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The relationships among the Neotropical Diplotaxini and homology of revised and new taxa are revisited with parsimony analyses based on morphological characters, and probabilistic analyses based on concatenated ITS2 and COI genes. Neotropical Diplotaxini is now composed of five monophyletic genera: Pacuvia, Pachrodema, Homalochilus, Liogenys , and Careocallus gen. nov.. Pseudodiplotaxis is here transferred to incertae sedis of Melolonthinae. Careocallus is the sister genus of Liogenys and is composed of Careocallus tehuelche sp. nov. and Careocallus densicollis sp. nov. Sister phylogenetic relationship between Homalochilus and the rest of genera except Pacuvia is revealed. Homalochilus sensu nov. is comprised by Homalochilus punctatostriatus and Homalochilus nigripennis sp. nov. This genus recovered its monophyly by transferring Homalochilus niger to Liogenys , as Liogenys niger comb. nov. and this name is also synonymized with L. morio. The type species of Homalochilus is emended to be H. punctatostriatus. A neotype (Liogenys morio) and lectotypes (H. punctatostriatus, H. niger) are designated. Dichotomious key to Neotropical Diplotaxini genera and to species of Homalochilus and Careocallus are presented. Sequences and phylogenetic signals for Neotropical melolonthines are reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybosoridae comprise five extant subfamilies (Anaidinae, Ceratocanthinae, Hybosorinae, Liparochrinae and Pachyplectrinae). The phylogenetics of Anaidinae and Ceratocanthinae have been analysed previously. This is the first thorough analysis with greater representation of the entire family, especially regarding Hybosorinae. The present study tested the monophyly of Hybosoridae; the monophyly and relationships of its subfamilies and among the genera; and the ' incertae sedis ' placement of the hybosorid genera Borrochrus and Daimothoracodes and of Orubesa , currently assigned to Scarabaeidae. The matrix consisted of 111 morphological characters and 76 taxa. The monophyly of Hybosoridae and three subfamilies (Anaidinae, Ceratocanthinae and Liparochrinae) was supported. Few changes were necessary to recover the monophyly of Hybosorinae and Pachyplectrinae: Brenskea is transferred from Pachyplectrinae to Hybosorinae, and Borrochrus and Daimothoracodes are allocated to Pachyplectrinae. Hybosorinae include two paraphyletic genera: Apalonychus and Hybosorus. To recover their monophyly, two monotypic genera were synonymized: Hapalonychoides is now a junior subjective synonym of Apalonychus (Apalonychus similis comb. nov.) and Hybosoroides a junior subjective synonym of Hybosorus (Hybosorus alluaudi comb. nov.). Orubesa is more closely related to Ochodaeidae than to Hybosoridae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]