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Objectives: Tenofovir may be associated with nephrotoxicity. Several studies have shown that an early increase in urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) may predict the occurrence of acute kidney injury. We investigated urine and plasma NGAL in patients on long-term treatment with nevirapine associated with either tenofovir/emtricitabine or abacavir/lamivudine. Patients and Methods: We studied 40 virologically controlled Caucasian patients on stable treatment (median >4 years) with tenofovir/emtricitabine + nevirapine (n = 20) or abacavir/lamivudine + nevirapine (n = 20), and no history of kidney disease, high blood pressure or diabetes. Plasma immunovirological parameters (NGAL and C-reactive protein) and urinary NGAL, β2-microglobulin and α1-microglobulin were measured during a routine clinical visit. Results: Median concentrations of NGAL were in the normal range, but were significantly higher in the abacavir/lamivudine group compared with the tenofovir/emtricitabine group both in the plasma, at 74.9 and 66.0 ng/mL (P = 0.032), respectively, and in the urine, at 36.1 and 12.8 ng/mL (P = 0.017), respectively. Conclusions: Plasma and urinary NGAL concentrations remained in the normal range in this long-term virologically controlld population without any overt renal disease. The usefulness of NGAL in detecting sub-clinical renal dysfunction appears to be very limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D) status in an HIV-infected adult population and to define HIV- and antiretroviral-related factors associated with vitamin D deficiency. Methods Using data from a prospective cohort of HIV-infected adult patients followed in five French centres (Dat'AIDS cohort), we evaluated the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency (<30 ng/mL). A multiple linear regression model was used to examine risk factors for vitamin D deficiency (≤10 ng/mL). Results Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was observed in 86.7% of the 2994 patients, including 55.6% with vitamin D insufficiency and 31.1% with vitamin D deficiency. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with vitamin D deficiency were current smoking [adjusted OR (aOR) 1.55], estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (aOR 1.51), vitamin D measurement not performed in summer (aOR 0.27), CD4 <350 cells/mm3 (aOR 1.37 for CD4 200 to <350 and 1.62 for CD4 <200 cells/mm3) and antiretroviral therapy (aOR 2.61). Gender, body mass index, age, coinfection and previous AIDS were not associated factors. In the antiretroviral-treated population (n = 2660), besides the same factors found in the whole population, efavirenz was the only drug to be significantly associated with deficiency, with an aOR of 1.89 (95% CI 1.45–2.47). Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency is frequent in this HIV-infected population. Patients on antiretroviral therapy are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency than antiretroviral-naive patients, with an increased risk in patients receiving efavirenz. No effect of the other antiretrovirals, including the latest (etravirine, darunavir, raltegravir), was found. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We analysed mortality, morbidity and trends in the characteristics, including risk factors of late testing, in 6805 the patients newly diagnosed for HIV infection between 1 January 1996 and 1 July 2006. The proportion of individuals in high risk groups of infection, as MSM, has decreased over time whereas the proportion of those in low risk of infection, as heterosexual persons in couple with children, has increased. This population is mainly diagnosed late with major consequences on morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]