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The European Space Agency is studying two large-class missions bound to operate in the decade of the 30s, and aiming at investigating the most energetic and violent phenomena in the Universe. Athena is poised to study the physical conditions of baryons locked in large-scale structures from the epoch of their formation, as well as to yield an accurate census of accreting supermassive black holes down to the epoch of reionization; LISA will extend the hunt for Gravitational Wave (GW) events to the hitherto unexplored mHz regime. We discuss in this paper the science that their concurrent operation could yield, and present possible Athena observational strategies. We focus on Supermassive (M |$\lesssim 10^7\, \rm {M_\odot }$|⁠) Black Hole Mergers (SMBHMs), potentially accessible to Athena up to z ∼ 2. The simultaneous measurement of their electromagnetic (EM) and GW signals may enable unique experiments in the domains of astrophysics, fundamental physics, and cosmography, such as the magnetohydrodynamics of fluid flows in a rapidly variable space–time, the formation of coronae and jets in Active Galactic Nuclei, and the measurement of the speed of GW, among others. Key to achieve these breakthrough results will be the LISA capability of locating a SMBHM event with an error box comparable to, or better than the field-of-view of the Athena Wide Field Imager (⁠|$\simeq 0.4\,$|  deg2) and Athena capability to slew fast to detect the source during the inspiral phase and the post-merger phase. Together, the two observatories will open in principle the exciting possibility of truly concurrent EM and GW studies of the SMBHMs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-ray emission from the gravitational wave transient GW170817 is well described as non-thermal afterglow radiation produced by a structured relativistic jet viewed off-axis. We show that the X-ray counterpart continues to be detected at 3.3 years after the merger. Such long-lasting signal is not a prediction of the earlier jet models characterized by a narrow jet core and a viewing angle ≈20 deg, and is spurring a renewed interest in the origin of the X-ray emission. We present a comprehensive analysis of the X-ray dataset aimed at clarifying existing discrepancies in the literature, and in particular the presence of an X-ray rebrightening at late times. Our analysis does not find evidence for an increase in the X-ray flux, but confirms a growing tension between the observations and the jet model. Further observations at radio and X-ray wavelengths would be critical to break the degeneracy between models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GRB 200522A is a short duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) at redshift z = 0.554 characterized by a bright infrared counterpart. A possible, although not unambiguous, interpretation of the observed emission is the onset of a luminous kilonova powered by a rapidly rotating and highly magnetized neutron star, known as magnetar. A bright radio flare, arising from the interaction of the kilonova ejecta with the surrounding medium, is a prediction of this model. Whereas the available data set remains open to multiple interpretations (e.g. afterglow, r-process kilonova, magnetar-powered kilonova), long-term radio monitoring of this burst may be key to discriminate between models. We present our late-time upper limit on the radio emission of GRB 200522A, carried out with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array at 288 d after the burst. For kilonova ejecta with energy E ej  |$\approx 10^{53}\, \rm erg$|⁠ , as expected for a long-lived magnetar remnant, we can already rule out ejecta masses |$M_{\rm ej}\lesssim 0.03\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$| for the most likely range of circumburst densities n ≳ 10−3 cm−3. Observations on timescales of ≈ 3–10 yr after the merger will probe larger ejecta masses up to M ej ∼ 0.1 M⊙, providing a robust test to the magnetar scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutron star mergers produce a substantial amount of fast-moving ejecta, expanding outwardly for years after the merger. The interaction of these ejecta with the surrounding medium may produce a weak isotropic radio remnant, detectable in relatively nearby events. We use late-time radio observations of short duration gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs) to constrain this model. Two samples of events were studied: four sGRBs that are possibly in the local (<200 Mpc) Universe were selected to constrain the remnant non-thermal emission from the sub-relativistic ejecta, whereas 17 sGRBs at cosmological distances were used to constrain the presence of a proto-magnetar central engine, possibly re-energizing the merger ejecta. We consider the case of GRB 170817A/GW170817 and find that in this case the early radio emission may be quenched by the jet blast-wave. In all cases, for ejecta mass range of |${M}_{\rm {ej}}\lesssim 10^{-2}\, (5\times 10^{-2})\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$|⁠ , we can rule out very energetic merger ejecta |${E}_{\rm {ej}}\gtrsim 5\times 10^{52}\, (10^{53})\, \rm erg$|⁠ , thus excluding the presence of a powerful magnetar as a merger remnant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on our observing campaign of the compact binary merger GW190814, detected by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors on 2019 August 14. This signal has the best localization of any observed gravitational wave (GW) source, with a 90 per cent probability area of 18.5 deg2, and an estimated distance of ≈240 Mpc. We obtained wide-field observations with the Deca-Degree Optical Transient Imager (DDOTI) covering 88 per cent of the probability area down to a limiting magnitude of w = 19.9 AB. Nearby galaxies within the high probability region were targeted with the Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT), whereas promising candidate counterparts were characterized through multicolour photometry with the Reionization and Transients InfraRed (RATIR) and spectroscopy with the Gran Telescopio de Canarias (GTC). We use our optical and near-infrared limits in conjunction with the upper limits obtained by the community to constrain the possible electromagnetic counterparts associated with the merger. A gamma-ray burst seen along its jet's axis is disfavoured by the multiwavelength data set, whereas the presence of a burst seen at larger viewing angles is not well constrained. Although our observations are not sensitive to a kilonova similar to AT2017gfo, we can rule out high-mass (>0.1 M⊙) fast-moving (mean velocity ≥0.3 c) wind ejecta for a possible kilonova associated with this merger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent observations with the Chandra X-ray telescope continue to detect X-ray emission from the transient GW170817. In a total exposure of 96.6 ks, performed between 2020 March 9 and 16 (935–942 d after the merger), a total of 8 photons are measured at the source position, corresponding to a significance of ≈5σ. Radio monitoring with the Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) shows instead that the source has faded below our detection threshold (<33  |$\mu$| Jy, 3σ). By assuming a constant spectral index of β  = 0.585, we derive an unabsorbed X-ray flux of ≈1.4 × 10−15 erg cm−2 s−1, higher than earlier predictions, yet still consistent with a simple structured jet model. We discuss possible scenarios that could account for prolonged emission in X-rays. The current data set appears consistent both with energy injection by a long-lived central engine and with the onset of a kilonova afterglow, arising from the interaction of the sub-relativistic merger ejecta with the surrounding medium. Long-term monitoring of this source will be essential to test these different models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of our year-long afterglow monitoring of GW 170817, the first binary neutron star merger detected by Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and Advanced Virgo. New observations with the Australian Telescope Compact Array and the Chandra X-ray Telescope were used to constrain its late-time behaviour. The broad-band emission, from radio to X-rays, is well-described by a simple power-law spectrum with index β ∼ 0.585 at all epochs. After an initial shallow rise ∝ t 0.9, the afterglow displayed a smooth turnover, reaching a peak X-ray luminosity of L X ≈ 5 × 1039 erg s−1 at 160 d, and has now entered a phase of rapid decline, approximately ∝ t −2. The latest temporal trend challenges most models of choked jet/cocoon systems, and is instead consistent with the emergence of a relativistic structured jet seen at an angle of ≈22° from its axis. Within such model, the properties of the explosion (such as its blast wave energy E K ≈ 2 × 1050 erg, jet width θc ≈ 4°, and ambient density n  ≈ 3 × 10−3 cm−3) fit well within the range of properties of cosmological short gamma-ray bursts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimessenger observations of GW170817 have not conclusively established whether the merger remnant is a black hole (BH) or a neutron star (NS). We show that a long-lived magnetized NS with a poloidal field B ≈ 1012 G is fully consistent with the electromagnetic dataset, when spin-down losses are dominated by gravitational wave (GW) emission. The required ellipticity ε ≳ 10−5 can result from a toroidal magnetic field component much stronger than the poloidal component, a configuration expected from an NS newly formed from a merger. Abrupt magnetic dissipation of the toroidal component can lead to the appearance of X-ray flares, analogous to the one observed in gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows. In the X-ray afterglow of GW170817, we identify a low-significance (≳3σ) temporal feature at 155 d, consistent with a sudden reactivation of the central NS. Energy injection from the NS spin-down into the relativistic shock is negligible, and the underlying continuum is fully accounted for by a structured jet seen off-axis. Whereas radio and optical observations probe the interaction of this jet with the surrounding medium, observations at X-ray wavelengths, performed with adequate sampling, open a privileged window on to the merger remnant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present our broad-band study of GW170817 from radio to hard X-rays, including NuSTAR and Chandra observations up to 165  d after the merger, and a multimessenger analysis including LIGO constraints. The data are compared with predictions from a wide range of models, providing the first detailed comparison between non-trivial cocoon and jet models. Homogeneous and power-law shaped jets, as well as simple cocoon models are ruled out by the data, while both a Gaussian shaped jet and a cocoon with energy injection can describe the current data set for a reasonable range of physical parameters, consistent with the typical values derived from short GRB afterglows. We propose that these models can be unambiguously discriminated by future observations measuring the post-peak behaviour, with Fν ∝ t∼−1.0 for the cocoon and Fν∝ t∼−2.5 for the jet model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GRB 130427A was the brightest gamma-ray burst detected in the last 30 yr. With an equivalent isotropic energy output of 8.5 × 1053 erg and redshift z = 0.34, it uniquely combined very high energetics with a relative proximity to Earth. As a consequence, its X-ray afterglow has been detected by sensitive X-ray observatories such as XMM-Newton and Chandra for a record-breaking baseline longer than 80 million seconds. We present the X-ray light curve of this event over such an interval. The light curve shows a simple power-law decay with a slope α = 1.309 ± 0.007 over more than three decades in time (47 ks-83 Ms).We discuss the consequences of this result for a few models proposed so far to interpret GRB 130427A, and more in general the significance of this outcome in the context of the standard forward shock model. We find that this model has difficulty in explaining our data, in both cases of constant density and stellar-wind circumburst media, and requires far-fetched values for the physical parameters involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a systematic investigation of the cold and mildly ionized gaseous baryonic metal components of our Galaxy, through the analysis of high-resolution Chandra andXMM-Newton spectra of two samples of Galactic and extragalactic sources. The comparison between lines of sight towards sources located in the disc of our Galaxy and extragalactic sources allows us for the first time to clearly distinguish between gaseous metal components in the disc and halo of our Galaxy. We find that a warm ionized metal medium (WIMM) permeates a large volume above and below the Galaxy's disc, perhaps up to the circum-galactic space. This halo WIMM imprints virtually the totality of the OIand OII absorption seen in the spectra of our extragalactic targets, has a temperature of THalo WIMM = 2900 ± 900 K, a density (nH)Halo WIMM = 0.023 ± 0.009 cm-3 and a metallicity ZHalo WIMM = (0.4 ± 0.1) Z☉. Consistently with previous works, we also confirm that the disc of the Galaxy contains at least two distinct gaseous metal components, one cold and neutral (the CNMM: cold neutral metal medium) and onewarm and mildly ionized, with the same temperature of the halo WIMM, but higher density ((nH)DiscWIMM= 0.09 ± 0.03 cm-3) and metallicity (ZDiscWIMM = 0.8 ± 0.1 Z☉). By adopting a simple disc+sphere geometry for the Galaxy, we estimate masses of the CNMM and the total (disc + halo) WIMM of MCNMM ≲ 8 × 108 M☉ and MWIMM ≃ 8.2 × 109 M☉. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BSTRACT [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a long (100 ks) XMM–Newton observation of the bright Seyfert 1 galaxy Arakelian 120. The source previously showed no signs of intrinsic reddening in its infrared–ultraviolet continuum and previous observations had shown no evidence for ionized absorption in either the ultraviolet or X-ray bands. The new XMM–Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer data place tight limits on the presence of an ionized X-ray absorber and confirm that the X-ray spectrum of Ark 120 is essentially unmodified by intervening matter. Thus Ark 120 can be considered a ‘bare’ Seyfert 1 nucleus. This observation therefore offers a clean view of the X-ray spectrum of a ‘normal’ Seyfert galaxy free from absorption effects. The spectrum shows a Doppler broadened iron emission line and a smooth, continuous soft excess which appears to peak at an energy ≈0.5 keV. This adds weight to the claim that genuine soft excesses (i.e. those due to a real steepening of the underlying continuum below ∼2 keV) are ubiquitous in Seyfert 1 spectra. However, the detailed shape of the excess could not be reproduced by any of the simple models tested (power laws, blackbodies, Comptonized blackbodies, accretion disc reflection). This observation therefore demonstrates both the need to understand the soft excess (as a significant contributor to the luminosity of most Seyfert 1s) and the inability of the existing, simple models to explain it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a BeppoSAX target of opportunity (TOO) observation of the BL Lac object Mrk 421 during a high-intensity state are reported and compared with monitoring X-ray data collected with the BeppoSAX Wide Field Cameras (WFC) and the RXTE All Sky Monitor (ASM). The 0.1–100 keV spectrum of Mrk 421 shows continuous convex curvature that can be interpreted as the high-energy end of the synchrotron emission. The source shows significant short-term temporal and spectral variability, which can be interpreted in terms of synchrotron cooling. The comparison of our results with those of previous observations when the source was a factor 3–5 fainter shows evidence for strong spectral variability, with the maximum of the synchrotron power shifting to higher energy during high states. This behaviour suggests an increase in the number of energetic electrons during high states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, BeppoSAX and ASCA have observed an unusual resurgence of soft X-ray emission during the afterglows of GRB 970508 and 970828, together with marginal evidence for the existence of Fe lines in both objects. We consider the implications of the existence of a torus of iron-rich material surrounding the sites of gamma-ray bursts, as would be expected in the supra-nova model; in particular, we show that the fireball will quickly hit this torus, and bring it to a temperature of approx. 3×10[sup 7] K. Bremsstrahlung emission from the heated-up torus will cause a resurgence of the soft X-ray emission with all expected characteristics (flux level, duration and spectral hardening with time) identical to those observed during the re-burst. Also, thermal emission from the torus will account for the observed iron line flux. These events are also observable, for instance by new missions such as SWIFT, when beaming away from our line of sight makes us miss the main burst, as fast (soft) X-ray transients, with durations of approx. 10[sup 3] s and fluences of approx. 10[sup -7]–10[sup -4] erg cm[sup -2]. This model provides evidence in favour of the supra-nova model for gamma-ray bursts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an X-ray spectroscopic study of the bright Compton-thick Seyfert 2 galaxies NGC 1068 and the Circinus Galaxy, performed with BeppoSAX. Matt et al. interpreted the spectrum above 4 keV as the superposition of Compton reflection and warm plasma scattering of the nuclear radiation. When this continuum is extrapolated downwards to 0.1 keV, further components arise. The NGC 1068 spectrum is rich in emission lines, mainly owing to K[sub α] transitions of He-like elements from oxygen to iron, plus a K[sub α] fluorescent line from neutral iron. If the ionized lines originate in the warm scatterer, its thermal and ionization structure must be complex. From the continuum and line properties, we estimate a column density, N[sub warm], of the warm scatterer less than a few×10[sup 21] cm[sup -2]. In the Circinus Galaxy, the absence of highly ionized iron is consistent with a scattering medium with U[sub X]&lsim;5 and N[sub warm]∼ a few×10[sup 22] cm[sup -2]. In both cases the neutral iron line is most naturally explained as fluorescence in the medium responsible for the Compton reflection continuum. In NGC 1068 an optically thin plasma emission with kT≃500 eV and strongly sub-solar metallicity is required, while such a component is only marginal in the Circinus Galaxy. We tentatively identify this component as emission of diffuse hot gas in the nuclear starbursts. Possible causes for the metal depletion are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the phenomena related to the prompt gamma-ray burst emission could be interpreted as the presence of a consistent amount of material (Thomson optical depth ∼1) at rest and close to the source at a typical distance of ∼1015 cm. The material optical depth , where 〈 n〉 is the average particle density over the distance Δ R, will attenuate the prompt gamma-ray flux by an amount e−τ, while producing a secondary flux proportional to of scattered photons with a partly modified energy spectrum. This emission should be delayed with respect to the prompt gamma-ray emission by a time-scale which is directly related to the burst opening angle (θj) and to the scattering material space distribution (Δ R). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter we present analysis of BeppoSAX data from a long look at the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 7469. The presence of a soft excess below 0.8 keV is confirmed by our analysis and no warm absorber component is required to fit the spectrum. A complex iron emission line and the Compton reflection hump are clearly detected. The profile of the line is too broad to associate this feature with distant matter. In addition, the observed soft excess and the energy of the iron line E[sub Fe] = 6.8 keV strongly support a scenario in which the hard X-rays are reprocessed by a photoionized accretion disc. This hypothesis was tested by fitting the BeppoSAX spectrum with the ionized disc reflection model of Ross & Fabian. A second narrow line component, in addition to that produced in the disc, is also required to fit the observed iron line profile. A high energy cut-off around 150 keV is clearly detected in the spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]