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Study Question: Does fibrin promote trophoblast growth in human and mouse blastocysts during early embryo implantation?Summary Answer: Mouse blastocysts were unaffected by fibrin; however, human blastocysts were significantly suppressed by fibrin in trophoblast growth and then switched to growth promotion through increased fibrinolysis with urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) activity.What Is Known Already: Fibrin(ogen) plays an important role in various physiological processes and is also critical for maintaining feto-maternal attachment during pregnancy. The addition of fibrin to embryo transfer media has been used to increase implantation rates in human ART; however, its mechanism of action' in vitro has not yet been characterized.Study Design, Size, Duration: Vitrified mouse and human blastocysts were warmed and individually cultured in vitro for up to 120 and 168 h, respectively, on a fibrin substrate. Blastocysts were cultured at 37°C in 6% CO2, 5% O2 and 89% N2. Blastocyst development and related fibrinolytic factors were analyzed.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: ICR strain mouse embryos were purchased from a commercial supplier. Human blastocysts were donated with informed consent from two fertility centers. Mouse and human blastocysts cultured on fibrin-coated plates were compared to those on non-coated and collagen-coated plates in vitro. Trophoblast growth and fibrin degradation were assessed based on the cell area and fibrin-free area, respectively. Fibrinolytic factors were detected in supernatants using plasminogen-casein zymography. The fibrinolytic activity of blastocysts was investigated using a selective uPA inhibitor, exogenous uPA, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) inhibitor and fibrin degradation products (FDPs). Fibrinolysis-related mRNA expression level was detected using quantitative real-time PCR.Main Results and the Role Of Chance: Fibrin did not affect the developmental speed or morphology of mouse blastocysts, and a large fibrin-degrading region was observed in the attachment stage. In contrast, fibrin significantly suppressed the outgrowth of trophoblasts in human blastocysts, and trophoblasts grew after the appearance of small fibrin-degrading regions. uPA was identified as a fibrinolytic factor in the conditioned medium, and uPA activity was significantly weaker in human blastocysts than in mouse blastocysts. The inhibition of uPA significantly reduced the outgrowth of trophoblasts in mouse and human blastocysts. Human blastocysts expressed PLAU (uPA), PLAUR (uPA receptor), SERPINE1 (PAI-1) and SERPINB2 (PAI-2), whereas mouse blastocysts were limited to Plau, Plaur and Serpine1. In a subsequent experiment on human blastocysts, the addition of exogenous uPA and the PAI-1 inhibitor promoted trophoblast growth in the presence of fibrin, as did the addition of FDPs.Limitations, Reasons For Caution: This model excludes maternal factors and may not be fully reproduced in vivo. Donated human embryos are surplus embryos that may inherently exhibit reduced embryonic development. In addition, donated ART-derived embryos may exhibit weak uPA activity, because women with sufficient uPA-active embryos may not originally require ART. The present study used orthodox culture methods, and results may change with the application of recently developed protocols for culture blastocysts beyond the implantation stage.Wider Implications Of the Findings: The present results suggest that the distinct features of trophoblast outgrowth in human blastocysts observed in the presence of fibrin are regulated by a phenotypic conversion induced by contact with fibrin and FDPs. Mouse embryos did not exhibit the human phenomenon, indicating that the present results may be limited to humans.Study Funding/competing Interest(s): The present study was supported by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Hamamatsu University School of Medicine and Kishokai Medical Corporation. None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to declare.Trial Registration Number: N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the primary mediator of gram-negative sepsis; it induces the pro- duction of macrophage-derived cytokines. It has been shown that bikunin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, inhibits LPS-induced cytokine expression. Methods. To explore the role of bikunin, bikunin knockout (Bik-) mice were used for in vitro cytokine experiments and in vivo animal models. Results. We show that a higher level of LPS-mediated death was induced in Bik', compared with wild-type (wt), mice; the administration of bikunin caused a significant reduction in LPS-induced lethality; LPS significantly increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-cx and interleukin- 1f3 levels in Bik-' relative to wt, mice after LPS challenge; concomitant administration of bikunin inhibited the LPS-induced plasma levels of these cytokines; bikunin sup- pressed the LPS-induced up-regulation of cytokine expression through the suppression of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 in macrophages; and LPS-induced up-regulation of TNF-cx expression was not enhanced in Bik-' macrophages without endogenous bikunin. Conclusions. These data allow us to speculate that the increased sensitivity of Bilc'- mice to LPS-induced death in vivo is due to a lack of circulating bikunin in plasma. Bikunin may play a role as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]