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Objective: To generate normative data of the Word Memory List (WML) and Logic Memory (LM) for healthy older adults in Costa Rica. Method: The sample consisted of 563 healthy Costa Rican adults, aged 59–90 years (M = 67.15; SD = 7), who were assessed with a complete neuropsychological battery. Results: Multiple regression models showed a linear effect of education on the 3 WML scores. Age had a linear effect on WML Delayed recall and WML Recognition, and a curvilinear effect on WML Total. Finally, except in WML Recognition, a sex effect was found, such that females performed better than males. The predictors of the model explained between 6% and 32.4% of the variance. In LM there was a linear effect of education on all scores except LM2 B Recognition. For age, a linear effect was found in LM B, LM RA, LM2 B scores, and a curvilinear effect in LM A. Finally, sex was significant in all scores except LM2 A Recognition, with females performing better than males. The model predictors explained between 2% and 18.1% of the variance. Conclusion: The results of the present study constitute the first normative data for WML and LM in older adults from Costa Rica. In the near future it is expected that clinical neuropsychologists will use this data to improve the everyday practice of the profession in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To generate normative data of the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) and Boston Naming Test (BNT) for healthy older adults in Costa Rica. Method: The sample consisted of 563 healthy Costa Rican adults aged 59–90 years (M = 67.15; SD = 7). Each participant was administered the VFT and BNT as part of a more comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Results: Multiple regression models showed a linear effect of education for all 4 phonological verbal fluency (PVF) scores, and a sex effect on VF P, with females performing better than males. The model predictors explained between 20.9% and 28.3% of the variance. In semantic verbal fluency (SVF) scores, linear effects of age and education were observed in all 4 subtests, such that word production decreased with increasing age and lower education. In addition, females scored better in all semantic categories except animals, where there was no effect of sex. The predictors of the model explained between 21.7% and 30.9% of the variance. In BNT, there was a linear effect of education and an effect of sex, so that males scored higher compared to females. The predictors of the model explained 9.6% of the variance. Conclusion: This is the first study to generate normative data for VFT and BNT in older adults from Costa Rica. This data will allow neuropsychologists in the region to perform assessment and diagnostic processes with greater accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To generate normative data for the Trail Making Test (TMT) and the Target Cancellation Task for healthy older adults in Costa Rica. Method: 563 healthy Costa Rican adults aged 59–90 years (M = 67.15; SD = 7) were assessed. Each participant was administered the two attention tests as part of a more comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Results: Multiple regression models showed a linear effect of education for TMT-A and TMT-B, as well as a linear and curvilinear effect of age for TMT-B and TMT-A, respectively. The model predictors explained between 27.4% and 30.3% of the variance. For the Target Cancellation Task scores, linear effects of education were observed for all 4 scores, as well as a linear effect of age for the TMX time and Rhombus time scores. The correct TMX score showed a curvilinear effect of age. The predictors of the model explained between 2% and 33.3% of the variance. Conclusion: This is the first normative data generated for the TMT and the Target Cancellation Task in older adults from Costa Rica. This normative data will be used in individuals with a variety of neurological conditions that course with attention deficits to establish the neuropsychological profile of those individuals in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]