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Few insects exhibit the striking colour pattern radiation found in bumble bees ( Bombus), which have diversified globally into a wide range of colours and patterns. Their potent sting is often advertised by conspicuous bands of contrasting colour commonly mimicked by scores of harmless ( Batesian mimics) and noxious species ( Müllerian co-mimics). Despite extensive documentation of colour pattern diversification, next to nothing is known about the genetic regulation of pattern formation in bumble bees, hindering progress toward a more general model of the evolution of colour pattern mimicry. A critical first step in understanding the colour pattern genotype is an unambiguous understanding of the phenotype under selection, which has not been objectively defined in bumble bees. Here, we quantitatively define the principal colour pattern elements that comprise the phenotype array across all species. Matrix analysis of meticulously scored colour patterns of ∼95% of described species indicates there are 12 discrete primary 'ground plan' elements in common among all species, many of which correspond to segmentation patterning. Additional secondary elements characterize individual species and geographical variants. The boundaries of these elements appear to correspond to expression patterns of Hox genes in Drosophila and Apis but also suggest novel post- Hox specialization of abdominal patterning. Our findings provide the first foundation for exploring candidate genes regulating adaptive pattern variation in bumble bees and broaden the framework for understanding common genetic mechanisms of pattern evolution in insects. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113, 384-404. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expertise in the broader impacts of scientific research is an increasingly important aspect of professional development, particularly because federal grant proposals are commonly reviewed using both the Intellectual Merit and the Broader Impacts Criteria. Unfortunately, training in broader impacts, such as science communication and outreach, is not typically part of undergraduate or graduate curricula. We initiated one of the first graduate-level biology courses on broader impacts, focusing on giving graduate students firsthand, authentic experiences with grant writing, science communication, and educational outreach. Students in this interdisciplinary course learned from experts, wrote for a broad audience about their own research, and proposed and implemented outreach in collaboration with local organizations. We outline our approach, discuss outcomes from each activity, assess our impact, and finally consider how future programs might expand on this model. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]