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The ideal practice routine for screening mammography would optimize performance metrics and minimize costs, while also maximizing patient satisfaction. The main approaches to screening mammography interpretation include batch offline, non-batch offline, interrupted online, and uninterrupted online reading, each of which has its own advantages and drawbacks. This article reviews the current literature on approaches to screening mammography interpretation, potential effects of newer technologies, and promising artificial intelligence resources that could improve workflow efficiency in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

J. G. Fichte held that a form of intersubjectivity—what he called a 'summons'—is a condition of possibility of self-consciousness. This thesis is widely taken to be one of Fichte's most influential contributions to the European philosophy of the last two centuries. But what the thesis actually states is far from obvious; and existing interpretations either are poorly supported by the texts or else render the thesis trivial or implausible. I propose a new interpretation, on which Fichte's claim is that reflective self-consciousness arises in the context of ad hoc efforts to coordinate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the use of commentary and interpretation used by Daniel Defoe's book, "Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain". It mentions why mayor, Jeremiah Daniell, had abandoned his duties as returning officer and left it to Price to ensure victory out of an initial loss by disqualifying unwanted Tory voters.

The article studies the fall in the manufacturing output–capital (OC) ratio in Mexico in the post-trade liberalisation period 1990–2015. From a classical perspective, a pattern of falling OC ratio, rising labour productivity and greater capital intensity can be interpreted as a case of Marx-biased technical change. A within–between-industry decomposition shows, however, that in Mexico the fall in the average OC ratio reflects not only within-industry technical change but also structural change, in the form of a change in the composition of the capital stock towards industries with low or declining OC ratios. Econometric estimations, moreover, show that within-industry technical change was not related to the initial level or change in domestic labour costs, as in the dominant interpretation of the sources of Marx-biased technical change, but was driven instead by Mexico's industrial integration with the USA. Within-industry technical change—and convergence to US OC ratios—dominated in an early phase, but were replaced by structural change and divergence in a later phase, following the China shock of the early 2000s. Irrespective of the source of change in the average OC ratio, though, both within-industry technical change in the early phase and structural change in the late one tended to reduce the average profit rate in the Mexican manufacturing sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the nature of hermeneutic philosophy and the assumptions and features of a textual interpretation consistent with this perspective The relationship of hermeneutic philosophy to the interpretive and critical theory traditions in consumer research is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on various topics explored in the Journal of Theological Studies: New Series, including the interpretation of Revelation 12:7–9 in early Christianity, wordplay in 1 Corinthians, and the reevaluation of Codex Sinaiticus' date.

Background: Instrumental variable (IV) methods are often used to identify 'local' causal effects in a subgroup of the population of interest. Such 'local' effects may not be ideal for informing clinical or policy decision making. When the instrument is non-causal, additional difficulties arise for interpreting 'local' effects. Little attention has been paid to these difficulties, even though commonly proposed instruments in epidemiology are non-causal (e.g. proxies for physician's preference; genetic variants in some Mendelian randomization studies).Methods: For IV estimates obtained from both causal and non-causal instruments under monotonicity, we present results to help investigators pose four questions about the local effect estimates obtained in their studies. (1) To what subgroup of the population does the effect pertain? Can we (2) estimate the size of or (3) describe the characteristics of this subgroup relative to the study population? (4) Can the sensitivity of the effect estimate to deviations from monotonicity be quantified?Results: We show that the common interpretations and approaches for answering these four questions are generally only appropriate in the case of causal instruments.Conclusions: Appropriate interpretation of an IV estimate under monotonicity as a 'local' effect critically depends on whether the proposed instrument is causal or non-causal. The results and formal proofs presented here can help in the transparent reporting of IV results and in enhancing the use of IV estimates in informing decision-making efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lewis’ (1968, 1986) analysis of modality faces a problem in that it appears to confer unintended truth values to certain modal claims about the pluriverse: e.g. ‘It is possible that there are many worlds’ is false when we expect truth. This is the problem of advanced modalizing. Divers (1999, 2002) presents a principled solution to this problem by treating modal modifiers as semantically redundant in some such cases. However, this semantic move does not deal adequately with advanced de re modal claims. Here, we motivate and detail a comprehensive semantics (a la Lewis 1968) for advanced modalizing de dicto and de re. The generalized semantic feature of the initial solution is not redundancy but absence from counterpart-theoretic translations of world-constrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses the problem of the classification of Amorite within the Semitic family. After testing the Amorite corpus of personal names and toponyms for the presence of sixty features that have been proposed as characteristic of the Central, Northwest and East Semitic branches -- and viewed as necessary conditions for establishing the relation of a language to one of these sub-groups -- the authors conclude that the existing data fail to be conclusive. Since, on the one hand, the available data can link Amorite to the Central, Northwest and East Semitic branches and, on the other hand, as various pieces of evidence are either missing or their interpretation is uncertain, the definite answer to the question of the genetic filiation of Amorite seems to remain beyond the reach of Semitic linguistics. This, in turn, implies that several theories concerning the place of Amorite among Semitic languages should be treated with more caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By drawing a parallel between Miss La Trobe's pageant in Woolf's Between the Acts, and Mutabilitie's pageant in the Mutabilitie Cantos of Spenser's The Faerie Queene, this article elucidates the role played by the aevum—an order of duration that lies between time and eternity—in Woolf's last novel. While the fantasy of an aeviternally permanent nature is a comforting one for Lucy Swithin, this inherently conservative temporal fiction carries a troubling politics, and is deeply problematic from various perspectives. It threatens to petrify exploitative gender, colonial and class relations in a changeless nature, with no prospect of emancipatory historical change. Recognizing Woolf's use of the aevum serves to challenge Brechtian readings of the pageant, and to qualify recent interpretations of Woolf that depict her as holding a revolutionary materialist conception of history, similar to that of Walter Benjamin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This article argues that the explicit narrative twist that constitutes the mode of narration of twist films opens the potential for an additional implied twist that emerges in the awoken interpretive process of the viewer. Relying on Roland Barthes's notion of the 'writerly' mode of narrative, this article further argues that this mode of implied twist narration inadvertently rearranges the spectator relationship to story construction in potentially any film by bringing spectator desire into focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a Confucian conception of critical thinking by focussing on the notion of judgement. It is argued that the attainment of the Confucian ideal of li (normative behaviours) necessitates and promotes critical thinking in at least two ways. First, the observance of li requires the individual to exercise judgement by applying the generalised knowledge, norms and procedures in dao (Way) to particular action-situations insightfully and flexibly. Secondly, the individual's judgement, to qualify as an instance of li, should be underpinned and motivated by the ethical quality of ren (humanity) that testifies to one's moral character. Two educational implications arising from a Confucian conception of critical thinking are highlighted. First, the Confucian interpretation presented in this essay challenges the perception that critical thinking is absent from or culturally incompatible with Chinese traditions. Secondly, such a conception advocates viewing critical thinking as a form of judgement that is action-oriented, spiritual, ethical and interpersonal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that aesthetic ideas should play a significant role in archaeological explanation. I sketch an account of aesthetic interests which is appropriate to archaeological contexts. I illustrate the role of aesthetics through a discussion of the transition from signals to symbols. I argue that the opposition in archaeological debate between explanation and interpretation is one we should reject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the categorical compositional distributional model of meaning, we provide semantic interpretations for the subject and object roles of the possessive relative pronoun 'whose'. This is done in terms of Frobenius algebras over compact closed categories. These algebras and their diagrammatic language expose how meanings of words in relative clauses interact with each other. We show how our interpretation is related to Montague-style semantics and provide a truth-theoretic interpretation. We also show how vector spaces provide a concrete interpretation and provide preliminary corpus-based experimental evidence. In a prequel to this article, we used similar methods and dealt with the case of subject and object relative pronouns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I aim to interpret and contextualize Heidegger's short interpretation of Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgement. I provide a more accurate picture of Heidegger's interpretation of Kant, showing that his reading is both appreciative and original, if speculative. I argue that Heidegger's analysis of Kant's aesthetics is surprisingly at odds with his general characterization and criticism of modern aesthetics. The latter can be captured by two basic theses--art is determined by a subject's experience and art reveals metaphysical truth--but neither of these theses applies to Heidegger's Kant. Instead, Heidegger understands Kant and the third Critique's notions of disinterestedness and purposiveness as sources of insight, offering an interpretation of Kantian disinterestedness as analogous to his own notion of 'letting be'. The seeming inconsistency between Heidegger's general story and his interpretation of Kant is revealing of Heidegger's twofold use of history, as allowing for a diagnosis of the present, as well as positive inspiration for a future aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies special kinds of service offences in the system of crimes against public justice; offers for consideration disputable points of the proper interpretation of disposition of constituent elements of such crimes and their classification; explains and describes the concept of the term 'justice' in the narrow and broad senses; and clarifies the controversial issues in the context of official and service crimes classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Lens Problem arises when a movie viewer is dissatisfied with the physical information provided by shots taken with non-normal lenses. Experiences will vary, but the real possibility of the Lens Problem points to an important dimension of movie experience that is neglected by theories oriented to realistic seeing or imaginative seeing-as. Before we construe a presentation as documentary or fictional, we are in the first place watchers: our more or less constant watchful interest in gleaning useful information about position and movement in a world is a basis for the immediate and constant engagement of our attention by a movie and for an experience of progress or disappointment in learning from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genre to which an artwork belongs affects how it is to be interpreted and evaluated. An account of genre and of the criteria for genre membership should explain these interpretative and evaluative effects. Contrary to conceptions of genres as categories distinguished by the features of the works that belong to them, I argue that these effects are to be explained by conceiving of genres as categories distinguished by certain of the purposes that the works belonging to them are intended to serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Comics comprise a hybrid art form descended from printmaking and mostly made using print technologies. But comics are an art form in their own right and do not belong to the art form of printmaking. We explore some features art comics and fine art prints do and do not have in common. Although most fine art prints and comics are multiple artworks, it is not obvious whether the multiple instances of comics and prints are (or can be) artworks in their own right. The comparison of comics and fine art prints provides a promising test for assessing how hybrid art forms develop more generally, and for assessing how they differ from closely related nonhybrid cousins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By discussing a novel paradigm, it is shown that the likeliness of an operator to trigger an intervention effect in a wh-in-situ question is determined by the logical properties of that operator (contra Beck 1996a, 2006, for instance). A new empirical generalization accounting for the differences between operators in their ability to cause intervention and improving on existing analyses is suggested. This generalization is fully predictive and allows one to not have to list in the lexicon whether an intervener is problematic or not. It is implemented as a formal condition on wh-questions in a version of Hamblin 1973's/Karttunen 1977's question semantics that makes crucial use of Chierchia 2006's domain alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversation argument for actual intentionalism compares our encounters with artworks to conversations to support the interpretive policy that artists’ intentions should constrain our interpretations of their artworks. Andrew Huddleston argues that intentionalists cannot appeal to conversation, because either the metaphor is inapt (since two conversational requirements go unfulfilled) or, if the metaphor is more aptly construed (as a meta-level dialogue between artist and interpreter on how best to interpret the artwork), it will be incompatible with the intentionalist’s interpretive policy. I argue that, once constraint is understood properly, Huddleston’s conversational requirements obtain; thus the conversation metaphor is apt. I then argue that the meta-level dialogue’s goal of ‘best interpretation’ presupposes aesthetically best rather than epistemically best; if so, intentionalists cannot appeal to such a conversation. I suggest construing ‘best’ more sensibly as epistemically and aesthetically optimal and recasting the meta-level dialogue as a cooperative enquiry rather than a competition. The result is a conversation to which intentionalists can appeal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Robert Stecker has posed a dilemma for the constructivist theory of interpretation: either interpretations consist of statements with truth values or they do not. Stecker argues that either way, they cannot change the meaning of an artwork. In this article, I argue contra Stecker that if interpretations consist of meaning declarations rather than statements, they can change the meanings of the objects toward which they are directed, where whether they so consist is largely a function of the interpreter's intentions. Hence, the second horn of Stecker's dilemma is defeated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on folk psychology that illustrates a possible form of mental fictionalism. It proposes some considerations that may prompt the elaboration of a mental fictionalist position by challenging the commitment to the interpretation of folk psychology as a fact-stating discourse. It shows how folk psychology can fulfill an alternative function which is deprived of interpretation.

The author responds to David Hillman's discussion on the psychological transference process in William Shakespeare's "Antony and Cleopatra." He notes that as with a Rorschach blot, the range of responses to the characters, language, and actions in the play is largely limited by the psychology of its observers. The author states that Shakepeares's works are profoundly open to interpretation, and that the inkblot test has been used to mystify and serve as an uncomfortable metaphor for criticism.

The importance of abductive reasoning is increasingly emphasized within diverse research domains in which interpretation plays a central role. This reasoning type appears to provide an answer to various significant issues in diverse domains, especially in combination with deductive and inductive reasoning, as C. S. Peirce eventually presented it in his process of (scientific) inquiry. Central to our interpretation of Peirce’s process of inquiry, thus stands a cycle of abductive, deductive, and inductive reasoning, which is iterated continuously with the surrounding world as its subject. This world here is understood as the environment that surrounds us and that we experience through our senses. The continuous iteration of Peirce’s process of inquiry allows constructing experience-based knowledge dynamically. This kind of knowledge comes closer to the dynamic memory and reasoning that is required for active interpretation. Issues that might be better understood and addressed accordingly involve not only interpretation but also idea generation, creativity, surprise, and so forth. This article documents a part of our efforts in simulating such a reasoning cycle using currently available technologies. Diverse hypotheses and conclusions have been made in these simulation efforts. For instance, we hypothesize that Peirce’s reasoning cycle might be configured in reasoning levels, with each level handling information or patterns in different levels of invariance and meaning. These efforts have resulted in an environment in which a reasoning agent processes basic colour information and gradually builds up interpretations of such colours based on incoming information. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article argues that Ricoeur offered a philosophy of interdisciplinarity, at least in sketch form, that can be illuminated by connecting his theory of interpretation as understanding through explanation with his commentary on interdisciplinary semantics and his late reflection on the hermeneutical paradigm of translation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Estrategias Contemporáneas de Lectura is a project focused on research and teaching that emphasizes the importance of interpretation in the study of Classical Antiquity. The aim of the project is to support research with digital tools that document the process by which a perspective point or horizon of interpretation is constructed, by following the development of individual and group work processes. The progress of the project has posed theoretical and technical challenges related to a diversity of methodologies and expectations of the project. However, the development of these discussions has showed the relevance of interpretation and its complexity, making it a fruitful experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the rules of interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (the VCLT) and discusses the role of the VCLT in the process of treaty interpretation. It mentions that the VCLT is an effective tool in contributing to the production of better awards. It depicts uses and misuses of the VCLT by the tribunals and mentions that VCLT may contribute to higher quality awards in International Investment Law (IIL).

There is growing acceptance in law that meaning is found in application to particular facts and not in advance of application. I call these two accounts of interpretation concurrent interpretation and prospective interpretation, respectively, and, in a discussion of philosophical arguments, explain why interpretation is concurrent interpretation. These arguments also contain valuable guidance on methods of interpretation specifically relevant to the interpretation of legal texts. The case for concurrent interpretation presents a direct challenge to originalists. Therefore, the opportunity is taken to examine closely and challenge the inten-tionalist thesis propounded by Stanley Fish and others, as a counterpoint to the case for concurrent interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses narrative as used to examine interpretation practices in everyday and scholarly discussions about popular songs. It highlights the intersubjective interpretation of the meanings of songs. The author also promotes the use of intercontextual approach when explaining and understanding song narratives. According to the author, music is a product of the hermeneutics of a certain culture's knowledge and understanding on judgment, people's beliefs as well as their overall or cumulative values.

In this paper, I provide an easy road to nominalism which does not rely on a Field-type nominalization strategy for mathematics (Field 1980). According to this proposal, applications of mathematics to science, and alleged mathematical explanations of physical phenomena, only emerge when suitable physical interpretations of the mathematical formalism are advanced. And since these interpretations are rarely distinguished from the mathematical formalism, the impression arises that mathematical explanations derive from the mathematical formalism alone. I correct this misimpression by pointing out, in the cases recently discussed by Mark Colyvan (2010), exactly where the interpretations of the formalism were invoked and the function they played in the resulting explanations. A viable form of easy-road nominalism, which is also sensitive to scientific practice, then arises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sketches an answer to the question how we, in our arithmetical practice, succeed in singling out the natural-number structure as our intended interpretation. It is argued that we bring this about by a combination of what we assert about the natural-number structure on the one hand, and our computational capacities on the other hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Some philosophers take Perky's experiments to show that perceiving can be mistaken for visualizing and so that the two sometimes match in phenomenology. On Segal’s alternative interpretation Perky’s subjects did not consciously perceive the stimuli at all. I argue that even setting this alternative aside, Perky's results do not prove what the philosophers think. She showed her subjects, not the objects they were asked to visualise, but pictures of them. What they mistook for visualizing was not perceptual consciousness of stimuli, but pictorial consciousness. Once clear about the nature of the latter, we can see that Perky's results reveal nothing very surprising. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Perky experiments are taken to demonstrate the phenomenal similarity between perception and visualization. Robert Hopkins argues that this interpretation should be resisted because it ignores an important feature of the experiments, namely, that they involve picture perception, rather than ordinary seeing. My aim is to point out that the force of this argument depends on one’s views on picture perception. On what I take to be the most mainstream account of picture perception, Hopkins’s argument does not work. But even if we accept Hopkins’s own account, we have good reasons to believe that his conclusion does not follow. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents the conversation between historian Quentin Skinner, and literary critic Christopher Ricks on approaches in interpreting literary works. Skinner notes the association of interpretation with the recovery of meaning. Ricks indicates that judging a work of literary art depends on its interpretation. Furthermore, questions from the audience are cited including ways to understand a text and equivalence of interpretation in politics.

I defend the normativity of meaning against recent objections by arguing for a new interpretation of the 'ought' relevant to meaning. Both critics and defenders of the normativity thesis have understood statements about how an expression ought to be used as either prescriptive (indicating that speakers have reason to use the expression in a certain way) or semantic (designating certain uses as correct in a sense explicable in terms of truth). I propose an alternative view of the 'ought' as conveying the primitively normative attitudes speakers must adopt towards their uses if they are to use the expression with understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards the end of Theta.4 of the Metaphysics, Aristotle appears to endorse the obviously invalid modal principle that the truth of A will entail the truth of B if the possibility of A entails the possibility of B. I attempt to show how Aristotle's endorsement of the principle can be seen to arise from his accepting a non-standard interpretation of the modal operators and I indicate how the principle and its interpretation are of independent interest, quite apart from their role in understanding Aristotle. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Balancing implies a comparison among goods, values, principles and rights that cannot be ranked on a single scale of measurement, ie there is no unequivocal measuring unit applicable to all of them. In such situations, it is common to state that one has to compare incommensurable things. Indeed, this issue has been mentioned by several authors as a strong reason in favour of abandoning balancing (and proportionality) as a rational form of judicial argumentation and decision-making. My article aims at arguing that this objection is based on fallacious assumptions concerning the relations among three concepts: incommensurability, incomparability and balancing. Initially, what is at stake is the analysis of the connection between comparing values (or principles) and commensurability. The results of this initial analysis were then used to provide greater analytical strength to the specific debate on balancing and comparing rights in order to show that incommensurability does not imply incomparability and that rational decisions are possible even when incommensurable values are at stake. Since balancing (and proportionality) implies comparisons, and since constitutional principles are doubtlessly incommensurable (for there is no common metric to measure them), arguing for the comparability of incommensurable principles is an unavoidable step if one aims at demonstrating that balancing may be a rational procedure after all. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article argues that the contemporary intellectual engaging with India’s philosophical traditions is situated within a tradition of inquiry into the form of truth-governed rational practices, but outside of a tradition of metaphysical and ethical speculation; that is, he or she is both participant and witness to the Indian rational traditions. The article suggests that the require-ment of objectivity in interpretation is that the situated interpreter achieves positional objectivity in his or her interpretations, and that immersed inter-pretation is positionally objective to the extent that the interpreter’s situation is one of participation rather than observation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article the author discusses the interpretation of art from the perspective of British philosopher Richard Wollheim. The author argues that although Wollheim spoke about art interpretation a great deal, his name has been excluded from debates concerning interpretation. The author attempts to reintroduce Wollheim to the discussion of art interpretation with regard to the author's approach, which he calls, modest actual intentionalism. Also discussed is the concept of "Linguistic Fallacy," which states that attempts to model all art interpretation on linguistic models is a mistake, and the author's defense of modest actual intentionalism against rival theories, including anti-intentionalism.

Simon Saunders and David Wallace have proposed an attractive semantics for interpreting linguistic communities embedded in an Everettian multiverse. It provides a charitable interpretation of our ordinary talk about the future, and allows us to retain a principle of bivalence for propositions and to retain the law of excluded middle in the logic of propositions about the future. But difficulties arise when it comes to providing an appropriate account of the metaphysics of macroscopic objects and events. I evaluate various metaphysical frameworks which might be combined with the Saunders-Wallace semantics. I conclude that the most appropriate metaphysics to underwrite the semantics renders Everettian quantum mechanics a theory of non-overlapping worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article adopts a social constructionist approach in maintaining that indeterminacy of meaning is an unavoidable aspect of interview research. It uses positioning analysis to examine how subject positions and contingently constructed meanings are produced in interview interactions. The analysis focuses on excerpts from a series of three interviews with a Chinese-born immigrant to the US in which the interviewee responds to questions asking whether he has experienced discrimination. The interviewee produces accounts that are seemingly ambiguous at times and seemingly clear on another occasion. Rather than determining exactly what he means across these three accounts, the article uses fine-grained micro-analysis to examine the linguistic constructs and interactional strategies used to construct such ambiguity and clarity. It also examines the role of the researcher in contributing to such interpretations given her projection of the ‘imagined subject’ who is producing these accounts. The article concludes with a discussion of the agentive subjectivity constituted for interviewees through the interview process, which contributes to the indeterminacy of meaning true for all interview research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, several philosophers have defended what might be called 'neo-essentialism' about natural kinds. Their views purport to improve upon the traditional essentialism of Kripke and Putnam by rejecting the claim that essences must be comprised of intrinsic properties. I argue that this so-called break from traditional essentialism is not a break at all, because the widespread interpretation of Putnam according to which he takes essences to be intrinsic is mistaken. Putnam makes no claim to the effect that essences of natural kinds must be intrinsic, and offers at least one example of a natural kind whose essence is non-intrinsic. I conclude that his traditional essentialism has been misinterpreted, and consequently that neo-essentialism is not so 'neo' after all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents her response to a review on her book "Normativity." She defends the meaning of the adjective good. She responds to the objection she received with regard to her analysis of reasons-for in her recommendations that all reasons-for are reasons for believing. She also explains her views on her account of correctness in mental states which suggests an interpretation of consequentialism.

The Kantian strategy in ethics is to demonstrate that the acceptance of certain norms is inescapable for practical agents. I investigate whether there is an interpretation of this strategy that can answer or at least mollify the worry pressed by error theorists that our normative judgements are systematically false. The first section explores a tempting line of thought that leads to a constructivist interpretation of the Kantian strategy. I will argue, though, that a constructivist interpretation is of dubious coherence. In the second section I describe an argument that attempts to show that, even absent a demonstration that it is a method for arriving at normative truths, the Kantian strategy is invulnerable to any completely general argument that all of our normative judgements are false. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At issue in the reception of Alfred Gell’s Art and Agency is the relation between this ahistorical account of art works as agents operating in social networks and the historical study of art. In this article the merits are considered of applying a Gellian analysis to one, very widespread, case of art acting on the viewer: living presence response, in which viewers react to art works as if they are living beings. The first section of the article argues that such responses make sense only if their experiential aspect is taken into account, and Gell’s art nexus is adapted accordingly. Concentrating on the experience of art seeming alive also allows for an historical account of such responses. In the second part the argument is that theories of the sublime, as developed first by Longinus and subsequently by eighteenth-century authors such as Burke, Lawson and Usher, can be read as a theory of art’s agency, while the experience of living presence can be read as a sublime experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has historically been assumed that comparative (‘more than’, ‘fewer/less than’) and superlative (‘at most’, ‘at least’) quantifiers can be semantically analysed in accordance with their core logical–mathematical properties. However, recent theoretical and experimental work has cast doubt on the validity of this assumption. Geurts & Nouwen (2007) have claimed that superlative quantifiers possess an additional modal component in their semantics that is absent from comparative quantifiers and that this accounts for the previously neglected differences in usage and interpretation between the two types of quantifier that they identify. Their semantically modal hypothesis has received additional support from empirical investigations. In this article, we further corroborate that superlative quantifiers have additional modal interpretations. However, we propose an alternative analysis, whereby these quantifiers possess the semantics postulated by the classical model and the additional aspects of meaning arise as a consequence of psychological complexity and pragmatic implicature. We explain how this model is consistent with the existing empirical findings. Additionally, we present the findings of four novel experiments that support our model above the semantically modal account. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers an account of the judicial philosophy which underpins the European Court of Human Rights’ approach to treaty interpretation. The first part argues that Strasbourg's interpretive ethic has been dismissive of originalism and textualism and has favoured instead the moral reading of the Convention rights. The second part of the article explains why Strasbourg's interpretive ethic is fully justified, by offering an account of the nature of treaty interpretation in general. It argues that treaty interpretation is intrinsically an evaluative task in identifying the moral values which normatively constrain the projects that states pursue on the international plane. Treaty interpretation is only derivatively an exercise in discovering drafters’ intentions and in determining the meaning of treaty provisions. Which interpretive methods an adjudicative body should use depends on the nature of the treaty in question and the moral value in play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]