia against the consequences of the loss of competencies, identity, and control. Thus, to develop and establish sustainable dementia-friendly environments and communities that meet the needs of people living with dementia, we need to be aware of and discuss the implications of the discourses constructing dementia-friendliness and their influence on the appearance of dementia-friendliness in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]