Search

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is one of the most common pest species that has the potential to transmit more than 100 plant viruses. Controlling this pest is difficult because it has become resistant to a wide range of insecticides. Nanoformulation has the capacity to reduce the pesticide load in agriculture and thus reduce the risks on human health and the environment. In this study, nanocapsules of pirimicarb and pymetrozine were prepared using nanostructured lipid carriers. The size, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency of nanocapsules were investigated using dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Zeta potential studies revealed stability of the nanocapsules of both insecticides. The encapsulation efficiencies were 85 and 81% for pirimicarb and pymetrozine, respectively. The nanocapsules were spherical with sizes of 35.38 and 35.12 nm for pirimicarb and pymetrozine, respectively. The LC50 values for the wettable powder (WP) and nanocapsule of pirimicarb after 48 h were 216.2 and 73.2 mg ai/l; for pymetrozine after 96 h, the values were 40.6 and 14.8 mg ai/l, respectively. Durations of residual activity for WP and nanocapsule formulations of pirimicarb were 7 and 15 d, respectively. The residual activity periods for WP and nanocapsule formulations of pymetrozine were 9 and 17 d, respectively. The results revealed that nanoencapsulation can improve performance allowing for reduced doses and increased duration of insecticidal activity for both of the insecticides tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To investigate whether inhalable microparticles containing two anti-tuberculosis agents, isoniazid and rifampicin, evoke host-defence strategies in macrophages in addition to targeting the incorporated drugs. Methods Microparticles were prepared by spray-drying a homogeneous solution of drugs and poly(lactic acid) (PLA; apparent viscosity 1.1 cP). Four parts PLA and three parts rifampicin were dissolved in dichloromethane. One part isoniazid was dissolved in methanol. The two solutions were mixed in the ratio 22 : 3 at which none of the solutes precipitated. These were administered as ‘nose-only’ inhalations to mice or exposed to cultured J774 mouse macrophages. Targeting to lung macrophages was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were estimated by a cytochrome c assay and flow cytometry. Reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) were assayed using Griess reagent. Cytokines in culture supernatants were estimated by ELISA. Results Treatment with inhalable microparticles targeted lung macrophages in vivo and induced intense Golgi activity in the vicinity of microparticle-containing phagosomes. Microparticles induced a respiratory burst involving NADPH oxidase and enhanced NO production by infected macrophages. Microparticle-induced NADPH oxidase activation required optimal calcium ions. Microparticles efficiently induced tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion by macrophages recovered from infected mice. Conclusions Microparticle phagocytosis induces responses in infected murine macrophages that are indicative of activation of innate bactericidal mechanisms, and are inimical to bacterial survival. It is likely that such responses augment straightforward drug action on the bacterium and contribute to the unexpectedly high efficacy of microparticles in experimental tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we evaluated the effects of seven oligosaccharides on the growth rate and stress tolerance of Lactobacillus plantarum ZLP001 in vitro , and the potential synbiotic effects of the most effective oligosaccharide [fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS)] and L. plantarum ZLP001 on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and serum immune index in weaning piglets. Most oligosaccharides were utilized as carbohydrate sources by L. plantarum ZLP001, but we observed obvious differences in the bacterial growth depending on oligosaccharide type and concentration. Oligosaccharides and glucose significantly alleviated the decrease in L. plantarum ZLP001 viability in artificial gastric fluid, whereas none of the sugars affected viability in artificial intestinal fluid. FOS and galacto-oligosaccharide significantly improved the viability of L. plantarum ZLP001 under heat stress (65 °C for 15 and 30 min). FOS and soybean oligosaccharide significantly increased the viability of L. plantarum ZLP001 in response to cold stress (4 °C for 30 and 60 days). On the basis of the findings of in vitro experiments, we selected FOS for in vivo studies. Eighty-four weaned piglets were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: control (basal diet, no additives), freeze-dried L. plantarum ZLP001 (4.2 × 109 CFU/g, 2 g/kg diet), FOS (5 g/kg diet), and combination (0.2% L. plantarum ZLP001 + 0.5% FOS). Body weight and feed consumption were recorded for determinations of the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed-to-gain ratio (F/G). On day 28, fresh fecal samples were collected to evaluate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbiota, and serum samples were collected to determine the immune status. L. plantarum ZLP001 plus FOS significantly increased ADG and decreased the F/G ratio compared with the no-additive control. The combination treatment also increased the apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter and crude protein. Compared with the control and single supplementation, the combination treatment had a significant regulatory effect on the intestinal microbiota, as evidenced by increases in Lactobacillus spp. and a decrease in Enterobacteriaceae. In addition, the combination treatment increased the concentrations of serum IFN-γ and immunoglobulin G. In conclusion, FOS can be utilized well by L. plantarum ZLP001 and can be combined with it as a potential synbiotic that shows synergistic effects in weaning piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Val from a spray dried L-Val fermentation biomass (Val-FB; 64.4% L-Val) has a bioavailability of 100% relative to Val from L-Val (98% L-Val) when fed to weanling pigs. A Val-deficient basal diet containing 0.63% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val was formulated. Six additional diets were prepared by supplementing the basal diet with 0.08%, 0.17%, or 0.25% L-Val or 0.12%, 0.25%, or 0.37% Val-FB to create experimental diets from both Val sources that contained 0.71%, 0.79%, or 0.87% SID Val. Two hundred twenty-four weaned pigs (6.87 ± 0.64 kg initial BW) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 7 diets, 4 pigs per pen, and 8 replicate pens per diet. Diets were fed for 20 d. At the conclusion of the experiment, a blood sample from 1 pig per pen was analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma free AA. A linear regression model was used to estimate the relative bioavailability (RBV) of Val in Val-FB relative to Val from L-Val. Results indicated that the final BW and ADG were greater (P < 0.01) for pigs fed diets supplemented with Val-FB than pigs fed diets supplemented with L-Val. The ADFI decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.01), whereas G:F increased (linear, P < 0.01) by increasing inclusion of both Val sources in the diets. Regardless of source of dietary Val, BUN values were reduced (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) as the concentration of Val in the diet increased. Pigs fed diets supplemented with L-Val had increased (linear and quadratic, P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of Val and Arg in plasma, and plasma concentrations of Ile, Leu, Lys, Ala, Cys, and Pro linearly increased (P < 0.05). There was also an increase (linear, P < 0.05) in plasma concentrations of Ile, Leu, Met, Ala, Asp, Cys, and Pro as Val-FB was added to the diets, and the concentration of Val in plasma increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05). Using L-Val as the standard, the RBV of Val in Val-FB as determined by ADG, G:F, and final BW was 146%, 135%, and 143%, respectively, with 95% confidence intervals of 99% to 191%, 83% to 187%, and 70% to 217%, respectively. In conclusion, the linear regression estimated a RBV of at least 100% for Val in Val-FB relative to Val from L-Val, and pigs fed diet supplemented with Val-FB had greater final BW, ADG, and G:F than pigs fed diets supplemented with the same amount of Val from L-Val. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To characterize four novel autochthonous bifidobacteria isolated from monkey faeces and a Bifidobacterium lactis strain isolated from chicken faeces by evaluating their technological and biological/functional potential to be used as probiotics. Different stressors, including food process parameters and storage, can affect their viability and functionality. Methods and Results: The resistance to frozen storage, tolerance to lyophilization and viability during storage, thermal, acidic and simulated gastric resistance, surface hydrophobicity and antimicrobial activity against pathogens were studied. Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and INL1 were used as reference strains. The results obtained demonstrated that the new isolates presented strain‐dependent behaviour. Good results were obtained for thermal resistance, frozen storage at −80°C and lyophilized powders maintained at 5°C. Cell viability during refrigerated storage was higher when the strains were resuspended in milk at pH 5·0 than at 4·5. The surface hydrophobicity ranged between 7 and 98% depending on the strain. The simulated gastric resistance was improved for the strains incorporated in cheese. Regarding antimicrobial activity, bifidobacteria isolated from monkey presented higher inhibitory capacity than the reference strains. Conclusion: This research provides a deeper insight into new strains of bifidobacteria isolated from primates and chicken that have not been previously characterized for their potential use in dairy products and confirm the most robust stress tolerance of B. lactis. Significance and Impact of the Study: The possibility of expanding the available bifidobacteria with the potential to be added to a probiotic food necessarily implies characterizing them from different points of view, especially when considering unknown species. For monkey isolates (which showed higher antimicrobial activity against pathogens), more in‐depth knowledge is needed before applying strategies to improve their performance. On the contrary, the chicken isolate B. lactis P32/1 showed similar behaviour to the references B. lactis strains; therefore, it could be considered as a potential probiotic candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bitterness of amlodipine besylate (AML) combined with other five antihypertensive drugs: alacepril, benazepril, hydrochlorothiazide, telmisartan (TEL) and valsartan (VAL), which have possibility of usage as a fixed‐dose combination (FDC) drugs. Methods: The bitterness of individual six drugs and AML combined with each of the five drugs was evaluated using taste sensor SA402B (Intelligent Sensor Technology Inc.). AML combined with TEL or VAL was evaluated by taste sensor and human gustatory sensation tests. The interaction between AML with TEL or VAL was evaluated by 1H‐NMR. Key findings: The bitterness of AML was significantly decreased by addition of VAL, whereas it remained unchanged by the addition of TEL in taste sensor and human gustatory sensation test. In the 1H‐NMR spectrum of AML with VAL, signal shifts of protons in AML were observed compared to that in AML alone. On the other hand, in the 1H‐NMR spectrum of AML with TEL, signal shifts of protons in AML were not observed. Conclusions: It was suggested that when VAL was mixed with AML, the electrostatic interactions between positive charged amino group of AML and negative charged tetrazole group of VAL were caused, and thereby led the suppression the bitterness of AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Cuminaldehyde self‐emulsified nanoemulsion (CuA‐SEN) was prepared and optimised to improve its oral bioavailability and antihepatotoxicity. Methods: Cuminaldehyde self‐emulsified nanoemulsion was developed through the self‐nanoemulsification method using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) tool while appropriate physicochemical indices were evaluated. The optimised CuA‐SEN was characterised via droplet size (DS), morphology, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency, in‐vitro release, and pharmacokinetic studies while its antihepatotoxicity was evaluated. Key findings: Cuminaldehyde self‐emulsified nanoemulsion with acceptable characteristics (mean DS‐48.83 ± 1.06 nm; PDI‐0.232 ± 0.140; ZP‐29.92 ± 1.66 mV; EE‐91.51 ± 0.44%; and drug‐loading capacity (DL)‐9.77 ± 0.75%) was formulated. In‐vitro drug release of CuA‐SEN significantly increased with an oral relative bioavailability of 171.02%. Oral administration of CuA‐SEN to CCl4‐induced hepatotoxicity mice markedly increased the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase in serum. Also, CuA‐SEN reduced the levels of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐6 in both serum and liver tissues while aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and malonaldehyde levels were significantly decreased. Conclusions: These findings showed that the improved bioavailability of cuminaldehyde via SEN provided an effective approach for enhancing antioxidation, anti‐inflammation and antihepatotoxicity of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-upper respiratory tract infection related olfactory dysfunction typically occurs due to neural damage after an upper respiratory tract infection associated with a common cold or influenza. At present, Tokishakuyakusan, a Japanese traditional Kampo medicine, has been found to be effective for post-viral olfactory dysfunction. However, the pharmacodynamics of Tokishakuyakusan in the treatment of post-viral olfactory dysfunction remains unresolved. We investigated the effects of Tokishakuyakusan on the regeneration of olfactory neurons and expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in neural systems, using in vivo murine studies and in vitro cell culture studies. Eight-week-old BALB/C female mice were fed a pellet diet with or without Tokishakuyakusan. Degeneration of cells in olfactory epithelium was induced by intraperitoneal methimazole injection. Regeneration of olfactory neurons was observed by histological and immunohistochemical procedures. NGF expression in the olfactory bulb was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. NGF gene and protein expression were measured using rat primary cultured astrocytes by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that olfactory marker protein, Ki-67, and NGF were more highly expressed in the olfactory epithelium during the regeneration period in mice receiving Tokishakuyakusan. In cultured astrocytes, Tokishakuyakusan as well as its individual components, Atractylodes lancea rhizome and Japanese angelica root, increased NGF expression. Screening assays revealed that NGF production was increased by atractylodin and levistolide A, which are ingredients in Atractylodes lancea rhizome and Japanese angelica root, respectively. These results suggest that Tokishakuyakusan promotes regeneration of olfactory neurons by increasing NGF expression in the olfactory bulb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This review highlights aspects of drug hydrophobicity and lipophilicity as determinants of different oral formulation approaches with specific focus on enabling formulation technologies. An overview is provided on appropriate formulation selection by focussing on the physicochemical properties of the drug. Key findings: Crystal lattice energy and the octanol–water partitioning behaviour of a poorly soluble drug are conventionally viewed as characteristics of hydrophobicity and lipophilicity, which matter particularly for any dissolution process during manufacturing and regarding drug release in the gastrointestinal tract. Different oral formulation strategies are discussed in the present review, including lipid‐based delivery, amorphous solid dispersions, mesoporous silica, nanosuspensions and cyclodextrin formulations. Summary: Current literature suggests that selection of formulation approaches in pharmaceutics is still highly dependent on the availability of technological expertise in a company or research group. Encouraging is that, recent advancements point to more structured and scientifically based development approaches. More research is still needed to better link physicochemical drug properties to pharmaceutical formulation design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera remains a major risk in developing countries, particularly after natural or man-made disasters. Vibrio cholerae El Tor is the most important cause of these outbreaks, and is becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics, so alternative therapies are urgently needed. In this study, a single bacteriophage, Phi_1, was used to control cholera prophylactically and therapeutically in an infant rabbit model. In both cases, phage-treated animals showed no clinical signs of disease, compared with 69% of untreated control animals. Bacterial counts in the intestines of phage-treated animals were reduced by up to 4 log10 colony-forming units/g. There was evidence of phage multiplication only in animals that received a V. cholerae challenge. No phage-resistant bacterial mutants were isolated from the animals, despite extensive searching. This is the first evidence that a single phage could be effective in the treatment of cholera, without detectable levels of resistance. Clinical trials in human patients should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present study was designed to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic performance of inhaled recombinant human insulin (rh‐insulin) dry powders together with their safety profiles after 14‐day inhalation. Methods: In the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study, pulmonary surfactant (PS)‐loaded and phospholipid hexadecanol tyloxapol (PHT)‐loaded rh‐insulin dry powders were intratracheally administered to male rats at the dose of 20 U/kg. Novolin R was used as control. Serum glucose and rh‐insulin concentrations were determined by glucose oxidase method and human rh‐insulin CLIA kit, respectively. For the safety study, rats were exposed to rh‐insulin dry powders or air for 14‐day by nose‐only inhalation chambers. Bronchoalveolar lavage and histopathology examinations were performed after inhalation. Key findings: There were no significant differences in the major pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters between PS‐loaded and PHT‐loaded rh‐insulin dry powders. The relative bioavailabilities and pharmacodynamic availabilities were 39.9%, 25.6% for PS‐loaded dry powders and 30.1%, 23% for PHT‐loaded dry powders, respectively. Total protein was the only injury marker that was significantly altered. Histopathology examinations showed the ranking of irritations (from slight to severe) were PHT‐loaded rh‐insulin, negative air control and PS‐loaded rh‐insulin. Conclusions: Both PS‐ and PHT‐loaded rh‐insulin dry powders were able to deliver rh‐insulin systemically with appropriate pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was assessed using two feed additives (0.5% inclusion of a benzoic acid [ BA ] product and 0.02% inclusion of an essential oil [ EO ] product; DSM Nutritional Products Inc. Parsippany, NJ), and combination of both products (0.5% BA and 0.02% EO) in spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) and a swine gestation diet (FEED) as determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and bioassay. Viral RNA quantification was performed at 7 sampling days post-laboratory inoculation (d 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42) and infectivity was assessed via bioassay with 10-d-old pigs. There was a tendency for treatment × feed matrix × day interaction (P = 0.094), in which the cycle threshold (Ct) value increased over time in FEED when treated with both feed additives, whereas there was no increase over time observed in SDPP treated with both feed additives. There was a feed matrix × day interaction (P < 0.001) in which Ct increased over time in FEED, whereas very little increase over time was observed in SDPP. A tendency for a treatment × feed matrix effect (P = 0.085) was observed where FEED treated with the combination of EO and BA had a greater (P < 0.05) PEDV Ct value than other FEED treatments, and all SDPP treatments had the lower PEDV Ct values compared to FEED treatments (P < 0.05). Overall, the combination of both feed additives was most effective at reducing the quantity of genetic material as detected by qRT-PCR (P < 0.001) compared to either additive alone or no feed additive. Virus shedding was observed in the d 7 postinoculation SDPP treatment that was treated with both feed additives, as well as d 0 untreated FEED and d 0 FEED treated with both feed additives. No other treatment bioassay room had detectible RNA shed and detected in fecal swabs or cecal contents. In summary, the combination of EO and BA enhanced the degradation of PEDV RNA in feed but had little impact on RNA degradation in SDPP. Both untreated feed and feed treated with the combination of EO and BA resulted in infection at d 0 post-laboratory inoculation; however, neither set of samples was infective at d 1 postinoculation. In addition, SDPP harbored greater levels of quantifiable RNA for a longer duration of time compared to FEED, and these viral particles remained viable for a longer duration of time indicating differences in viral stability exist between different feed matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the impact of bacteriophages on the manufacture of dairy foods. Firstly, the impact of phages of lactic acid bacteria in the dairy industry, where they are considered enemies, is discussed. The sources of phage contamination in dairy plants are detailed, with special emphasis on the rise of phage infections related to the growing use of cheese whey as ingredient. Other topics include traditional and new methods of phage detection, quantification and monitoring, and strategies of phage control in dairy plants, either of physical, chemical or biological nature. Finally, the use of phages or purified phage enzymes as allies to control pathogenic bacteria in the food industry is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of acidic electrolysed water (AEW) as 'green' technology on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of fresh-cut red cabbages were studied. Fresh-cut red cabbages and artificially inoculated red cabbages with Salmonella typhimurium DT104 were washed with distilled water (DW) and different available chlorine concentrations (ACC) of AEW for different times. AEW treatments significantly reduced the populations of native aerobic bacteria, molds, and yeasts, and artificially inoculated S. typhimurium DT104 compared with the DW-treated and untreated red cabbage samples. The effectiveness of AEW treatments was greatly enhanced with increasing ACC and treatment times. S. typhimurium DT104 were not detected in the washing water that were collected after the red cabbages treated by AEW. The surface colour, pH, and total phenolic contents did not significantly change when the red cabbages were washed with DW and AEW containing 100 mg/L available chlorine for 3 min. The anthocyanin contents and antioxidant activities of red cabbage were significantly reduced by 18.5 per cent for cyanidin, 22.1 per cent for pelargonidin, and 11.2 per cent for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, however, the impacts on the nutritional benefits of red cabbage were considered as limited and acceptable. The optimal process condition of AEW for washing red cabbage was 100 mg/L ACC for 3 min. In these conditions, most of the native microflora were inactivated, and artificially inoculated S. typhimurium DT104 on the red cabbage were reduced by 40.2 per cent [3.67 log CFU/g (log10 colony-forming units per gram)] and with minimal losses of nutrients and antioxidant activity, as well as no requirement of decontamination treatment on the washing water after AEW treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cell osmoporation is a simple and straightforward procedure of creating food‐grade biocapsules. This study proposes a new protocol of sequential cell osmoporation stages and evaluates its impact on the efficiency of curcumin and fisetin internalization into Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature regarding the subject. To assess how multiple osmoporation stages influence the encapsulation efficiency (% EE), encapsulated amount of curcumin (IC) and fisetin (IF) into S. cerevisiae cells and cell viability, the residual supernatant was used for the subsequent encapsulation stages and viability was assessed by the CFU method. Quantification was carried through direct extraction, using an ultrasonic bath and UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Experimental data demonstrated that the addition of a second osmoporation stage increases both the EE (% EE) and the amount of encapsulated curcumin and fisetin (IC and IF). As a result, the EE was considerably improved and the obtained microcapsules contained a higher amount of the targeted bioactive compounds in its internal structure. However, adding a third osmoporation stage proved to less beneficial to the process efficiency due to its lower yield and the significant negative impact to cell viability. Significance and Impact of the Study: For the first time in the literature, a protocol of serial osmoporation stages to enhance the encapsulation efficiency of hydrophobic low molecular weight molecules (curcumin and fisetin) into Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was determined. By increasing overall efficiency, this protocol empowers the encapsulation process and creates a rational way to reduce waste for future industrial osmoporation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental data suggest that the addition of spray-dried plasma (SDP) to pig feed may enhance antibody responses against certain pathogens and negatively impact virus survival. The benefit of SDP on Escherichia coli infection is well documented. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bovine SDP (BovSDP) in the pig diet on acute porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection. A total of 16 3-wk-old conventional crossbred pigs were used and divided into three groups. Treatments included 1) a negative control group fed a commercial diet and sham inoculated with commercial liquid porcine plasma (n = 3), 2) a positive control group fed a commercial diet and inoculated with PEDV-spiked porcine plasma (PEDV; n = 8), and 3) a third group of pigs fed the commercial diet with inclusion of 5% spray-dried bovine plasma and inoculated with PEDV-spiked porcine plasma (BovSDP; n = 5). Although clinical signs associated with PEDV infection were mild in the BovSDP group, two of eight pigs in the PEDV group developed moderate clinical disease and had to be euthanized. The PEDV IgG and IgA antibody levels and prevalence rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the PEDV-BovSDP group compared with the PEDV group at 7 d postinoculation. The average fecal PEDV RNA shedding time was 7.2 ± 1.0 d for the PEDV-BovSDP group and 9.3 ± 1.1 d for the PEDV group with an overall time to clearance of PEDV shedding of 11 d for PEDV-BovSDP pigs and at least 14 d for PEDV pigs, which was not different (P = 0.215). The results indicate that addition of BovSDP induced an earlier anti- PEDV antibody response in pigs experimentally infected with PEDV thereby reducing clinical disease and the amount and duration of viral shedding during acute PEDV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: Dissolution testing of poorly soluble and precipitating drugs is of great importance for pharmaceutical industry. As offline HPLC analytics is time‐consuming and labour‐intensive, the development of suitable in‐line analytics to measure drug concentration allows better predictions of drug dissolution and precipitation. The purpose of this study was to develop an in‐line derivative spectroscopic method which facilitates drug concentration measurements in suspensions without additional sample preparation. Methods: Solubility, dissolution and precipitation of ketoconazole were analysed using derivative spectroscopy and HPLC. Key findings: Results of solubility and dissolution experiments were highly comparable. Due to higher sampling frequency and lack of sample preparations, supersaturation in a pH‐shift experiment was more accurately captured by UV in‐line analytics. The application of a prefiltration step and flow‐through cuvettes facilitates implementation of in‐line derivative spectroscopy into an in vitro transfer model with changing UV‐active media and high supersaturation in highly turbid samples. Conclusions: Although the application of derivative spectroscopy has been described previously, the approach described herein is novel and well‐suited for the application in an automated in vitro transfer model. Moreover, it represents a promising tool for drug substance characterisation, candidate selection and formulation development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Probiotics are increasingly being added to food in order to develop products with health‐promoting properties. Particularly, Saccharomyces cereviceae var. boulardii yeast is recently being investigated like a starting‐culture for development of functional and probiotic foods. Although the literature is abundant on the beneficial effects of S. boulardii on health, slight information is available on the effects of supplementing this probiotic to food systems. The aim of this paper is to examine the applications of S. boulardii to different food matrices and its implication in food processing (stability, sensorial properties and other technological implications) and the concomitant effects on nutrition and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulation of fat may facilitate digestion and absorption of fat in nursery pigs. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate 1) effects of encapsulation of palm oil (PO) and coconut oil (CO) on growth performance, feed intake, feed efficiency, and blood parameters, and 2) effects of encapsulation of PO and CO on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and the activity of digestive enzymes in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, 540 pigs (28 d of age, 8.23 ± 0.22 kg BW) were allotted to five treatments based on a randomized complete block design (as-fed basis). Pigs were fed basal diets with five different fat sources: 6.0% soybean oil (SBO), 6.0% PO, 6.0% PO from encapsulated fat (EPO), 6.0% CO, and 6.0% CO from encapsulated fat (ECO), respectively, with six pens per treatment and 18 pigs per pen for a 4-wk feeding trial. Dried casein and whey powder used for encapsulation were included at identical levels in all diets. Pigs fed EPO had increased (P < 0.05) ADG during days 0 to 14 and overall compared to pigs fed SBO and PO, whereas ADG of pigs fed ECO was not different from pigs fed EPO and CO. There were no differences in ADFI among treatments. Pigs fed EPO had increased G:F (P < 0.05) during days 0 to 14 compared to SBO, PO, and CO. Serum urea nitrogen concentrations in pigs fed EPO, CO, and ECO were lower (P < 0.05) than that of pigs fed SBO and PO. In Exp. 2, 30 pigs (28 d of age, 8.13 ± 0.10 kg BW) were housed individually (n = 6 per treatment) and allotted to five treatments as described in Exp.1. Pigs were fed ad libitum for 4 wk to measure ATTD of diets weekly and digestive enzyme activity at week 4. Pigs fed EPO, CO, and ECO had increased (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM and GE compared to pigs fed SBO and PO. Pigs fed SBO had reduced (P < 0.05) ATTD of CP compared to other treatments. Pigs fed PO had reduced (P < 0.05) ATTD of ether extracts (EE) compared to other treatments. Pigs fed PO had greater (P < 0.05) trypsin activity in the pancreas than pigs fed SBO and CO. Pigs fed PO tended to have lower (P = 0.073) pancreatic lipase activity compared to other treatments, whereas dietary treatments had no effect on pancreatic amylase activity. In conclusion, this study indicates that encapsulation of PO improved growth performance and ATTD of diets in nursery pigs, whereas the limited effects of encapsulated CO were likely due to the high digestibility of the medium-chain triglycerides abundant in CO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Pulmonary delivery of antibiotics will decrease the required dose for efficient treatment of lung infections and reduce systemic side effects of the drug. The objective was to evaluate the applicability of poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC) for the preparation of inhalable, antibiotic‐containing particles. Methods: Rifampicin (RF)‐loaded microparticles were prepared by electrospraying a carrier matrix of polylactic acid (PLA) with 0%, 5% and 10% PEC. Key findings: Prepared particles had an aerodynamic diameter between 4 and 5 μm. Within 60 min, PEC‐containing particles released 35–45% of RF, whereas PLA particles released only 15% of RF. Irrespective of particle composition, uptake of RF by macrophages was improved to 40–60% when formulated in microparticles compared to 0.4% for RF in solution, and intracellular localisation of particles was confirmed using confocal microscopy. Effect on macrophage and alveolar cell viability was similar for all particles whereas the minimal inhibitory concentrations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli for RF‐containing PEC particles were twofold lower than for PLA particles, explained by the faster release of RF from PEC‐containing particles. Conclusions: The inclusion of PEC in PLA microparticles increased the release of RF and the inhibitory effect against two bacteria species while displaying physical particle properties similar to PLA particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-Lysine is widely used as a nutrition supplement in feed, food, and beverage industries as well as a chemical intermediate. At present, great efforts are made to further decrease the cost of lysine to make it more competitive in the markets. Furthermore, lysine also shows potential as a feedstock to produce other high-value chemicals for active pharmaceutical ingredients, drugs, or materials. In this review, the current biomanufacturing of lysine is first presented. Second, the production of novel derivatives from lysine is discussed. Some chemicals like L-pipecolic acid, cadaverine, and 5-aminovalerate already have been obtained at a lab scale. Others like 6-aminocaproic acid, valerolactam, and caprolactam could be produced through a biological and chemical coupling pathway or be synthesized by a hypothetical pathway. This review demonstrates an active and expansive lysine industry, and these green biomanufacturing strategies could also be applied to enhance the competitiveness of other amino acid industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Establishing the routes of exposure is a fundamental component of the risk assessment process for every dangerous substance. The present study systematically reviews the available literature to assess the relevance of the different routes and forms of exposure that are of concern for the protection of workers during the manufacture, handling, or end-use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Methods A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2015 was completed. Only studies including measurements of inhalation or dermal exposure were selected and used to identify the exposure situations for which the measurements were collected. The identified exposure situations were grouped based on the type of ENM (i.e. carbon nanotubes and fibres, silicon-based, titanium dioxide, other metal oxides, pure elemental metals, and other ENMs) and activity involved. The grouped exposure situations were assessed to provide a conclusion regarding the likelihood, form, and route of exposure. Assessment of the likelihood of exposure was based on well-defined criteria using a previously established decision logic for inhalation exposure and the outputs from measurements and/or conceptual models for dermal/ingestion exposure. For each combination of nano-activity and type of ENM, the aggregated likelihood across all relevant individual assessments was used to draw conclusions about the relevance of both the inhalation and dermal/ingestion routes. Based on the quality of the data, the strength of the evidence was also evaluated. Results One hundred and seven studies were identified during the review process, reporting 424 individual exposure assessments. Measurement data were limited for dermal/ingestion exposure and for inhalation exposure for downstream use and end-of-life. However, the data provided high-quality evidence that in occupational settings all three routes can be of relevance for exposure to ENMs. In general, whenever inhalation exposure occurs then dermal and inadvertent ingestion exposure may occur due to surface deposition and transfer due to the ENMs release. However, for some forms of exposure (e.g. suspension/liquids), dermal exposure can occur even when inhalation exposure is unlikely. An increased likelihood of exposure was observed for manual activities such as cleaning and maintenance, collection/harvesting, spraying, and finishing as well as those involving feeding into a process and handling of powders outside enclosures. The likelihood of exposure was affected by the presence of risk management measures and the scale of the production involved. Conclusion This literature review provides evidence that for ENMs, as found for other materials, the likelihood of the exposure depends largely on the physical form of the substance as well as the applied process and operational conditions. These results can be used to provide first indications of the likelihood of exposure and guidance for exposure controls in workplaces. However, there is a clear lack of high-quality exposure data, in particular for downstream use and end-of-life scenarios and in low- and medium-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Biocontrol agents have become components of integrated crop protection systems for controlling economically important fungal pathogens. Candida sake CPA‐1 is a biocontrol agent of fungal pathogens of fruits, both pre‐ and post‐harvest. While the efficacy of different formulations have been examined previously, few studies have considered the resilience of different formulations under changing climatic conditions of elevated temperature, drought stress and increased atmospheric CO2. This study examined the effect of (a) temperature × RH × elevated CO2 (400 vs 1000 ppm) on the temporal establishment and viability of two dry and one liquid C. sake CPA‐1 formulations on grape berry surfaces; (b) temperature stress (25 vs 35°C); and (c) elevated CO2 levels. Results indicated that temperature, RH and CO2 concentration influenced the establishment and viability of the formulations but there was no significant difference between formulations. For the combined three‐component factors, increased temperature (35°C) and lower RH (40%) reduced the viable populations on grapes. The interaction with elevated CO2 improved the establishment of viable populations of the formulations tested. Viable populations greater than Log 4 CFUs per g were recovered from the grape surfaces suggesting that these had conserved resilience for control of Botrytis rot in grapes. Significance and Impact of the Study: The interaction between environmental factors that are expected to occur in response to climate change (CC) will have a significant impact on food security and availability. Little information exists on how elevated temperature, drought stress and increased CO2 will have on the efficacy of biocontrol agents. The impact of these factors on the viability of different formulations of the biocontrol yeast Candida sake on the surface of grapes berries was evaluated for the first time. Such knowledge is critical for projecting the efficacy of biocontrol under climate change conditions and to identify formulations that have the necessary resilience to perform under CC conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: A system of stearic acid (SA)‐modified Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) micelles was developed for the targeted delivery of docetaxel (DTX) as a model anticancer drug (DTX‐SA‐BSP). Methods: Particle size, zeta potential and DTX release in vitro were measured in release media at different pH values. Quantitative cellular uptake, cytotoxicity assay in vitro and antitumour efficacy in vivo were also evaluated. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Key findings: DTX‐SA‐BSP copolymer micelles displayed pH‐dependent properties in the respects of particle size, zeta potential and in vitro release behaviour ranging from pH 5.0 to pH 7.4. DTX‐SA‐BSP copolymer micelles showed higher release rate at pH 5.0 than that at pH 6.0 and 7.4. In vitro cytotoxic effect of DTX‐SA‐BSP copolymer micelles was higher than that of DTX injection. The results of high‐performance liquid chromatography determination confirmed that DTX cellular uptake of micelles was enhanced compared with that of DTX injection. Anticancer activity in vivo further confirmed the enhanced tumour targeting and anticancer efficacy of DTX‐SA‐BSP copolymer micelles. Conclusions: The above results show that DTX‐SA‐BSP copolymer micelles have pH sensitivity. SA‐BSP copolymers are a promising carrier for delivering hydrophobic anticancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: To test the effect of microencapsulation on the survival of two probiotic strains isolated from Dadih, Indonesian fermented buffalo milk, in a dynamic, computer‐controlled in vitro model of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract (TIM‐1), simulating human adults. Methods and Results: Free or microencapsulated probiotics, Lactobacillus plantarum IS‐10506 or Enterococcus faecium IS‐27526, resuspended in milk were studied for survival in the complete TIM‐1 system (stomach + small intestine) or in the gastric compartment of TIM‐1 only. Hourly samples collected after the ileal‐caecal valve or after the pylorus were plated on MRS agar (for Lactobacillus) or S&B agar (for Enterococcus). Survival of the free cells after transit through the complete TIM‐1 system was on average for the E. faecium and L. plantarum 15·0 and 18·5% respectively. Survival of the microencapsulated E. faecium and L. plantarum was 15·7 and 84·5% respectively. The free cells were further assessed in only the gastric compartment of TIM‐1. E. faecium and L. plantarum showed an average survival of 39 and 32%, respectively, after gastric passage. Conclusion: There is similar sensitivity to gastric acid as well as survival after complete upper GI tract transit of free cells, but microencapsulation only protected L. plantarum. Significance and Impact of Study: Survival of microencapsulated L. plantarum IS‐10506 is increased compared to free cells in a validated in vitro model of the upper GI tract. It increases its use as an ingredient of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last few decades, nanotechnology has evolved into a success story, apparent from a steadily increasing number of scientific publications as well as a large number of applications based on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Its widespread uses suggest a high relevance for consumers, workers and the environment, hence justifying intensive investigations into ENM-related adverse effects as a prerequisite for nano-specific regulations. In particular, the inhalation of airborne ENMs, being assumed to represent the most hazardous type of human exposure to these kinds of particles, needs to be scrutinized. Due to an increased awareness of possible health effects, which have already been seen in the case of ultrafine particles (UFPs), research and regulatory measures have set in to identify and address toxic implications following their almost ubiquitous occurrence. Although ENM properties differ from those of the respective bulk materials, the available assessment protocols are often designed for the latter. Despite the large benefit ensuing from the application of nanotechnology, many issues related to ENM behavior and adverse effects are not fully understood or should be examined anew. The traditional hypothesis that ENMs exhibit different or additional hazards due to their "nano" size has been challenged in recent years and ENM categorization according to their properties and toxicity mechanisms has been proposed instead. This review summarizes the toxicological effects of inhaled ENMs identified to date, elucidating the modes of action which provoke different mechanisms in the respiratory tract and their resulting effects. By linking particular mechanisms and adverse effects to ENM properties, grouping of ENMs based on toxicity-related properties is supposed to facilitate toxicological risk assessment. As intensive studies are still required to identify these "ENM classes", the need for alternatives to animal studies is evident and advances in cell-based test systems for pulmonary research are presented here. We hope to encourage the ongoing discussion about ENM risks and to advocate the further development and practice of suitable testing and grouping methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy content of food is calculated on the basis of general factors for fat, protein, and carbohydrates. These general factors were derived by W.O. Atwater in the late 19th century, while additional factors for dietary fiber, polyols, and organic acids were introduced more recently. These factors are applied indiscriminately to all types of foods, yet the same nutrient may be digested to different extents to generate energy, depending on the characteristics of the food matrix, the processing methods applied to foods, and the meal composition. As a consequence, the actual energy content of food may differ from what is theoretically calculated with the Atwater factors. In this review, the relationship of macronutrient digestibility with food structure, macronutrient structure, and food composition is examined, and the implications for the amount of energy achievable through diet are highlighted. Estimates of the discrepancy between calculated energy content and actual energy content are provided for different diets. The findings may have implications for consumer purchasing decisions as well as for the design of dietary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to declining hydrocarbon resources and strengthening environmental regulations, significant attention is directed toward sustainable and nontoxic supplies for the development of green technologies in a variety of industries. This account provides an overview on the sources and recent applications of such materials surveying the most common nontoxic and renewable resources that can be obtained from biological sources. Developing a broad array of technologies based on these materials would establish a truly sustainable green chemical industry. The study thematically discusses various compound groups, eg, carbohydrates, proteins, and triglycerides (oils). Since often the monomers or building blocks of these biopolymers are of significant importance and produced in large amounts, the applications of these compounds are also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: With the purpose of developing a curcumin phospholipid complex (CPC) formulation with high performance, the CPC was prepared and solidified with Soluplus® in this study. Methods: Soluplus® was used as a carrier to solidify CPC. The structures of the CPC and curcumin phospholipid complex – Soluplus® solidified powder (CSP) – were also characterized by differential scanning electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffractometer, and flowability, in‐vitro dissolution and oral bioavailability were also investigated. Key findings: All analysis indicated that curcumin was completely converted from crystalline to amorphous state in solidified powder. The angle of repose calculated in flowability study indicated a marked improvement from ‘cannot be measured’ to ‘37°’. Meanwhile, the dissolution study showed that in phosphate buffer condition, the dissolution rate of CSP had released 76.34% in pH 6.8 and the 78.19% in pH 1.2. Furthermore, in pharmacokinetic study, significant (P < 0.01) improvement of AUC0–∞ value was observed between CPC and CSP groups, and the results showed that AUC0–∞ value was increased from 205.84 ± 50.46 μg h/ml to 330.47 μg h/ml. Conclusions: A simple and convenient solidifying process was used in this study, and the data suggested that this process not only could improve the flowability and dissolution of phospholipid complex, but also increased the oral bioavailability of curcumin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Here, we aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic performance and therapeutic response (anthelmintic efficacy) of an albendazole ( ABZ) nano-sized formulation in dogs. Methods In the pharmacokinetic study, ABZ self-dispersible nanocrystals ( SDNCS) and a control formulation were administered orally to healthy dogs ( n = 6). The concentrations of the sulphoxide metabolite in plasma were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. For the anthelmintic efficacy trial, SDNCS and a commercially available formulation of ABZ were given to naturally parasitised dogs. The number of Ancylostoma caninum eggs in the faeces was determined using the McMaster technique. Key findings The area under the curve, Tmax and Cmax for the SDNCS were improved compared to the control. The efficacy study showed no statistical differences between the SDNCS and the commercial formulation at the doses of 25 and 12.5 mg/kg. However, significant differences ( P < 0.05) between the treatments were found at 6.25 mg/kg (a quarter of the reference dose) with a reduction in the faecal nematode egg counts of 62.0 ± 21.1% and 100 ± 0% for the control and SDNCS, respectively. Conclusions The improved pharmacokinetic performance observed for the novel formulation of ABZ correlated with an improved in vivo therapeutic response against a model intestinal nematode parasite in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of pig dietary supplementation with an antioxidant mixture (AOX), containing vitamin E and verbascoside, on animal oxidative status, meat quality parameters, and shelf life of the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle was examined. Seventy pigs with an average live weight of 95.2 ± 1.2 kg were selected and assigned to 2 dietary treatments. The control (CTR) group was fed a commercial diet, and the AOX group was fed the same diet supplemented with the AOX, containing vitamin E and verbascoside from Verbenaceae extract, for 45 d before slaughter. At the beginning and at the end of the trial, blood samples were collected to determine oxidative status, using the Kit Radicaux Libres test. At slaughter, carcass weight was recorded and LD muscles from 10 pigs per treatment were sampled. Physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory parameters and oxidative stability of LD muscle were assessed for up to 21 d of storage at 4°C under modified atmosphere packaging. Dietary AOX positively affected (P < 0.05) oxidative status and carcass dressing percentage. The oxidative and color stability of the LD muscle were improved (P < 0.05) in the AOX group compared with the control. The sensory shelf life revealed that at 15 d of storage, meat from the AOX group was comparable (P < 0.05) to the fresh meat in appearance and aroma. A lower (P < 0.05) Pseudomonas spp. load was observed in the AOX samples than in the control samples. No other microbiological parameters were affected by dietary treatment. Overall, the present data showed that dietary AOX supplementation in pigs improved in vivo antioxidant status and exerted antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, thus enhancing the shelf life of raw pork under commercial conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet light irradiation of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) decreases the risk of disease transmission, but it may decrease the activity of bioactive components in SDPP. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine growth performance, morbidity, and mortality responses of nursery pigs fed UV-irradiated SDPP (UV-SDPP) compared with nonirradiated spray-dried bovine plasma (SDBP). Pigs (n = 480; 6.09 ± 2.4 kg initial BW) were blocked by initial BW, and blocks were assigned to pens. the sex ratio was equalized within blocks and pens. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments (8 pigs/pen and 12 replicates/treatment) in a 3-phase feeding program (phase 1 = d 0 to 13, phase 2 = d 14 to 27, and phase 3 = d 28 to 55). Dietary treatments included a control diet without UV-SDPP or SDBP and diets containing 3% UV-SDPP, 3% SDBP, 6% UV-SDPP, or 6% SDBP during phase 1. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements and contained the same concentrations of standardized ileal digestible Lys and Lys:ME ratio within phases. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to diets throughout the 55-d experiment. Dietary inclusion rates during phase 2 were reduced to 1.5% UV-SDPP, 1.5% SDBP, 3% UV-SDPP, and 3% SDBP, and all pigs were fed a common diet without UV-SDPP or SDBP during phase 3. Growth performance data were analyzed as a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with a control within a completely randomized block design to evaluate the main effects of plasma processing (UV irradiated vs. nonirradiated) and dietary inclusion level, and block, room, and pen were random effects. In phase 1, there were no differences in G:F among treatments, but pigs fed 6% UV-SDPP and 6% SDBP had greater (P < 0.01) ADG (0.11 vs. 0.08 kg/d) and ADFI (0.17 vs. 0.15 kg/d) than pigs fed the control, 3% SDBP, and 3% UV-SDPP diets. After phase 1 (d13), feeding UV-SDPP or SDBP increased (P = 0.02) the BW of pigs. In phases 2 and 3 and the overall feeding period (d 0 to 55), there were no differences in ADG, ADFI, and G:F among dietary treatments. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in mortality of nursery pigs as dietary inclusion rate of SDBP and UV-SDPP increased. In conclusion, feeding SDBP or UV-SDPP diets improved ADG and ADFI during the first 2 wk after weaning due to improved feed consumption, and UV irradiation appeared to have no detrimental effects on the feeding value of SDPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To determine the effect of three different freezing temperatures on post-freeze-drying survival rates of wine yeasts and lactic acid bacteria ( LAB). To know if a similar freeze-drying protocol can be used for both micro-organisms. Methods and Results Cells from liquid culture media were recovered and concentrated in appropriate lyoprotectants. Aliquots of each strain were frozen at −20, −80 and −196°C before vacuum drying. Viable cell counts were done before freezing and after freeze-drying. Survival rates were calculated. Freezing temperatures differently affected yeast and bacteria survival. The highest survival rates were obtained at −20 and −80°C for yeasts, but at −196°C for LAB. Major differences in survival rates were recorded among freeze-dried yeasts, but were less drastic for LAB. Yeasts Pichia membranifaciens, Starmerella bacillaris and Metschnikowia pulcherrima, and LAB Lactobacillus paracasei, Pediococcus parvulus and Lactobacillus mali, were the most tolerant species to freeze-drying, regardless of freezing temperature. Conclusions Yeast and LAB survival rates differed for each tested freezing temperature. For yeasts, −20°C ensured the highest post-freeze-drying viability and −196°C for LAB. Significance and Impact of the Study Freezing temperature to freeze-dry cells is a crucial factor for ensuring good wine yeast and LAB survival. These results are important for appropriately preserving micro-organisms and for improving starter production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This work evaluates the potential of using fresh milk to deliver theophylline to children. Methods Theophylline-fresh milk systems were prepared using different solids ratios (0 : 1-1 : 0) and three fat contents in commercial milks (low, medium and high), which were spray-dried at different inlet air temperatures ( Tinlet - 105, 130 and 150 °C). The process was evaluated for yield and the resulting powders for moisture content (MC), particle size and shape, density and wettability. Theophylline-milk potential interactions (differential scanning calorimetry ( DSC) and FT- IR) and chemical (theophylline content) and microbiological stability of powders (shelf and in-use) were also evaluated. Key Findings The production yield (13.6-76.0%), MC (0.0-10.3%) and contact angles in water (77.29-93.51°) were significantly ( P < 0.05) affected by Tinlet, but no differences were found concerning the mean particle size (3.0-4.3 μm) of the different powders. The milk fat content significantly ( P < 0.05) impacted on the density (1.244-1.552 g/cm3). Theophylline content remained stable after 6 months of storage, before extemporaneous reconstitution. After reconstitution in water, low-fat milk samples (stored at 4 °C) met the microbial pharmacopoeia criteria for up to 7 days. No theophylline-milk components interaction was observed. Conclusion Spray-dried milk-composed powders may be used as vehicles for theophylline delivery in paediatrics following further characterization and in-vivo evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomanufacturing is a type of manufacturing that utilizes biological systems (e.g., living microorganisms, resting cells, animal cells, plant cells, tissues, enzymes, or in vitro synthetic (enzymatic) systems) to produce commercially important biomolecules for use in the agricultural, food, material, energy, and pharmaceutical industries. History of biomanufacturing could be classified into the three revolutions in terms of respective product types (mainly), production platforms, and research technologies. Biomanufacturing 1.0 focuses on the production of primary metabolites (e.g., butanol, acetone, ethanol, citric acid) by using mono-culture fermentation; biomanufacturing 2.0 focuses on the production of secondary metabolites (e.g., penicillin, streptomycin) by using a dedicated mutant and aerobic submerged liquid fermentation; and biomanufacturing 3.0 focuses on the production of large-size biomolecules-proteins and enzymes (e.g., erythropoietin, insulin, growth hormone, amylase, DNA polymerase) by using recombinant DNA technology and advanced cell culture. Biomanufacturing 4.0 could focus on new products, for example, human tissues or cells made by regenerative medicine, artificial starch made by in vitro synthetic biosystems, isobutanol fermented by metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology-driven microorganisms, as well as exiting products produced by far better approaches. Biomanufacturing 4.0 would help address some of the most important challenges of humankind, such as food security, energy security and sustainability, water crisis, climate change, health issues, and conflict related to the energy, food, and water nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solubility of soy lipophilic proteins (LP) was studied as compared with that of other soy protein fractions. LP, ?-conglycinin, glycinin, and soy protein isolate (N-SPI) were prepared under the condition to avoid heat denaturation. Solubility of LP was lower than that of other soy protein fractions under all the tested conditions varying in pH values and ionic strength. The solubility of LP was increased constantly by elevating temperature until 90 °C, whereas that of ?-conglycinin and glycinin dropped at high temperature. Temperature-dependent change in solubility of N-SPI might reflect the balance among that of glycinin, ?-conglycinin and LP. Based on the results of SDS-PAGE, determination of phospholipid content and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, we discussed the solubilization behavior of LP relating to its origin and composition. Solubility of SPI is determined by the balance among that of glycinin, ?-conglycinin and LP. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study used a decompression drying instrument to investigate the effects of a drying treatment on the physical properties of solid foods. Commercial tofu was used as a model food and was treated at different temperature and pressure conditions in a drying chamber. Overall, high temperatures resulted in better drying. Additionally, pressure in the chamber influenced the drying conditions of samples. Differences in physical properties, such as food texture, shrinkage, and color were observed among some samples, even with similar moisture content. This was caused by differences in moisture distribution in the food, which seems to have manifested as a thin, dried film on the surfaces of samples. It caused inefficient drying and changes in physical properties. Control of the drying conditions (i.e. pressure and heat supply) has relations with not only physical properties, but also the drying efficiency of solid foods. It shows schematic views of a decompression drying instrument, which can perform multiple processes (blanching, sterilizing, and decompression drying) using only one instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although freeze-drying is a widely used dehydration technique for the stabilizing of unstable lactic acid bacteria,Lactobacillus paracaseisubsp.paracaseiJCM 8130T(L. paracasei) is destabilized after freeze-drying and subsequent storage. In order to improve the stability of freeze-driedL. paracasei, effects of disaccharides (sucrose and trehalose), polymers (maltodextrin; MD and bovine serum albumin; BSA), and their mixtures on the survival rate of freeze-driedL. paracaseiwere investigated. The survival rate of non-additive sample decreased slightly after freeze-drying but decreased drastically after subsequent storage at 37 °C for 4 weeks. The reduction was diminished by the addition of disaccharides and polymers. The stabilizing effect of disaccharides was not affected by the co-addition of MD. In contrast, the disaccharide–BSA mixtures had a synergistic stabilizing effect, and the survival rates were largely maintained even after storage. It is suggested that the synergistic effect originates from the conformational stabilization of the dehydrated bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Food powders can exist in amorphous, crystalline or mixed structure depending on the order of molecular arrangement in the powder particle matrices. In food production, the structure of powders has a greatly effect on their stability, functionality, and applicability. The undesirable structure of powders can be accidentally formed during production. Therefore, characterization of powder structure as well as quantification of amorphous–crystalline proportions presenting in the powders are essential to control the quality of products during storage and further processing. For these purposes, many analytical techniques with large differences in the degree of selectivity and sensitivity have been developed. In this review, differences in the structure of food powders are described with a focus being placed on applications of amorphous powders. Essentially, applicability of common analytical techniques including X-ray, microscopic, vapor adsorption, thermal, and spectroscopic approaches for quantitative and qualitative structural characterization of food powders is also discussed. The common techniques to quantitatively and qualitatively characterize the structure (amorphous and crystallize) of food powders. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are among the dispersion systems commonly used in food, and these emulsions are in thermodynamically unstable or metastable states. In this paper, various methods for preparing O/W emulsions are outlined. Since the commodity value of food is impaired by the destabilization of O/W emulsions, experimental and theoretical approaches to assess the stability of O/W emulsions are overviewed, and factors affecting the dispersion stability of emulsions are discussed based on the DLVO theory and the concept of the stability factor. The oxidation of lipids in O/W emulsions is unhealthy and gives rise to unpleasant odors. Factors affecting the autoxidation of lipids are discussed, and theoretical models are used to demonstrate that a reduction of the oil droplet size suppresses or retards autoxidation. Microencapsulated lipids or oils exhibit distinct features in the oxidation process. Models that explain these features are described. It is demonstrated that a reduction in the oil droplet size is also effective for suppressing or retarding the oxidation of microencapsulated oils. Methods for preparing O/W emulsions, experimental and theoretical approaches to assess the stability of O/W emulsions, and factors affecting the oxidative stability of lipid in O/W emulsion and microencapsulated systems are described. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives Dispersible tablets are proposed by the World Health Organization as the preferred paediatric formulation. It was hypothesised that tablets made from a powdered milk-base that disperse in water to form suspensions resembling milk might be a useful platform to improve acceptability in children. Methods Milk-based dispersible tablets containing various types of powdered milk and infant formulae were formulated. The influence of milk type and content on placebo tablet properties was investigated using a design-of-experiments approach. Responses measured included friability, crushing strength and disintegration time. Additionally, the influence of compression force on the tablet properties of a model formulation was studied by compaction simulation. Key findings Disintegration times increased as milk content increased. Compaction simulation studies showed that compression force influenced disintegration time. These results suggest that the milk content, rather than type, and compression force were the most important determinants of disintegration. Conclusion Up to 30% milk could be incorporated to produce 200 mg 10-mm flat-faced placebo tablets by direct compression disintegrating within 3 min in 5-10 ml of water, which is a realistic administration volume in children. The platform could accommodate 30% of a model active pharmaceutical ingredient (caffeine citrate). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Producing dry, zeolite-based granular and powder inoculants of the Gram-negative, plant growth-promoting bacterium Paraburkholderia phytofirmans Ps JN. Key aspects were maintenance of cell viability during desiccation and throughout storage at ambient conditions. Methods and Results Twenty additives and exopolysaccharide ( EPS) produced by Ps JN were screened for conserving cell viability of Ps JN in air-drying and lyophilization. Suitable combinations (e.g. skimmed milk + air-drying) increased survival of Ps JN up to 100 000-fold and maintained it for >7 months. EPS performed as good as skimmed milk during air-drying, but was second-rank regarding shelf life. Combinations of zeolite, skimmed milk and gelatin as a film-forming agent were extruded and processed into granules and powders, both displaying relatively stable viability for over 4 weeks at ambient conditions. Gelatin promoted brittleness of zeolite-based inoculants. Conclusions Viability of highly sensitive Ps JN was successfully conserved in dry formulations, taking into account the interplay between carrier, protectants, drying method and coating agent. Significance and Impact of the Study This is the first study to provide ways of maintaining viability of Ps JN during desiccation stress and to investigate the applicability of its EPS as a protectant, thus ultimately facilitating successful plant inoculation especially under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a heat-sensitive virus that has devastated the U.S. swine industry. Because of its heat sensitivity, we hypothesized that a steam conditioner and pellet mill mimicking traditional commercial thermal processing may mitigate PEDV infectivity. Pelleting, a common feed processing method, includes the use of steam and shear forces, resulting in increased tem¬perature of the processed feed. Two thermal processing experiments were designed to determine if different pellet mill conditioner retention times and temperatures would impact PEDV quantity and infectivity by analysis of quantitative reverse transcription PCR and bioassay. In Exp. 1, a 3 x 3 x 2 factorial design was used with 3 pelleting temperatures (68.3, 79.4, and 90.6°C), 3 conditioning times (45, 90, or 180 s), and 2 doses of viral inoculation (low, 1 x 10² tissue culture infectious dose 50 (the concentration used to see cytopathic effect in 50% of the cells)/g, or high, 1 x 104 tissue culture infectious dose 50/g). Noninoculated and PEDV-inoculated unprocessed mash were used as controls. The low-dose PEDV-infected mash had 6.8 ± 1.8 cycle threshold (Ct) greater (P < 0.05) PEDV than the high-dose mash. Regardless of time or temperature, pelleting reduced (P < 0.05) the quantity of detectable viral PEDV RNA compared with the PEDV-inoculated unprocessed mash. Fecal swabs from pigs inoculated with the PEDV-positive unprocessed mash, regardless of dose, were clinically PEDV positive from 2 to 7 d (end of the trial) after inoculation. However, if either PEDV dose of inoculated feed was pelleted at any of the 9 tested conditioning time x temperature combinations, no PEDV RNA was detected in fecal swabs or cecum content. Based on Exp. 1 results, a second experiment was developed to determine the impact of lower processing temperatures on PEDV quantity and infectivity. In Exp. 2, PEDV-inoculated feed was pelleted at 1 of 5 conditioning temperatures (37.8, 46.1, 54.4, 62.8, and 71.1°C) for 30 s. The 5 increasing processing temperatures led to feed with respective mean Ct values of 32.5, 34.6, 37.0, 36.5, and 36.7, respectively. All samples had detectable PEDV RNA. However, infectivity was detected by bioassay only in pigs from the 37.8 and 46.1°C conditioning temperatures. Experiment 2 results suggest conditioning and pelleting temperatures above 54.4°C could be effective in reducing the quantity and infectivity of PEDV in swine feed. However, additional research is needed to prevent subsequent recontamination after pelleting as it is a point-in-time mitigation step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]