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The aims of this study were to compare the effectiveness of different drying methods and to investigate the effects of adding a series of individual protectant such as skim milk, sucrose, maltodextrin, and corn starch for preserving Lactobacillus acidophilus FTDC 3081 cells during spray and freeze-drying and storage at different temperatures. Results showed a remarkable high survival rate of 70–80% immediately after spray- and freeze-drying in which the cell viability retained at the range of 109 to 1010 CFU/mL. After a month of storage, maltodextrin showed higher protective ability on both spray- and freeze-dried cells as compared to other protective agents at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C. A complete loss in viability of spray-dried L. acidophilus FTDC 3081 was observed after a month at 40°C in the absence of protective agent. A schematic overview of freeze-drying and spray-drying of L. acidophilus FTDC 3801. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to assess the effectiveness of an ultraviolet (UV‐C, 254 nm) irradiation system and the spray‐drying method as two independent safety steps on inactivation of Escherichia coli K88 and K99 spiked in porcine plasma at 6·46 ± 0·04 log10 ml−1 and 6·78 ± 0·67 log10 ml−1 respectively for UV‐C method, and at 7·31 ± 0·39 log10 ml−1 and 7·66 ± 0·11 log10 ml−1, respectively for the spray‐drying method. The UV‐C method was performed at different UV light doses (from 750 to 9000 J l−1) using a pilot plant UV‐C device working under turbulent flow. Spray‐drying treatment was done at inlet temperature 220 ± 1°C and two different outlet temperatures, 80 ± 1°C or 70 ± 1°C. Results indicated that UV‐C treatment induced a 4 log10 viability reduction for both E. coli at 3000 J l−1. Full inactivation of both E. coli strains was achieved in all spray‐dried samples dehydrated at both outlet temperatures. The special UV‐C system design for turbid liquid porcine plasma is a novel treatment that can provide an additional redundant biosafety feature that can be incorporated into the manufacturing process for spray‐dried animal plasma. Significance and Impact of the Study: The safety of raw materials from animal origin such as spray‐dried porcine plasma (SDPP) may be a concern for the swine industry. Ultraviolet treatment at 254 nm (UV‐C) of liquid plasma has been proposed as an additional biosafety feature in the manufacturing process of SDPP. We found that UV‐C exposure in the liquid plasma at 3000 J l−1 reduces about 4 log10 ml−1 for E. coli K88 and K99. Full inactivation of both E. coli strains was achieved in all spray‐dried samples. The incorporation of UV‐C treatment to liquid plasma improves the robustness of the SDPP manufacturing process. Significance and Impact of the Study: The safety of raw materials from animal origin such as spray‐dried porcine plasma (SDPP) may be a concern for the swine industry. Ultraviolet treatment at 254 nm (UV‐C) of liquid plasma has been proposed as an additional biosafety feature in the manufacturing process of SDPP. We found that UV‐C exposure in the liquid plasma at 3000 J l−1 reduces about 4 log10 ml−1 for E. coli K88 and K99. Full inactivation of both E. coli strains was achieved in all spray‐dried samples. The incorporation of UV‐C treatment to liquid plasma improves the robustness of the SDPP manufacturing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the spray‐drying process on the inactivation of Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium spiked in liquid porcine plasma and to test the additive effect of immediate postdrying storage. Commercial spray‐dried porcine plasma was sterilized by irradiation and then reconstituted (1:9) with sterile water. Aliquots of reconstituted plasma were inoculated with either S. choleraesuis or S. typhimurium, subjected to spray‐drying at an inlet temperature of 200°C and an outlet temperature of either 71 or 80°C, and each spray‐drying temperature combinations were subjected to either 0, 30 or 60 s of residence time (RT) as a simulation of residence time typical of commercial dryers. Spray‐dried samples were stored at either 4·0 ± 3·0°C or 23·0 ± 0·3°C for 15 days. Bacterial counts of each Salmonella spp., were completed for all samples. For both Salmonella spp., spray‐drying at both outlet temperatures reduced bacterial counts about 3 logs at RT 0 s, while there was about a 5·5 log reduction at RT 60 s. Storage of all dried samples at either 4·0 ± 3·0°C or 23·0 ± 0·3°C for 15 days eliminate all detectable bacterial counts of both Salmonella spp. Significance and Impact of the Study: Safety of raw materials from animal origin like spray‐dried porcine plasma (SDPP) may be a concern for the swine industry. Spray‐drying process and postdrying storage are good inactivation steps to reduce the bacterial load of Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium. For both Salmonella spp., spray‐drying at 71°C or 80°C outlet temperatures reduced bacterial counts about 3 log at residence time (RT) 0 s, while there was about a 5.5 log reduction at RT 60 s. Storage of all dried samples at either 4.0 ± 3.0°C or 23.0 ± 0.3°C for 15 days was effective for eliminating detectable bacterial counts of both Salmonella spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To evaluate the effects of spray drying of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 64 on its capacity to modulate the gut immune response and on the attenuation of TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Methods and Results Lactobacillus rhamnosus 64 was spray dried in cheese whey-starch solution and administered to mice for 3, 6 or 10 consecutive days. Peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity, secretory IgA levels in the small intestinal fluid and TNF α, IFN γ, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-2 levels in homogenates of the small and large intestine were determined. The effects of spray drying were also evaluated in an acute model of Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid ( TNBS)-induced colitis. A shift in the regulation of immune parameters, particularly the cytokine profile, was observed for mice treated with the spray-dried culture, compared to the profile observed in animals that received the strain as fresh culture (FC). The spray-dried culture of L. rhamnosus 64 showed anti-inflammatory properties in murine model of TNBS-induced colitis. Conclusions The spray-drying process of L. rhamnosus 64 in whey-starch modified its immunomodulating capacity in healthy animals and conferred enhanced protection in an in vivo model of inflammation. Significance and Impact of the Study Probiotic capacity can be affected by spray drying in relation to the properties observed for the strain as an overnight FC. This fact should be taken into account when producing the culture for its application in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been found that 32 genes related to nitrogen source metabolism in Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus are downregulated under both heat stress and oxidative stress. In this study, the influence of different nitrogen sources within the growth medium on the tolerance of L. rhamnosus to heat stress and oxidative stress was investigated. Tryptone-free MRS was found to enhance the tolerance of L. rhamnosus hsryfm 1301 to heat stress and oxidative stress during the whole growth period, and this result was universal for all L. rhamnosus species analyzed. The strongest strengthening effect occurred when the OD600 value reached 2.0, at which the survival rates under heat stress and oxidative stress increased 130-fold and 40-fold, respectively. After supplementing phenylalanine, isoleucine, glutamate, valine, histidine, or tryptophan into the tryptone-free MRS, the tolerance of L. rhamnosus to heat stress and oxidative stress exhibited a sharp drop. The spray drying survival rate of L. rhamnosus hsryfm 1301 cultured in the tryptone-free MRS rose to 75% (from 30%), and the spray dried powder also performed better in the experimentally simulated gastrointestinal digestion. These results showed that decreasing the intake of amino acids is an important mechanism for L. rhamnosus to tolerate heat stress and oxidative stress. When L. rhamnosus is cultured for spray drying, the concentration of the nitrogen source's components should be an important consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusion of the two isomers of citral (E-citral andZ-citral), components of lemongrass oil, was investigated within the confines of various cyclodextrin (?-CD,?-CD and?-CD) host molecules. Aqueous complex formation constants forE-citral with?-CD,?-CD and?-CD were determined to be 123, 185, and 204 L/mol, respectively, whereasZ-citral exhibited stronger affinities (157, 206, and 253 L/mol, respectively). The binding trend?-CD > ?-CD > ?-CD is a reflection of the more favorable geometrical accommodation of the citral isomers with increasing cavity size. Encapsulation of lemongrass oil within CDs was undertaken through shaking citral:CD (1:1, 1.5:1, and 2:1 molar ratio) mixtures followed by spray drying. Maximum citral retention occurred at a 1:1 molar ratio with?-CD and?-CD demonstrating the highest levels of totalE-citral andZ-citral retention, respectively. Furthermore, the?-CD complex demonstrated the slowest release rate of all inclusion complex powders. The inclusion between two isomers of citral (E-citral andZ-citral) in lemongrass oil and cyclodextrins by spray drying were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives To compare the properties of solid dispersions of felodipine for oral bioavailability enhancement using two different polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone ( PVP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate ( HPMCAS), by hot-melt extrusion ( HME) and spray drying. Methods Felodipine solid dispersions were prepared by HME and spray drying techniques. PVP and HPMCAS were used as polymer matrices at different drug : polymer ratios (1 : 1, 1 : 2 and 1 : 3). Detailed characterization was performed using differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and in-vitro dissolution testing. Dissolution profiles were evaluated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Stability of different solid dispersions was studied under accelerated conditions (40° C/75% RH) over 8 weeks. Key findings Spray-dried formulations were found to release felodipine faster than melt extruded formulations for both polymer matrices. Solid dispersions containing HMPCAS exhibited higher drug release rates and better wettability than those produced with a PVP matrix. No significant differences in stability were observed except with HPMCAS at a 1 : 1 ratio, where crystallization was detected in spray-dried formulations. Conclusions Solid dispersions of felodipine produced by spray drying exhibited more rapid drug release than corresponding melt extruded formulations, although in some cases improved stability was observed for melt extruded formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Formulations of dietary probiotics have to be robust against process conditions and have to maintain a sufficient survival rate during gastric transit. To increase efficiency of the encapsulation process and the viability of applied bacteria, this study aimed at developing spray drying and encapsulation of Lactobacillus reuteri with whey directly from slurry fermentation. Methods and Results Lactobacillus reuteri was cultivated in watery 20% (w/v) whey solution with or without 0·5% (w/v) yeast extract supplementation in a submerged slurry fermentation. Growth enhancement with supplement was observed. Whey slurry containing c. 109 CFU g−1 bacteria was directly spray-dried. Cell counts in achieved products decreased by 2 log cycles after drying and 1 log cycle during 4 weeks of storage. Encapsulated bacteria were distinctively released in intestinal milieu. Survival rate of encapsulated bacteria was 32% higher compared with nonencapsulated ones exposed to artificial digestive juice. Conclusions Probiotic L. reuteri proliferate in slurry fermentation with yeast-supplemented whey and enable a direct spray drying in whey. The resulting microcapsules remain stable during storage and reveal adequate survival in simulated gastric juices and a distinct release in intestinal juices. Significance and Impact of the Study Exploiting whey as a bacterial substrate and encapsulation matrix within a coupled fermentation and spray-drying process offers an efficient option for industrial production of vital probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates powdery encapsulation of shiitake flavors, extracted from dried shiitake, by spray drying. Increase in flavor retention with an increase in drying air temperature and solid content; Decrease in flavor retention with an increase in dextrose equivalents of maltodextrin; Markedly increased flavor retention due to the use of α-cyclodextrin and maltodextrin in combination as an encapsulant.

Encapsulating fish oil by spray drying with an adequate wall material was investigated to determine if stable powders containing emulsified fish-oil-droplets can be formed. In particular, the dextrose equivalent (DE) of maltodextrin (MD) affects the powder structure, surface-oil ratio, and oxidative stability of fish oil. The carrier solution was prepared using MD with different DEs (DE = 11, 19, and 25) and sodium caseinate as the wall material and the emulsifier, respectively. The percentage of microcapsules having a vacuole was 73, 39, and 38% for MD with DE = 11, 19, and 25, respectively. Peroxide values (PVs) were measured for the microcapsules incubated at 60 °C. The microcapsules prepared with MD of DE = 25 and 19 had lower PVs than those prepared with MD of DE = 11. The difference in PV can be ascribed to the difference in the surface-oil ratio of the spray-dried microcapsules. CLSM images for MDs of three DE and vacuole percentage were shown. PV changes of these powders at 60 °C were affected with these powder vacuole structures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine if spray-drying could successfully produce microparticles containing the model protein trypsin in a form suitable for inhalation. Methods Trypsin was spray-dried with raffinose from a methanol : n-butyl acetate solvent system (MeOH : BA). The solvent system was then adjusted to include water, and trypsin was co-spray-dried with raffinose, trehalose or hydroxpropyl- β-cyclodextrin. The spray-dried products were characterised by SEM, XRD, DSC, TGA and FTIR. Protein biological activity and in-vitro deposition of trypsin : excipient nanoporous/nanoparticulate microparticles (NPMPs) was also assessed. Key findings The inclusion of water in a MeOH : BA solvent system allowed for the successful production of NPMPs of trypsin : excipient by spray-drying. Trypsin formulated as trypsin : excipient NPMPs retained biological activity on processing and showed no deterioration in activity or morphological characteristics when stored with desiccant at either 4 or 25°C. Hydroxpropyl- β-cyclodextrin showed advantages over the sugars in terms of producing powders with appropriate density and with greater physical stability under high-humidity conditions. Fine particle fractions of between 41 and 45% were determined for trypsin : excipient NPMPs. Conclusions NPMPs of trypsin : excipient systems can be produced by spray-drying by adjustment of the solvent system to allow for adequate solubility of trypsin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It has previously been shown that the peptide (34Pro,35Phe)CGRP27–37 is a potent calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP receptor antagonist, and in this project we aimed to improve the antagonist potency through the structural modification of truncated C-terminal CGRP peptides. Methods: Six peptide analogues were synthesized and the anti-CGRP activity confirmed using both in vitro and in vivo studies. Key findings: A 10 amino acid-containing peptide VPTDVGPFAF-NH2 (P006) was identified as a key candidate to take forward for in vivo evaluation, where it was shown to be an effective antagonist after intraperitoneal injection into mice. P006 was formulated as a preparation suitable for nasal administration by spray drying with chitosan to form mucoadhesive microcarriers (9.55 ± 0.91 mm diameter) and a loading of 0.2 mg peptide per 20 mg dose. Conclusions: The project has demonstrated the potential of these novel small peptide CGRP antagonists, to undergo future preclinical evaluation as anti-migraine therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate viral inactivation by the spray-drying process used in the production of spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP). In Exp. 1, bovine plasma was inoculated with pseudorabies virus (PRV) grown in PK 15 cells. Three 4-L batches were spray-dried in the same manner and conditions of industrial SDAP production but with laboratory spray-drying equipment. Presence of infectivity was determined before and after spray-drying by microtiter assay in PK 15 cell cultures. Before spray-drying, all three samples contained 105.3 tissue culture infectious dose50 (TCID50)/mL of PRV. After four consecutive passages, no viable virus was detected in samples of spray-dried bovine plasma. In Exp. 2, bovine plasma was inoculated with porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) virus propagated previously in MARC cell culture to provide approximately 106.3 TCID50/mL. Three 4-L batches were spray-dried in the same manner as Exp. 1. Before spray-drying, samples contained TCID50 of 104.0, 103.5, and 103'5/mL, respectively. After four consecutive passages in MARC cell cultures, no viable virus was detected in spray-dried bovine plasma. In Exp. 3,36 weaned piglets (28 d of age) were fed a common diet for 14 d and were determined to be negative for PRV, PRRS, and porcine parvovirus titer. Afterwards, pigs were allotted to six pens with six pigs per pen and fed diets containing either 0 or 8% SDAP (as-fed basis) for 63 d. The SDAP used in the feed contained antibody (titer 1:400) against porcine parvovirus. Blood samples were collected from pigs on d 0 and 63 to determine whether feeding SDAP caused seroconversion and development of antibodies against parvovirus, PRRS, or PRV. Inclusion of SDAP in the diet improved growth of pigs without seroconversion. Spray-drying conditions used in this study were effective in eliminating viable pseudorabies and PRRS viruses from bovine plasma. In this study, feeding SDAP that contained functional antibodies did not promote seroconversion in naive animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of formulation excipients on the physical characteristics and aerosolization performance of insulin dry powders for inhalation. Insulin dry powders were prepared by a spray drying technique using excipients such as sugars (trehalose, lactose and dextran), mannitol and amino acids (L-leucine, glycine and threonine). High performance liquid chromatography and the mouse blood glucose method were used for determination of the insulin content. The powder properties were determined and compared by scanning electron microscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis and size distribution analysis by a time-of-flight technique. The in-vitro aerosolization behaviour of the powders was assessed with an Aerolizer inhaler using a twin-stage impinger. Powder yield and moisture absorption were also determined. Results showed that there was no noticeable change in insulin content in any of the formulations by both assay methods. All powders were highly wrinkled, with median aerodynamic diameters of 2–4 μm, and consequently suitable for pulmonary administration. The tapped density was reduced dramatically when glycine was added. The powders containing mannitol, with or without L-leucine, were less sensitive to moisture. The highest respirable fraction of 67.3 ± 1.3% was obtained with the formulation containing L-leucine, in contrast to formulations containing glycine and threonine, which had a respirable fraction of 11.2 ± 3.9% and 23.5 ± 2.5%, respectively. In addition, powders with good physical properties were achieved by the combination of insulin and trehalose. This study suggests that L-leucine could be used to enhance the aerosolization behaviour of the insulin dry powders for inhalation, and trehalose could potentially be used as an excipient in the formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This work aims to investigate the survival of Lactobacillus kefir CIDCA 8348, Lactobacillus plantarum CIDCA 83114 and Saccharomyces lipolytica CIDCA 812, all isolated from kefir, during spray drying and subsequent storage. Methods and Results: Micro-organisms were grown in De Man, Rogosa, Sharpe (MRS) or yeast medium (YM) medium and harvested in the stationary phase of growth. The thermotolerance in skim milk ( D and Z values), the survival of spray drying at different outlet air temperatures and subsequent storage in different conditions during 150 days were studied. The resistance to the heat treatments was higher in Lact. plantarum compared to Lact. kefir and S. lipolytica. The three micro-organisms studied varied considerably in their ability to survive to spray drying processes . Lactobacillus plantarum showed the highest survival rate for all the tested outlet air temperatures and also to the further storage in the dried state. The survival rates of Lact. kefir and S. lipolytica through drying and subsequent storage in the dried state decreased when the drying outlet air temperatures increased. Conclusions: Spray drying is a suitable method to preserve micro-organisms isolated from kefir grains. A high proportion of cells were still viable after 80 days of storage at refrigerated temperatures Significance and Impact of Study: It is the first report about spray-dried probiotic strains isolated from kefir grain and contributes to the knowledge about these micro-organisms for their future application in novel dehydrated products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To prepare commercially acceptable formulations of Bacillus subtilis CPA-8 by spray-drying with long storage life and retained efficacy to control peach and nectarine brown rot caused by Monilinia spp. Methods and Results: CPA-8 24-h- and 72-h-old cultures were spray dried using 10% skimmed milk, 10% skimmed milk plus 10% MgSO4, 10% MgSO4 and 20% MgSO4 as carriers/protectants. All carriers/protectants gave good percentages of powder recovery (28-38%) and moisture content (7-13%). CPA-8 survival varied considerably among spray-dried 24-h- and 72-h-old cultures. Seventy-two hours culture spray dried formulations showed the highest survival (28-32%) with final concentration products of 1·6-3·3 × 109 CFU g−1, while viability of 24-h-old formulations was lower than 1%. Spray-dried 72-h-old formulations were selected to subsequent evaluation. Rehydration of cells with water provided a good recovery of CPA-8 dried cells, similar to other complex rehydration media tested. Spray-dried formulations stored at 4 ± 1 and 20 ± 1°C showed good shelf life during 6 months, and viability was maintained or slightly decreased by 0·2-0·3-log. CPA-8 formulations after 4- and 6 months storage were effective in controlling brown rot caused by Monilinia spp. on nectarines and peaches resulting in a 90-100% reduction in disease incidence. Conclusions: Stable and effective formulations of biocontrol agent B. subtilis CPA-8 could be obtained by spray-drying. Significance and Impact of the Study: New shelf-stable and effective formulations of a biocontrol agent have been obtained by spray-drying to control brown rot on peach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Amorphous drug forms provide a useful method of enhancing the dissolution performance of poorly water-soluble drugs; however, they are inherently unstable. In this article, we have used Flory- Huggins theory to predict drug solubility and miscibility in polymer candidates, and used this information to compare spray drying and melt extrusion as processes to manufacture solid dispersions. Method Solid dispersions were prepared using two different techniques (hot-melt extrusion and spray drying), and characterised using a combination of thermal (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry), spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR) and X-ray diffraction methods. Key findings Spray drying permitted generation of amorphous solid dispersions across a wider drug concentration than melt extrusion. Melt extrusion provided sufficient energy for more intimate mixing to be achieved between drug and polymer, which may improve physical stability. It was also confirmed that stronger drug-polymer interactions might be generated through melt extrusion. Remixing and dissolution of recrystallised felodipine into the polymeric matrices did occur during the modulated differential scanning calorimetry analysis, but the complementary information provided from FTIR confirms that all freshly prepared spray-dried samples were amorphous with the existence of amorphous drug domains within high drug-loaded samples. Conclusion Using temperature-composition phase diagrams to probe the relevance of temperature and drug composition in specific polymer candidates facilitates polymer screening for the purpose of formulating solid dispersions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A newly discovered entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps javanica (Friedrichs & Bally) Samson & Hywel-Jones (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain Wf GA17 was compared with the commercial Cordyceps fumosorosea Wize (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Apopka 97 strain for liquid-culture production, formulation, insecticidal efficacy, and storage stability under laboratory conditions. We compared culture media with carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratios of 10:1, 30:1, and 50:1 for these two isolates. A third strain, C. fumosorosea strain ARSEF 3581, had previously been optimized for liquid-culture production of blastospores at 10:1 C:N served as an added control. These seven cultures were processed by spray drying with skim milk powder, stored at 25°C to evaluate storage stability, and assayed for insecticidal activity against Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) neonates. Final blastospore concentrations were not significantly different among cultures, ranging from 4.47 to 9.88 × 108 spores/ml. Fungal biomass decreased and final glucose concentrations increased with increasing C:N ratios, indicating better fungal growth with higher nitrogen concentrations. Product yields from the spray dryer (grams per liter culture) increased with increased C:N ratios while spore concentrations decreased, ranging from 2.27 to 7.17 × 109 spores/g. There were no significant differences for insecticidal efficacy among the seven treatments. Spores produced in 10:1 C:N ratio media retained viability longer than spores produced in other media. Cost of ingredients decreased with increasing C:N ratios, such that the 30:1 media may yield the most economical product. The raw material cost needed for application was 1.4× greater for Wf GA17 compared with Apopka 97, a difference that could be erased by optimization of culture conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

p.j. simpson, c. stanton, g.f. fitzgerald and r.p. ross. 2005. This study examined the tolerance of various species of the genus Bifidobacterium to heat and oxygen and evaluated the survival of selected strains following spray drying and during storage. Nine Bifidobacterium species were considered to be relatively tolerant to both heat and oxygen and mostly segregated into two clusters within the 16S rDNA phylogenetic tree. Four species were tolerant to oxygen and 12 species were considered sensitive to oxygen and heat. Using a skimmed milk-based carrier good survival following spray drying and storage at 4°C correlated with tolerance to heat and oxygen. Viability was inversely related to storage temperature and at 15°C and 25°C, a significant decline was observed for all species. The inclusion of gum acacia had no significant affect on survival or viability. However, using a fluidized-bed spray dryer viability was greatly improved. A group of closely related species tolerant to heat and oxygen had high survival following spray drying and maintained viability during prolonged storage at 4°C. Spray drying is a suitable method for the production of skimmed milk powder enriched with high numbers of viable bifidobacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of spray dried plasma (SDP) in diets increases apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and/or the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrients in diets for young pigs, and that ATTD of energy and nutrients or STTD of P in individual ingredients are additive in diets containing SDP. Eighty barrows (body weight: 9.30 ± 0.97 kg) were housed in individual metabolism crates and allotted to 1 of 10 diets in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicate pigs per diet. Four diets were prepared without SDP and contained ingredients commonly used in the United States, Canada, the European Union, or Asia. Four additional diets were prepared by mixing 94% of the previous four diets and 6% SDP. A diet containing SDP as the sole source of P and a P-free diet were also formulated. The ATTD of GE and nutrients and the STTD of P were calculated in all diets except the P-free diet and for the four regional diets containing 6% SDP, values were also predicted from the digestibility obtained in SDP alone and the regional diets without SDP. Differences between measured and predicted values for digestibility of GE and nutrients were also calculated. An interaction was observed between SDP and region for the ATTD of soluble dietary fiber where the digestibility decreased (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the U.S. diet with 6% SDP compared with 0% SDP, but that was not the case for the other regional diets. There was no interaction for the ATTD of GE, N, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), total dietary fiber (TDF), Ca, and P or the STTD of P, but the ATTD and STTD values were greater (P < 0.05) or tended to be greater (P < 0.10%) when 6% SDP was included in the diet compared with diets with 0% SDP. The ATTD of GE, IDF, TDF, and P, and the STTD of P was greater (P < 0.05) for the Asia diet compared with the other diets regardless of inclusion of SDP. The measured ATTD of IDF and TDF was greater (P < 0.05) than the predicted values for the U.S. and European Union diets, and the measured ATTD of GE, N, Ca, and P and the STTD of P was greater (P < 0.05) than the predicted values for the Asia diet. In conclusion, addition of 6% SDP to a diet will increase the ATTD of energy and nutrients and the STTD of P in diets for weanling pigs, and in some cases, the measured ATTD of energy and nutrients or the STTD of P by pigs fed diets containing SDP is greater than predicted from individual ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate, simple, reproducible, and sensitive liquid chromatographic method is developed and validated to quantitate acyclovir (ACV) in cross-linked chitosan microspheres produced by spray drying. The analysis is carried out using a reversed-phase C18 column with UV–vis detection at 254 nm. The mobile phase is diluted with pure water and acetonitrile (95:5 v/v) at a flow-rate of 0.8 mL/min. The parameters used in the validation process are: linearity, range, quantitation limit, detection limit, accuracy, specificity precision, and ruggedness. The retention time of acyclovir is approximately 3.5 min with symmetrical peaks. The linearity in the range of 1–10 µg/mL presents a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The chitosan and the tripolyphosphate in the formulation do not interfere with the analysis, and the recovery is quantitative. Results are satisfactory, and the method proves to be suitable to quantitate ACV in cross-linked chitosan microspheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Current treatment for autonomic dysreflexia (AD) involves rupturing a liquid-filled soft capsule of nifedipine to aid rapid drug release and absorption, however, this application is not covered under the manufacturer's license. The objective of the current work was to design a rapidly dissolving solid dosage formulation for the treatment of AD as an alternative to the off-license "bite and swallow" use of currently available commercial products. Methods Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of nifedipine were prepared by spray-drying using three different polymers: hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl caprolactam--polyvinyl acetate--polyethylene glycol (Soluplus), at a 15% w/w drug loading and were formulated and compressed into tablets. Dissolution testing was performed in the paddle dissolution apparatus using either a monophasic or biphasic medium. Key findings The PVP--nifedipine ASD tablets exhibited rapid dissolution, with 35% of the total nifedipine dose dissolving within 15 min in the monophasic dissolution medium. The HPMC--nifedipine ASD exhibited a very slow dissolution, while the Solupus--nifedipine system exhibited no nifedipine release over 120 min. When tested in the biphasic dissolution medium, the PVP--nifedipine ASD tablets exhibited a release profile comparable to that of the pre-split/ruptured nifedipine soft capsule product. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a nifedipine--PVP ASD is a promising formulation strategy in the treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteriocins from Gram-positive bacteria have been proposed as natural food preservative and there is a need for large-scale production for commercial purposes. The aim of the present work is to evaluate whey, a cheese industrial by-product, for the production and microencapsulation of enterocin CRL35. Whey proved to be a promising basal medium for bacterial growth although the bacteriocin production was quite low. However, it could be much favored with the addition of yeast extract at concentrations as low as 0.5%. Besides improving bacteriocin production, this peptide was successfully microencapsulated by spray drying using whey protein concentrate and a chitosan derivative as wall materials. Microcapsules averaging 10 ± 5 μm diameter were obtained, with good structural integrity and high antimicrobial activity with a stability of at least 12 weeks at 4°C. In summary, sustainable bacteriocin production and microencapsulation was achieved recycling whey or its derivatives. In addition, the formulation owns high antimicrobial activity with a long shelf life. The development of a food preservative may represent a green solution for handling whey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The objective of this study was to examine the induction of thermotolerance in the biocontrol agent Candida sake CPA-1 cells by mild heat treatments to enhanced survival of formulations using spray-drying. The possible role of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) biosynthesis in induced thermotolerance and the role of sugars and sugar alcohols were also determined. Methods and Results: Studies were conducted on C. sake cells grown in molasses medium and exposed to mild temperatures of 30 and 33°C during mid- (16 h), late-exponential (24 h), early- (30 h) and mid-stationary (36 h) growth phases. The effect on viability was determined both before and after spray-drying. Cycloheximide and chloramphenicol were used to examine the role of HSPs and HPLC was used to analyse the accumulation of sugar and sugar alcohols. The results indicate that both temperatures induced thermotolerance in cells of C. sake. Mild heat-adapted cells at 33°C in the early- or mid-stationary phases had survival values after spray-drying significantly higher ( P ≤ 0·05) than nonadapted cells. However, viabilities were not high enough to be considered for commercial use with values up to 17%. HSPs were not implicated in thermotolerance acquired by mild heat-adapted cells as similar viabilities were obtained in the presence of protein inhibitors. Little change was observed in sugar and sugar alcohols with an increase in glucose and arabitol in some treatments. Conclusions: This study suggests that it is possible to induce thermotolerance in biocontrol yeasts such as C. sake. However, this does not improve survival of cells exposed to spray-drying sufficiently to consider this a suitable formulation method for this biocontrol agent. HSPs, sugars and sugar polyols were not directly responsible for induced thermotolerance in yeast cells. Significance and Impact of the Study: This type of information can be effectively applied to improve the viability of cells in the process of formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To ferment buttermilk, a low-cost by-product of the manufacture of butter, with a proteolytic strain of Lactobacillus helveticus, to enhance its value by the production of a functional peptide-enriched powder. Methods and Results: Buttermilk was fermented with Lact. helveticus 209, a strain chosen for its high proteolytic activity. To enhance the release of peptidic fractions, during fermentation pH was kept at 6 by using NaOH, Ca(CO)3 or Ca(OH)2. Cell-free supernatant was recovered by centrifugation, supplemented or not with maltodextrin and spray-dried. The profile of peptidic fractions released was studied by RP-HPLC. The lactose, Na and Ca content was also determined. The powder obtained was administered to BALB/c mice for 5 or 7 consecutive days, resulting in the proliferation of IgA-producing cells in the small intestine mucosa of the animals. Conclusions: Buttermilk is a suitable substrate for the fermentation with Lact. helveticus 209 and the release of peptide fractions able to be spray-dried and to modulate the gut mucosa in vivo. Significance and Impact of the Study: A powder enriched with peptides released from buttermilk proteins, with potential applications as a functional food additive, was obtained by spray-drying. A novel use of buttermilk as substrate for lactic fermentation is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

j. silva, a.s. carvalho, r. ferreira, r. vitorino, f. amado, p. domingues, p. teixeira and p.a. gibbs. 2005.The aim of this study was to optimize survival ofLactobacillus delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricusduring spray-drying and subsequent storage through optimizing the pH of growth conditions.Cell concentrates previously grown without or with pH controlled were spray-dried and stored at 20°C and heat treated at 57°C.Cells grown under noncontrolled pH were more resistant to both drying and heating than cells grown under controlled pH but no significant differences were observed during storage. The intracellular proteins profile of cells grown under both conditions was studied by two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eight proteins were identified using automated mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data acquisition. Of the identified proteins, only cochaperonin GroES corresponded to a known heat shock protein (HSP). The other proteins identified are proteins involved in glycolysis.For cells grown under noncontrolled pH the expression of the Hsp70, GroES and GroEL, measured by Western blotting, was enhanced.The higher resistance of cells grown under noncontrolled pH correlates with the enhanced production of heat shock proteins.Growth ofL. bulgaricusunder controlled pH (commonly used by the starter cultures production industry) results in cells more sensitive to stresses frequently encountered by the cells during starter cultures preparation/storage/utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the formulation of the peptide‐based antagonist (34Pro,35Phe)CGRP27–37, of the human calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) receptor as a potential nasally delivered migraine treatment. Methods: Peptide sequences were prepared using automated methods and purified by preparative HPLC. Their structure and stability were determined by LC‐MS. Antagonist potency was assessed by measuring CGRP‐stimulated cAMP accumulation in SK‐N‐MC, cells and in CHO cells overexpressing the human CGRP receptor. In vivo activity was tested in plasma protein extravasation (PPE) studies using Evans blue dye accumulation. Peptide‐containing chitosan microparticles were prepared by spray drying. Key findings: (34Pro,35Phe)CGRP27–37 exhibited a 10‐fold increased affinity compared to αCGRP27–37. Administration of (34Pro,35Phe)CGRP27–37 to mice led to a significant decrease in CGRP‐induced PPE confirming antagonistic properties in vivo. There was no degradation of (34Pro,35Phe)CGRP27–37 and no loss of antagonist potency during formulation and release from chitosan microparticles. Conclusions: (34Pro,35Phe)CGRP27–37 is a potent CGRP receptor antagonist both in vitro and in vivo, and it can be formulated as a dry powder with no loss of activity indicating its potential as a nasally formulated anti‐migraine medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powders of Dunaliella salina biomass were obtained by spray drying a cell concentrate under different drying regimes. A three-factor, two-level experimental design was employed to investigate the influence of inlet temperature, outlet temperature and feed solids on β-carotene recovery. The effect of microencapsulation in a polymer matrix of maltodextrin and gum arabic was also studied. All powders were stored under specific conditions to assess the stability of the native β-carotene. There was a trend indicating that lower outlet temperature yielded higher carotenoid recoveries, β-carotene recovery varying between 57% and 91%. Microencapsulated biomass yielded 100% recoveries. All non-microencapsulated powders were unstable in terms of β-carotene content in the presence of natural light and oxygen showing 90% degradation over a 7-day period. The incorporation of a microencapsulating agent had a significant increase in the storage stability. Results indicated a first-order degradation of the β-carotene in microencapsulated powders with kinetic constants of 0.06 day[SUP-1] and 0.10 day[SUP-1]. HPLC analysis showed no effect of drying processes on isomer composition (9-cis-β-carotene and all-trans-β-carotene ratio). This behaviour was also observed during storage of the microencapsulated powders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Solid dispersion formulations have attracted attention to improve solubility and bioavailability of water-insoluble drugs. In this study, the variation of solubility and bioavailability by different preparation methods were studied using itraconazole (ITZ) solid dispersions. Methods Itraconazole solid dispersions were prepared by a solvent-controlled precipitation method (SCPM) using HPMCAS-LF, HCl antisolvent or a spray-drying method (SDM) for comparison. Dissolution tests by pH transition and pharmacokinetic study using male Sprague Dawley rats were conducted. Key findings Itraconazole solid dispersion dissolution tests by pH transition exhibited better dissolution compared to naive ITZ, limited dissolution in acidic conditions and a burst release at neutral pH. The ITZ solid dispersions by SCPM indicated a smaller-sized particle dispersion, limited dissolution at acidic pH and a higher release at neutral pH compared to those by SDM, suggesting that the increased protonation of anionic polymers and HPMCAS-LF by acidic antisolvent could form a tighter hydrophobic aggregation with ITZ in solid dispersions. ITZ solid dispersion prepared by SCPM also showed improved ITZ absorption in male Sprague Dawley rats compared to SDM and naïve ITZ. Conclusions This study suggests that the SCPM method can be widely used for solid dispersion preparations due to improved dissolution and PK profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the size of oil droplets on the oxidative stability of flaxseed oil in spray-dried powders was investigated. Maltodextrin with a dextrose equivalent of 25 was used as a wall material, and sodium caseinate and transglutaminase-polymerized sodium caseinate were used as emulsifiers. The oxidative stability of flaxseed oil encapsulated in the spray-dried powders was evaluated using lipid oxidation and conductometric determination tests at 105 °C. The powders containing larger oil droplets exhibited higher surface oil content after spray drying, and higher peroxide value and conductivity after storage at 105 °C. Removal of the surface oil from the powders by washing with hexane significantly decreased the conductivity. The results indicated that the surface oil of the spray-dried flaxseed oil powders affected the oxidation stability. Oil droplet size affected significantly the oxidation stability of flaxseed oil in spray-dried powder. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aims Consumers' demand for innovative probiotic products has recently increased. In previous studies, chestnuts were evaluated as substrate for the growth of lactobacilli and chestnut extract was found to enhance acid tolerance of probiotic strains. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the suitability of chestnut extract as carrier for spray drying of two probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains and to develop a probiotic food chestnut based. Methods and Results The optimal settings for the spray-drying processes were defined and the loads of undamaged cells in the dried powders were quantified. Spray-dried cultures were incorporated into an anhydrous basis for chestnut mousse developed ad hoc. In this form, viable cells remained stable over 108 CFU g−1 during a 3 months long storage at 15°C. Sensorial analysis did not highlighted significant differences ( P < 0·05) in preference between probiotic-supplemented and control mousses. Conclusions Results suggest that chestnut mousse, a food product naturally rich in antioxidant compounds, may represent an excellent carrier for probiotics delivering. Significance and Impact of the Study To authors' knowledge, this is the first information on the survival of lactobacilli in an anhydrous basis for dessert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The objective of this work was to spray dry p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and its ammonium salt and to investigate the impact of the pore-forming agent, ammonium carbonate (AC), on the morphological, aerodynamic and physicochemical properties of the resulting powders. Methods Microparticles were prepared by spray drying from ethanol/water solvent systems. Their solid-state properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and in-vitro deposition, using the twin impinger. Key Findings The physicochemical properties of PAS were altered on spray drying with AC and a new solid state was produced. The solution composition impacted on the morphology of the resulting powders, which ranged from irregular crystal agglomerates to spherical crystal clusters and porous microparticles. The chemical composition, structure and morphology were dependent on process inlet temperature, low inlet temperatures resulting in a novel solid of stoichiometry; PAS : ammonia : water, 2 : 1 : 0.5. At higher temperatures pure PAS was obtained. In-vitro deposition studies showed an increase in emitted dose from spray dried drug, relative to the micronised PAS. Conclusions Under appropriate process conditions AC interacts with the acidic PAS, resulting in the formation of a novel solid-state drug phase. Spray-dried PAS powders have potential for pulmonary delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The aim of this research was to develop a novel carrier-free dry powder formulation of rifampicin for inhalation with controlled-release properties. Methods Rifampicin dihydrate (RFDH) microcrystals were prepared by a polymorphic transformation of rifampicin. The prepared RFDH microcrystals were coated with poly ( dl-lactide- co-glycolide) or poly ( dl-lactide), using a spray-dryer equipped with two different types of three-fluid (3F) spray nozzles. The physicochemical and aerodynamic properties of the coated RFDH microcrystals were compared with those of conventional matrix microparticles. Key findings The coated RFDH powder, encapsulating 50% of rifampicin, was successfully prepared by simple in-situ coating methods using two different types of 3F nozzles and had mass median aerodynamic diameter values of 3.5-4.5 µ m. The thin flaky morphology of RFDH powders, providing good aerosolization properties, was maintained after coating. The coated RFDH formulations showed relatively low initial rifampicin release, compared with the uncoated RFDH crystals, followed by slow rifampicin release (about 70%) over 8 h in phosphate-buffered saline media (pH 7.4). Significant chemical degradations were not observed from the crystalline-structured RFDH formulations, while the amorphous-structured matrix formulations showed chemical degradation in six months. Conclusions These polymer coated RFDH formulations may be a valuable alternative in the treatment of tuberculosis since the carrier-free formulation offers the benefit of delivering a maximum-potency formulation of the antibiotic directly to the site of infection, and long drug residence times may be achieved by the controlled release of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study regarding the formulation of the solid dispersion of isolated andrographolide to increase its dissolution and solubility rate. The study made used of a spray-drying technique with different rations of drug to polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP K-30) to obtain the solid dispersions. The result of the study shows that over the period of three months, there was no significant change in dissolution profile and molecular pharmaceutical properties.

A common goal for pet food manufacturers extruding dry kibbles is to increase meat inclusion and protein content in both grain and grain free formulas. When extruding high meat formulas, variation of moisture and fat of the incoming raw meat ingredients adds to the complexity of producing consistent quality kibbles meeting all specifications. Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a consistent high protein ingredient commonly utilized in wet pet food for water binding and fat emulsification characteristics and in dry kibble extrusion with meat meals and other dry ingredients to produce quality kibbles. Thus, the objective of two studies was to evaluate if meat inclusion levels could be increased in extruded formulas with the use of SDP. Tests were done at the Wenger technology testing center to evaluate combinations of SDP levels ranging from 2.5 to 20% with meat level feed rates ranging from 25 to 50%. The ability to produce kibbles was conducted utilizing both grain free and grain formulations. Processing conditions were monitored on the various formulations during production along with kibble outcome measurements such as ability to extrude, solids, protein, and durability. In the first study, extrusion of grain free formulations with 0% SDP resulted in meat inclusion limit at 35% feed rate. Addition of 5, 10, and 15% SDP in grain free formulas increased protein content of the extruded kibble but meat inclusion was limited at 35% feed rate. However, use of 20% SDP in grain free formulas allowed for greater inclusion of meat from 35% and up to 45% feed rate while maintaining kibble quality and increasing protein. Extrusion of a grain formulation with 0% SDP also resulted in limits of 35% feed rate of meat inclusion. Addition of 2.5, 5, 10, or 20% SDP to grain formulations allowed for meat inclusion feed rate to be increased up to 50% depending on levels of SDP used, and protein was increased in all combinations. The second study was completed to evaluate a longer run extrusion measuring ability to extrude, cook, and durability. Grain free formulas were run at 35% feed rate of meat with 5, 10, or 20% SDP and maintained cook and durability. Grain formulas were run at 45% feed rate of meat with 2.5, 5, and 10% SDP and maintained durability with further optimization of cook needed. Overall, SDP included in the formulation allows for greater feed rate of meat inclusion and maintain or increase protein and durability in the dry kibble. Thus, depending on target meat inclusion feed rates or protein levels, SDP may be used during the extrusion process to produce dry kibbles with high meat inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many different binders are used in canned pet food providing functionality such as gelling, texture, and protein content. Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a consistent high protein ingredient commonly utilized in wet pet food to provide texture and for water binding and fat emulsification characteristics. The objective of the study was to evaluate functionality of three different binders: egg white, whole egg, and SDP in chunks recipes at four inclusions levels (0, 2, 4, and 6%.) Canned petfood batches were replicated 3 times with each condition using the same recipe containing different raw materials, mainly derived from chicken and pigs, with control (no binder) and level of all binders in each replication. Thus, 3 batches per binder and level were produced for a total of 9 batches. The binder was included to partially replace poultry carcass in the chunks. Cans of chunks and gravy were produced with the ratio of 50:50 chunks to gravy and cooked at 121°C for 1 hour. Cans were stored at room temperature for 14 days before product measurements. Within each batch, 6 to 9 cans were evaluated for protein, texture, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and gravy absorption. Protein was similar at 2% inclusion between binders. At 4% binder inclusion, protein was greatest (P < 0.05) with SDP and egg white compared with whole egg and control; while 6% inclusion resulted in greatest (P < 0.05) protein with egg white followed by SDP, whole egg, and control. Texture was increased (P < 0.05) with SDP and egg white compared with whole egg and control at 2% and 6%, while at 4% inclusion SDP was the highest (P < 0.05) compared with all other binders. Hardness was greatest (P < 0.05) with SDP at 2 and 4% compared with all binders; while at 6% inclusion egg white was greatest followed by SDP, whole egg, and control. Cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness were greatest with SDP at all levels compared with other binders. Gravy absorption into the chunks with 2% binder inclusion was increased (P < 0.05) with SDP and egg white, similar between all binders at 4% but greater than control, and greatest with egg white at 6% followed by SDP, whole egg, and control. Overall, greater amounts of binder increased protein, hardness, texture, and gravy absorption. Spray dried plasma may be used as an alternative for egg white and whole egg in canned pet food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutralizing antibodies (NA) inherently present in pooled plasma collected at commercial abattoirs may provide some protection against potential porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infectivity of plasma. Moreover, these NA may also contribute to the biosafety of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP). The objective of the study was to characterize and quantify the PCV2 antibody neutralizing capacity in pooled liquid porcine plasma and SDPP samples collected from industrial spray-drying facilities located in the Southeast and Midwest regions of the United States and the Northeast region of Spain. In the United States, PCV2 NA was determined in 1 sample of pooled liquid plasma from commercial spray-drying plants in the Southeast and 1 from the Midwest region. Obtained results were compared with those of a plasma sample from a PCV2 vaccinated sow and 1 from a PCV2 antibody negative sow. In Spain, 15 pooled liquid porcine plasma samples and 10 SDPP samples were collected at a commercial spray-drying plant total and NA against PCV2 were determined. Results with pooled liquid porcine plasma from commercial spray-drying facilities in the United States indicated that NA titers against PCV2 in these samples (log2 8.33 ± 0.41 and 9.0 ± 0.0) were similar or greater than the plasma from the PCV2-vaccinated sow (log2 6.33 ± 0.41). The analysis of U.S. samples indicated that liquid plasma diluted to 1:256 (10<-2.41) was able to neutralize between 100 to 200 PCV2 virus particles or about 4 logs10 median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) per milliliter. Similarly, samples from the Spanish pooled liquid plasma and the SDPP samples indicated an increased amount of NA activity against PCV2. Specifically, a dilution of 10-2.47±0.33 of plasma was able to inactivate 100 PCV2 virus particles; therefore, the inactivation capacity of commercial liquid plasma was greater than 104 TCID50/mL. The calculated 90% reduction in infected cells because of NA in pooled plasma samples (log2 8.2 ± 0.38) was less (P < 0.05) than in its concentrate form of SDPP (mean, log2 10.2 ± 0.85). In conclusion, PCV2 NA contained in liquid pooled plasma from market pigs was detected at greater concentrations than that from a vaccinated sow and that after spray-drying biological neutralizing activity was conserved, which implies that the inherent NA in liquid plasma may have an important role in the biosafety of commercially produced SDPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To study the improvement of tolerance to low water activity ( aw) and desiccation during spray drying in Pantoea agglomerans cells subjected to mild osmotic stress during growth. Methods and Results: The micro-organism was cultured in an unmodified liquid (control) or in a w-modified media, and viability of these cells was evaluated on unstressed (0·995) and 0·96 aw stressed solid media, in order to check total viability and aw stress tolerance respectively. Significant improvements in viability on unmodified medium were observed with cells grown for 24 h in NaCl 0·98 aw, glycerol 0·98 aw and 0·97 aw and for 48 h in NaCl 0·98 aw and 0·97 aw modified media. Both yield improvements and water stress tolerance were achieved with low aw media. Cells grown for 24 h in NaCl 0·98 aw or for 48 h in NaCl 0·98 aw, 0·97 aw and 0·96 aw, glucose 0·97 aw and glycerol 0·97 aw showed improved aw stress tolerance in comparison with control cells. The best results were obtained with NaCl treatments (0·98 aw and 0·97 aw) which also exhibited better survival rates than control cells during spray-drying process and maintained their efficacy against postharvest fungal pathogens in apples and oranges. Conclusions: NaCl treatments are very appropriate for improving P. agglomerans low aw tolerance obtaining high production levels and maintaining biocontrol efficacy. Significance and Impact of the Study: Improving stress tolerance of biocontrol agents could be an efficient way to obtain consistency and maintain efficacy of biological control under practical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To investigate the influence of different culture media and fermentation conditions on growth performance and viability of three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with potential as silage inoculants, and to optimize spray‐drying in order to enhance survival to dehydration and storage stability. Methods and Results: In house‐formulated MRS was a suitable low‐cost culture medium for Lactobacillus plantarum Hv75, Pediococcus acidilactici 3903 and L. buchneri B463. Uncontrolled pH biomass production conferred enhanced stability during storage at 4°C after spray‐drying. The use of whey protein concentrate 35 (WPC)‐maltodextrin (M) as matrix, inlet temperature of 145‐150°C and air flow rate of 601 l h−1 was adequate for the production of dehydrated LAB. According to the desirability function, at this optimized condition, moisture content, yield and solubility were predicted to be 3·96, 73·68 and 90·36% respectively. Those conditions also showed a decrease of 0·855 log CFU per gram after drying, no loss in viability at 4°C for 6 months and 1 log CFU per gram reduction at 25°C. Conclusions: Stable and economically feasible dehydrated LAB cultures were obtained using alternative culture media, fermentation under uncontrolled pH and optimizing spray‐drying process conditions through the desirability function method. Significance and Impact of the Study: Our results can be utilized for efficient production and commercialization of several dry LAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Spray-dried formulations offer an attractive delivery system for administration of drug encapsulated into liposomes to the lung, but can suffer from low encapsulation efficiency and poor aerodynamic properties. In this paper the effect of the concentration of the anti-adherent l-leucine was investigated in tandem with the protectants sucrose and trehalose. Methods Two manufacturing methods were compared in terms of their ability to offer small liposomal size, low polydispersity and high encapsulation of the drug indometacin. Key findings Unexpectedly sucrose offered the best protection to the liposomes during the spray drying process, although formulations containing trehalose formed products with the best powder characteristics for pulmonary delivery; high glass transition values, fine powder fraction and yield. It was also found that l-leucine contributed positively to the characteristics of the powders, but that it should be used with care as above the optimum concentration of 0.5% (w/w) the size and polydispersity index increased significantly for both disaccharide formulations. Conclusions The method of liposome preparation had no effect on the stability or encapsulation efficiency of spray-dried powders containing optimal protectant and anti-adherent. Using l-leucine at concentrations higher than the optimum level caused instability in the reconstituted liposomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective In general, the chemical and physical stability of amorphous cyclodextrin complexes and how storage affects their dissolution rate have not been widely reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the solid-state stability of a fast-dissolving perphenazine/β-cyclodextrin (β- CD) complex, which has been found to be well absorbed after sublingual administration to rabbits. In addition, the dissolution rate of plain β- CD in crystalline and amorphous forms was determined. Methods The amorphous perphenazine/β- CD complex powders were prepared by spray-drying and freeze-drying, and their stability was examined after storage at 40°C, 75% relative humidity ( RH) or at room temperature, 60% RH for up to 82 days. Key findings Perphenazine was found to be chemically stable in all samples. The dissolution rate of perphenazine remained practically unchanged at both storage conditions, although partial crystallization was observed in both spray-dried and freeze-dried samples at 40°C, 75% RH. Interestingly, it was also observed that the dissolution rates of crystalline and amorphous β- CD were similar. Conclusion The results suggest that CD complexation may represent a suitable alternative for preparing intraorally dissolving formulations because the fast dissolution rate of the drug was maintained even though changes in the crystal structure were observed during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives In this work, a new polymeric microparticle system based on gelatin covalently bound to isoniazid (ISN) and containing rifampicin (RFP) was prepared by spray-drying technique. Microparticle aptitude to nebulisation and their capability of interacting with A549, alveolar basal epithelial cells, were evaluated in vitro. Methods Microparticles were obtained by spray drying, and their morphology, size, zeta potential, thermotropic behaviour and nebulisation ability were evaluated. Key findings Microparticles were positively charged with a mean size of 4.88 ± 0.3 μm. Microspheres were able to incorporate both RFP and ISN: encapsulation efficiency was 51 ± 6% and 22 ± 1%, respectively. X-ray diffraction study showed a new extensive and flattened diffraction peak providing evidence that the drugs were dispersed into the microparticles. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis confirmed effective interactions between gelatin and drug molecules by the presence of new transition peaks. Fifty-nine per cent of used microparticles were aerosolised. In-vitro toxicity studies on A549 alveolar basal epithelial cells showed that microparticles decreased cytotoxicity in comparison with the RFP solution. Laser scanning confocal microscopy observation confirmed that fluorescent probes delivered by microparticles are efficiently internalised in A549 cells. Conclusions Overall, microparticles based on gelatin covalently bound to ISN and containing RFP showed a promising behaviour for pulmonary drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to determine if a 3-phase feed program (CON) without spray-dried bovine plasma (SDP) using a budgeted amount of phase 1 diet (2.3 kg/pig), followed by phase 2 diet offered to d 21 post-weaning results in similar pig performance and economics compared to a 3-phase program (SDP) using 5% SDP in phase 1 diet provided d 0-14, 1.25% SDP in phase 2 diet offered d 14-21 post-weaning, with both programs using a common phase 3 diet without SDP offered d 21-48 post-weaning. Female weaned pigs (18–21 d of age; 5.02 ± 0.07 kg initial BW) were randomly allotted by BW to pens in 2 rooms to provide 23–24 pigs/pen (666 total pigs) and 14 pens/feed program. Pen data was analyzed using a randomized complete block design for effects of room and feed program using the covariance of initial BW. By d 14 pigs fed program SDP had higher (P < 0.01) ADG (159 vs 111 g/d), GF (0.85 vs 0.54), BW (7.3 vs 6.6 kg) and tended (P = 0.06) to have lower ADFI (191 vs 205 g/d) compared to CON program. By d 48 pigs fed SDP program had higher (P < 0.05) final BW (25.2 vs 24.2 kg), GF (0.60 vs 0.57) and tended (P = 0.09) to have higher ADG than CON program. Pig mortality and culls did not differ (P > 0.10) between feed programs. Assuming $4.40 kg BW, income and feed cost/pig was higher (P < 0.05) for SDP vs CON program with a value over cost advantage (P = 0.12) of $2.95/pig fed SDP. In conclusion lower cost feed programs without SDP can result in less income due to reduced final BW and GF by the end of the nursery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we evaluated the potential of supplementing weaning diets with spray dried porcine plasma, dried porcine intestinal hydrolysates or bovine colostrum to modulate piglet growth, intestinal morphology, antioxidant status, and immunity. At weaning, 96 piglets were housed three piglets per pen in 32 pens. Each pen was assigned to one of the following dietary treatments: 1) basal diet (CTRL); 2) basal diet containing spray dried porcine plasma at 50 g/kg feed (PP); 3) basal diet containing dried porcine intestinal hydrolysates at 50 g/kg feed (PIH); 4) basal diet containing bovine colostrum at 50 g/kg feed (BC). At d 0 and 14, piglets were weighed and feed intake was daily recorded. Eight pigs per treatment (one per pen) were euthanized at d 14 and intestinal samples were collected to evaluate the antioxidant status, intestinal morphology and concentration of TNFa, interleukin (IL) 4, IL17, occludin, caspase 3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Our results showed that PP and BC supplementation increased the final weight and G:F ratio compared with the other dietary treatments, whereas the ADG was greater in the BC group compared with PIH animals (P< 0.05). Furthermore, feeding pigs with the PP diet partially affected the intestinal antioxidant status, as evidenced by the increased concentration of glutathione peroxidase compared with the BC group (P< 0.05). BC supplementation also increased intestinal villus height compared with CTRL and PIH animals, as well as villus to crypt ratio compared with the CTRL group (P< 0.05). No other dietary effect on immunity or intestinal morphology was recorded. This study highlights the potential of dietary supplementation, such as plasma proteins and bovine colostrum, to act as a valid alternative to in-feed antibiotics, to reduce effect of weaning stress and maintain gut health and performance in in the post-weaning period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

b.m. corcoran, r.p. ross, g.f. fitzgerald and c. stanton. 2004. Probiotic milk-based formulations were spray-dried with various combinations of prebiotic substances in an effort to generate synbiotic powder products. To examine the effect of growth phase and inclusion of a prebiotic substance in the feed media on probiotic viability during spray-drying, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was spray-dried in lag, early log and stationary phases of growth in reconstituted skim milk (RSM) (20% w/v) or RSM (10% w/v), polydextrose (PD) (10% w/v) mixture at an outlet temperature of 85–90°C. Stationary phase cultures survived best (31–50%) in both feed media and were the most stable during powder storage at 4–37°C over 8 weeks, with 30–140-fold reductions in cell viability at 37°C in RSM and PD/RSM powders, respectively. Stationary phase Lact. rhamnosus GG was subsequently spray-dried in the presence of the prebiotic inulin in the feed media, composed of RSM (10% w/v) and inulin (10% w/v), and survival following spray-drying was of the order 7·1–43%, while viability losses of 20 000–90 000-fold occurred in these powders after 8 weeks’ storage at 37°C. Survival of the Lactobacillus culture after spray-drying in powders produced using PD (20% w/v) or inulin (20% w/v) as the feed media was only 0·011–0·45%. To compare different probiotic lactobacilli during spray-drying, stationary phase Lact. rhamnosus E800 and Lact. salivarius UCC 500 were spray-dried using the same parameters as for Lact. rhamnosus GG in either RSM (20% w/v) or RSM (10% w/v) and PD (10% w/v). Lact. rhamnosus E800 experienced approx. 25–41% survival, yielding powders containing ∼109 CFU g−1, while Lact. salivarius UCC 500 performed poorly, experiencing over 99% loss in viability during spray-drying in both feed media. In addition to the superior survival of Lact. rhamnosus GG after spray-drying, both strains experienced higher viability losses (570–700-fold) during storage at 37°C over 8 weeks compared with Lact. rhamnosus GG. Stationary phase cultures were most suitable for the spray-drying process, while lag phase was most susceptible. The presence of the prebiotics PD and inulin did not enhance viability during spray-drying or powder storage. High viability (∼109 CFU g−1) powders containing probiotic lactobacilli in combination with prebiotics were developed, which may be useful as functional food ingredients for the manufacture of probiotic foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that spray dried plasma (SDP) increases the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA from other ingredients in diets for young pigs, which may result in a lack of additivity in such diets. Thirty ileal cannulated barrows (body weight: 9.30 ± 0.63 kg) were randomly allotted to a triplicated 10 × 3 Youden square design with 10 diets and three 7-d periods. Diets from four regions were formulated: the U.S.A. [cornsoybean meal (SBM)-based diet], the European Union (corn-wheat-barley-SBM-based diet), Canada (wheat-barley-SBM-fermented SBM-based diet), and Asia (corn-rice-SBM-fermented SBM-based diet). Diets from each region contained 0 or 6% SDP. Differences between measured and predicted SID of CP and AA in diets with SDP were calculated. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS as a 2 × 4 factorial with 2 levels of SDP and 4 regions. There was an SDP by region interaction for the measured SID of CP and all AA, except Lys (Table 1). When SDP was added to the U.S.A, the European Union, and Asia diets, the SID of CP and AA was not increased. The SID of CP and AA, except Lys, was greater (P < 0.05) in the Canada diet with SDP than without SDP. The measured SID of CP and AA was consistent with predicted values for the European Union and Asia diets (Table 2). The measured SID of Trp was less (P < 0.05) than predicted for the U.S.A. diet, and the measured SID of CP and all indispensable AA was greater (P < 0.05) than predicted in the Canada diet. In conclusion, addition of 6% SDP to wheat-barley-based diets may increase SID of CP and AA, and therefore, the SID of CP and AA in diets containing SDP may be greater than predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]