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The results of a controlled experiment in which an attempt was made to transmit sarcoidosis by inoculation of sarcoid and non-sarcoid lymph node homogenates into the footpads of normal and immunologically deficient mice, are reported. The and changes in the footpads were assessed microscopically. A substantial proportion of the footpads of mice receiving sarcoid homogenate showed the histological characteristics typical of sarcoidosis in man and evolved fully only after a period of 6-8 months following inoculation. Moreover, positive Kveim tests were confined to a proportion of those mice given sarcoid homogenates and were all associated with a sarcoid granuloma in the footpad. Conversely, the inflammatory lesions seen in the histology of the footpads of mice inoculated with non-sarcoid homogenate were no longer apparent in the histology and Kveim tests in all mice given non-sarcoid homogenate were negative. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

From the older literature it has been claimed that a significant proportion of patients with the tuberculoid, but not the lepromatous, form of the disease, gave positive Kveim reactions. It is concluded, however, from a review of this older literature that none of the claims are based on studies using a validated Kveim antigen and that the majority of the readings were based on macroscopic, rather than microscopic assessment. The International Study by Siltzbach on Kveim tests in leprosy patients using a validated antigen and assessed microscopically reveal no positive reactions among fifty-seven patients with all types of leprosy from Finland, Israel, Italy and Turkey. However, this same study on Japanese patients gave two positive and five equivocal Kveim reactions among ten lepromatous patients and one equivocal reaction among three tuberculoid patients. Our own studies in Malaysia with the same validated Kveim antigen used by Siltzbach and assessed microscopically gave one weak positive Kveim reaction among twenty-one lepromatous patients and four equivocal Kveim reactions among nine tuberculoid patients. It is concluded from these results that, with the possible exception of Chinese and Japanese patients, false positive Kveim reactions are extremely rare in patients with all types of leprosy. Therefore in parts of the world where leprosy is endemic the Kveim reaction can still be accepted as an important confirmatory diagnostic test for sarcoidosis. It is suggested that further surveys of Kveim reactivity be undertaken on Chinese and Japanese leprosy patients, since both have a similar ethnic origin, in order to determine whether such patients are more liable to elicit a granulomatous reaction to Kveim antigen. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background Animal-type melanoma is a rare distinct melanoma subtype, characterized by proliferation of heavily pigmented epithelioid and spindled melanocytes that resembles the heavily pigmented melanomas seen in grey horses. While animal-type melanoma is generally considered to be more indolent than conventional melanoma, only a limited number of cases have been reported and, as such, the clinical characteristics of animal-type melanoma are incompletely understood. Objectives To characterize the clinical and histopathological features of animal-type melanoma, and determine any features that may predict outcome. Patients/Methods Data was extracted from a prospectively collected melanoma database (1994–2008), and a retrospective pathology database (1991–2008) for all patients with a diagnosis of both equivocal (8) and unequivocal (14) malignant animal-type melanoma. We reviewed the clinical and histopathological features, including the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) status. Results A total of 22 patients were identified, with a median age of 35 years. The median Breslow depth was 2·22 mm. A SLNB was performed in 17 patients, eight (47%) were positive. Younger age was associated with: (i) animal-type melanoma with features equivocal for malignancy (median age of 7 vs. 48 years, P = 0·01), and (ii) a negative SLNB (median age 12 vs. 53 years, P = 0·03). Four patients with unequivocal animal-type melanoma developed recurrent metastatic disease, with one patient death. No patient with an equivocal animal-type melanoma or negative SLNB developed recurrent disease; however, this did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0·13 and P = 0·09, respectively). Conclusions Animal-type melanoma has a propensity for regional lymphatic metastasis and is rarely capable of disseminated metastatic disease and death. Animal-type melanoma appears to exhibit a spectrum of biological behaviour, with young patient age associated with more indolent disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes how barriers to, and facilitators of, good mental health amongst young people (11-21 years) were elucidated from a systematic review of studies of young people's views and how these barriers and facilitators were compared with effectiveness studies to identify effective and appropriate interventions, promising interventions needing further evaluation and the need for further intervention. All studies were published before 2000. No clear pattern for effectiveness emerged in terms of mental health promotion focus, the type of intervention, intervention provider or young people. Well-evaluated interventions neither always target what we know young people themselves see as important barriers to their mental health (for instance, loss of friends and family, violence and bullying) nor always build on what they see as key facilitators, particularly their preferred coping strategies. In particular, while young people see material and physical resources as major influences on their mental health, few evaluated interventions targeted these. Rigorously evaluated interventions more often addressed priorities not raised by young people themselves and populations at low risk for mental health problems. These innovative review methods can inform intervention development and evaluation in a new way based on the strengths and needs identified by the target population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients whose bacillary load has decreased to almost undetectable levels by long-term chemotherapy failed to develop delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Mycobacterium leprae antigen following immunization with killed armadillo-derived M. leprae. When these LL patients were immunized with killed M. leprae in a mixture with live BCG, only DTH to purified protein derivative (PPD) was induced. These results are further evidence that immunolngical unresponsiveness to the leprosy antigen of patients with lepromatous leprosy is antigen-specific and non-reversible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to a soluble Mycobacterium leprae skin test antigen (SML) was successfully induced in healthy volunteers following immunization with 2 × 108 killed armadillo-derived M. leprae. No better sensitization was obtained by a mixture of live BCO and killed M. leprae. The relative specificity of the DTH reaction to SML has been demonstrated in this study, since little cross-reactivity was observed to PPD, after immunization with BCG or M. leprae alone, or combined. Moreoever, armadillo-derived M. leprae readily induced a specific hypersensitivity with the time course DTH response associated with protective immunity, suggesting that this bacterial preparation may be a candidate for an effective anti-leprosy vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of bovine sera on the ability of human seminal plasma (SP) to suppress lymphocyte responses was investigated. Marked suppression of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicily (NCMC) against K562 targets was observed when effectors were pretreated for 1 h with SP (l: 50 dilution) in the presence of 10% newborn calf serum (NBCS). Some suppression of natural cytotoxicity was observed when the effectors were treated with SP in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and this suppression was greater if the length of pretreatment with SP was increased to 20 h. Suppression of NCMC did not occur, or was considerably less, when the effectors were treated with SP in the presence of 10% autologous human plasma or in HB 103 serum-free medium. The effect of bovine sera on suppression of T lymphocyte response lo mitogen was also examined. Pre-treatment of lymphocytes with SP( 1:50 dilution) for 1 hin the presence of 10% NBCS was sufficient lo abrogate completely the stimulatory effect of PHA. In the presence of 10% FCS it was necessary for SP to be present throughout the assay for suppresion to occur. In HB103 medium, stimulation was only slightly decreased below control values when SP was present throughout the assay, but suppression was considerably less than that obtained upon addition of NBCS or FCS to the culture medium. These findings imply that suppression of lymphocyte activity by SP is dependent on the presence of exogenous serum co-factors and in the light of this finding, the clinical relevance of SP suppression may require re-examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of human seminal plasma (SP) and whole semen (S) on the expression of natural cytotoxicity by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) was examined. Marked suppression of natural cytotoxicity against K562 targets was observed when effectors were pre-treated for 1 h with SP or S diluted up to 1 : 400. Abrogation of cytolytic activity by SP was not the result of direct lymphotoxicity, although a reduction of approximately 50% in the number of target binding cells was observed. In addition, the cytotoxicity of interferon (α-IFN, β-IFN, γ-IFN) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) activated human PBMNC was suppressed by components present in human SP, although IL-2 activated human PBMC were relatively resistant to suppression compared with other effector (spontaneous or activated) populations. Following 1 h exposure to SP. PBMNC failed to recover more than 25% of their initial cytotoxic potential upon further in vitro incubation (18 h) in the absence of SP. However, both interferon and IL-2 caused an increase in the cytotoxicity of these populations, in some instances to the level obtained with control. IFN or IL-2 activated PBMNC, The biological significance of SP as an inhibitor of immune function under experimentally defined conditions is discussed in relation to its possible role in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mortality associated with human breast carcinoma is almost entirely due to subsequent metastatic disease, but the molecular basis of this metastasis is not understood. Elucidation of the genetic control of metastatic propensity of a tumor is important in determining prognosis and choice of therapy. Expression of nm23, a putative metastasis suppressor gene, has been detected in human breast cancers, but studies have not consistently shown high levels of the Nm23 messenger RNA or protein to be associated with better histological differentiation. This inconsistency suggests that Nm23 protein may act independently as a metastasis suppressor.Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship of Nm23 protein expression with 1) histology in ductal breast carcinoma in situ and 2) the variables considered to be the major prognostic indicators in invasive breast carcinoma.Methods: We obtained formalin-fixed biopsy specimens of breast tissue excised from 128 patients with breast lesions detected by mammography. Of these patients, 35 had been diagnosed with benign breast disease, 26 with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 67 with invasive carcinoma. Tissue sections were embedded in paraffin blocks, and immunohistochemical staining was used to determine Nm23 expression. Specimens were rated positive if all lesional epithelium was stained and negative if any lesional epithelium was unstained. Statistical analysis was performed by multiple regression analysis because of nonorthogonality of the data.Results: All 35 examples of benign breast disease showed uniform epithelial cell staining. The seven cases of comedo DCIS were negative for Nm23 protein; all 18 noncomedo types were positive. Nm23 negativity was significantly associated with worsening invasive ductal carcinoma grade and advancing lymph node stage but not with tumor diameter or vascular invasion. Despite the putative antimetastatic role of the nm23 gene, no statistically significant association was found between Nm23 protein expression and vascular invasion.Conclusions: The precise role of the nm23 gene remains to be established, but our simplified immunohistochemical rating system shows an association between Nm23 protein expression and the two most significant prognostic factors relating to histologic grade and stage. Nm23 negativity distinguished comedo ductal carcinoma in situ from the other histological types, a finding consistent with the fact that comedo histology is known to have a higher likelihood of becoming invasive and of having higher cell proliferation rates and higher expression of growth factor (c-erb B2) receptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this note is to suggest that the relationship between advertising intensity and concentration is less clear cut than that suggested by Sutton, and that Sutton's statistical results follow from the introduction of various biases in the use of data. Moreover, if one tries to eliminate these biases, the finding of an inverted U relationship between advertising intensity and concentration is challenged and his suggested policy implications do not therefore necessarily follow. The note also uses 1968 data, which were not available at the time Sutton carried out his analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhIL-4) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) suppressed the induction of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity induced by recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. DNA synthesis and the expression of the p55 alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor (Tac antigen) were also inhibited. The inhibitory effect was greatest when these factors were added during the first 48 h of a 4-day culture, with reduced cytolytic activity against both natural killer (NK) resistant and NK-sensitive tumour cell line targets. The suppressive action of both cytokines was accompanied by a reduction in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels in lymphocyte culture supernatants. Recombinant human IFN-γ (rhIFN-γ), but not recombinant human TNF-α (rhTNF-α) was able to overcome the inhibitory effect of recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhIL-4) on LAK induction and DNA synthesis but not Tac antigen expression. However, cytotoxicity induced by rhIFN-γ alone was also suppressed by rhIL-4 and TGF-β1, inferring that rhIFN-γ-mediated abrogation of rhlL4 suppression was not simply a direct IL-2-independent effect on cytotoxicity. In addition, rhIL-4 did not increase TGF-β production from rhIL-2-activated peripheral blood mononuclcarcells, suggesting that rhIL-4 did not mediate reduction of rhIL-2 responses through the induction of TGF-β release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

in order to test a published claim that the inclusion of Mycobacterium leprae antigens with a tuberculin skin test reagent can suppress delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to tuberculin in both paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy cases. 109 leprosy cases and 104 non-leprosy controls were skin-tested simultaneously with tuberculin with and without M. leprae soluble antigens. Tests were randomized between arms and carried out double-blind. There was a clear tendency for larger DTH responses with the combined tuberculin plus M. leprae antigen than with tuberculin alone in paucibacillary leprosy cases and in non-leprosy contols. No evidence for M. leprae antigen-mediated suppression of DTH was observed in any group. It is unclear whether the difference between the results reported here, which were obtained in Malawi, and those in the published literature which were obtained in India, is attributable to geographic differences in important biological variables or to differences in the experimental protocols. The need for methodological rigour in skin-test studies is stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cells were transferred from mice intradermally vaccinated with killed Mycobacterium leprae to sublethally irradiated recipients. Unseparated cells from lymph nodes or spleens of M. Ieprae vaccinated mice were found to cause significant inhibition of the growth of a subsequent Al. leprae challenge in mouse footpads for up to 26 weeks after vaccination. Vaccination with live BCG and cells transferred from BCG-vaccinated mice caused no significant inhibition of M. leprae growth in mouse footpads. Cell separation into fractions containing predominantly B and T lymphocytes showed that the inhibition of growth was due to M. leprae-sensitized T lymphocytes. M. leprae vaccinated mice were also skin tested with soluble M. leprae antigen and showed maximum delayed hypersensitivity responses 4 weeks alter vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serological activity against a purified phenolic glycolipid from Mycobacterium leprae, which may be obtained in large amounts from M. leprae infected armadillo liver, was investigated using immunodiffusion and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Generally a good correlation was obtained between these techniques, but the ELISA was more sensitive and convenient. Relatively high IgG and IgM anti-glycolipid antibody levels were found in lepromatous leprosy patients. The antibody titres to the glycolipid were, however, low when compared with antibody titres to crude sonicates. Since the glycolipid is present in large quantities, this suggests that it is not very immunogenic. Antibody against the glycolipid especially of the IgM class, was demonstrable in some tuberculoid leprosy patients, although at much lower titres than in the lepromatous leprosy sera. In lepromatous leprosy patients that were skin smear negative after more than 5 years of treatment the IgG anti-M. leprae derived glycolipid activity had decreased markedly. The anti-IgG and IgM glycolipid antibody levels in tuberculosis patients did not differ significantly from the levels in appropriate normal healthy subjects. The glycolipid antibody levels in patients infected with M. kansasii, M. avium or M. intracellulare also fell within the range of normal healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lymphocyte transformation test was applied to compare in vitro lymphocyte responses of tuberculoid (high resistant) and lepromatous (low resistant) leprosy patients to purified Mycobacterium leprae derived from experimentally infected armadillos and crude M. leprae derived from man, as well as to bacillc Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and purified protein derivative (PPD). It was found that the purification procedure using enzymic digestion did not affect the immunogenicity of armadillo-derived M. leprae as compared with the crude human-derived preparation, although 2.5-5-fold higher doses of the purified organisms were required to elicitate equivalent lymphocyte responses. The result indicated the suitability of purified armadillo-derived M. leprae as the standard antigen for lymphocytes transformation tests in leprosy. The cross-reactivity studies show a close relationship between PPD and BCG, but not between M. leprae and PPH or BCG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A specific binding test was used to detect immune complexes containing antigens of Mycobacterium Iepraemurium in the serum and tissues of infected mice. Complexes were precipitated by antiserum against immunoglobulin. free antigen removed by washing and the presence of bound antigen demonstrated by measurement of uptake of radioactively labelled specific antibody by the precipitate. Tests were done both with 125-labelled IgG from rabbit antiserum against M. lepraemurium and with 125-Iabelled Fab prepared from an immune precipitate. Out of seventy-nine serum samples taken monthly up to the 5th month after infection, only three were positive (one at 2 months and two at 3 months). Kidneys taken from infected mice were also examined for immune complexes. Although deposits of 1gM and sometimes of lgG were observed by immunofluor- escence in glomeruli of normal mice, deposits of lgG were more frequent later on in infected mice. Nevertheless, binding tests done on acid eluates were positive in only one out of fifty-three infected mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) soluble antigen (MLSA) reagents have been developed with the aim of finding a reagent, comparable to tuberculin, which could identify individuals infected with the leprosy bacillus. They have yet to be evaluated fully in human populations.Methods: More than 15000 individuals living in a leprosy endemic area of northern Malawi were skin tested with one of five batches of MLSA prepared using two different protocols. The main difference in preparation was the introduction of a high G centrifugation step in the preparation of the last three ('second-generation') batches.Results: The prevalence of skin-test positivity (delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)) and association with the presence of a BCG scar were greater for first (batches A6, A22) than second (batches AB53, CD5, CD19) generation reagents. The association of positivity with M. leprae infection was investigated by comparing results among known (household) contacts of leprosy cases, and among newly diagnosed leprosy patients with those in the general population. While positivity to 'first-generation' antigens appeared to be associated with M. leprae infection, positivity to later antigens was unrelated either to exposure to leprosy cases or presence of leprosy disease. There were geographical differences in the prevalence of DTH to the various batches, probably reflecting exposure to various mycobacteria in the environment.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the 'second-generation' batches have lost antigens that can detect M. leprae infections, but that they retain one or more antigens which are shared between M. leprae and environmental mycobacteria. Natural exposure to these both sensitizes individuals and provides natural protection against M. leprae infection or disease. Identification of antigens present in these groups of skin test reagents may assist in production of improved skin test reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have compared the effects of the calmodulin antagonist -(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalane-sulphonamide (W7) and relatives of the parent compound, modified by substituting the 5-chloro- for an iodo-residue and increasing stepwise the length of the carbon chain from 6 to 12, for their ability to inbibit ceil proliferation in tissue culture. These species showed improved specificity and potency, as determined against a calcium calmodulindependent beef heart phosphodiesterase , exhibited time courses of inhibition similar to the parent compound W7, but were more potent at inhibiting DNA synthesis in K562 human leukaemic cells cultured in serum-free medium. The elevation observed in the percentage of cells in G1 of the cell cycle following drug exposure indicated that these drugs like W7, arrested growth by ihibiting entry of cells into and through S phase. Higher doses of all drugs were irreversibly cytotoxic as determined by the inability of the cells to recover DNA synthetic capacity and to form colonies in soft agar or to recover their normal cell cycle distribution. We also discuss the possible implications of extracellular calmodulin and antagonism thereof on cell proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mycotic aneurysms are a rare but recognized complication of infective endocarditis. Aneuryms of the pulmonary artery are usually associated with infected congenital heart lesions and especially with persistent ductus arteriosus. This report deals with a patient with a persistent ductus who developed multiple mycotic aneurysms in the right lung following infective endocarditis, and whose management was complicated by anomalous venous drainage of most of the contralacteral lung. Surgical closure of the ductus to reduce pulmonary blood flow failed to prevent haemoptysis, and further surgery to ligate the feeder arteries to the aneurysms was required. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Evidence is presented, based on in vitro model-systems, that lymphokine-like agents and lymphocytes can elicit in vitro changes in macrophages which replicate those observed in vivo associated with cell-mediated immunity. (1) Supernatants (containing lymphokines; filtered or unfiltered) from mixed leucocyte cultures (MLC) from two genetically different rabbits activated rabbit blood-derived macrophages cultured in vitro. Activation comprised proliferation, presence of intracellular phase-lucent vacuoles, elongation and formation of intercellular cytoplasmic bridges and giant cells. No such activation was obtained with supernatants from unmixed leucocyte cultures. (2) Macrophages cultivated in MLC supernatants but not unmixed leucocyte supernatants, inhibited the intracellular multiplication of mycobacteria including the vole bacillus and Mycobacterium lepraemurium. (3) Similar macrophage activation was obtained ill cultures of blood-derived macrophages exposed to M. leprae in vitro from patients with tuberculoid leprosy (high resistant form) in the presence of lymphocytes. No such activation was obtained in absence of lymphocytes. Under similar conditions no activation was observed in cultures of macrophages from patients with lepromatous leprosy (low resistant form of the disease). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four cases of skin ulceration with deeply undermined edges have been studied in Malaya. It is believed that these are the first cases of Myco. ulcerans infections to be recognized in South East Asia. Details of bacteriological studies and therapeutic success with a riminophenazine derivative (B663) are reported. In all patients an acid-alcohol fast mycobacterium was seen and in two cases produced pure cultures of Myco. ulcerans. All patients were markedly helped by B663. It is suggested that these ulcers are probably not uncommon in humid tropical climates and that a better knowledge of the disease and its bacteriology will enable more cases to be diagnosed and treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main conclusion from the analysis is that relative price changes are not unambiguously an important determinant of growth in industrial electricity consumption. The chief determinants are growth in output and changes in technology. Taken at face value, the results for the relative price variables suggest that in at least nine out of the sixteen industry groups price elasticity of demand is zero; in a further two it is relatively inelastic; and in only five does there appear to be a marked responsiveness of demand to relative price changes. This, if valid, would seem to have relevance for current developments in the energy economy. It suggests, for example, that quite considerable changes in relative fuel prices would be necessary to offset even partially the effects of growth in industrial output, so that natural-gas discoveries need not, in a time of economic growth, have a significant effect on electricity's share of the industrial energy market. The main conclusion, then, is that electricity demand is highly responsive to changes in output and fuel technology but relatively unresponsive to price. This latter result, however, is a first approximation only, and further research in this area should concentrate on measuring responsiveness to prices actually paid, and also on the derivation of a satisfactory relative cost index for different types of fuel-using equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mice infected with Mycobacteriurn lepraemurium showed marked histological changes in the thymus and lymph nodes. In the thymus there was a progressive depletion of lymphoid cells and replacement by macrophages, many of which contained bacilli in the advanced stages of the disease. In lymph nodes there was depletion. of paracortical immunoblasts and accumulation of macrophages. Infected mice showed impaired cell-mediated immune responses, including delayed rejection of skin grafts and depression or absence of contact sensitivity. Humoral immune responses to bovine serum albumin and sheep erythrocytes in infected mice were normal. The defect in cell-mediated immune responses is thought to be secondary to the massive infection, and is discussed in relation to impaired immune responses in human lepromatous leprosy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study in which two methods for preparing a suspension of Mycohacterium leprae from tissues of infected mice, using enzyme digestion, are described. The skin-test antigen, referred to as lepromin, is a crude autoclaved suspension of Mycohacterium leprae prepared from the infected skin of leprosy patients. The reactions produced by an intradermal injection of lepromin are of two types, the early reaction which is read at 2-3 days and is comparable to the delayed reaction produced by tuberculin, and the late reaction appearing at 2 to 4 weeks.

The article discusses the effect of high dosage of methotrexate, associated with folinic acid, on the suppression of tuberculin sensitivity in guinea pigs. The suppressive effect of methotrexate on tuberculin sensitivity in guinea-pigs and its tendency to decline with prolonged administration have been confirmed by the experiments. Researchers found that the inbred Strain 2 shows greater suppression than the Hartley strain. The toxicity of the methotrexate was markedly reduced, so that large doses could be given, there was then no apparent impairment of its suppressive effect on tuberculin sensitivity, which indeed was probably somewhat increased.

An abstract of the article "The management of Peyronie's disease--a comparison of UK practice to EAU guidelines" by J. Dockray and R. Rees is presented.

A case of acute urinary retention due to a vesical leiomyoma is described. This is an unusual presentation and the treatment is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presents a letter to the editor referencing a new bulk supply tariff.

Presents an abstract of the article "Evidence of Increased Receptor 'Cross Talk' in B16 Melanoma Cells of High Metastatic Potential," by S. E. Hill, R. C. Rees and S. MacNeil, presented at the British Society for Investigative Dermatology Annual Meeting held on September 1989 in Birmingham, England.

Presents a letter to the editor related to an article on leukemia, published in a previous issue.