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Abstract: In different ways the watershed events of the 1707 Anglo‐Scottish Treaty of Union, the Jacobite rising of 1745, and Britain's agricultural revolution transformed Scottish political economy. These transitional moments were rooted in the British Atlantic empire's contiguous system of mercantile exchange and its commonwealth defence. Scottish nationalism changed under this far‐reaching shadow of empire. This article examines the ways in which the jurist and polymath Henry Homes, Lord Kames's political economy of husbandry attempted to reform an Enlightenment version of Scottish national identity as a safeguard against the uncertainties of the British empire. Gentlemen farmers led Lord Kames's agricultural Enlightenment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, Scots criminal law has been renowned for its flexibility and adaptability. One striking example of this characteristic is the so-called declaratory power: the power of Scotland's highest criminal court to declare conduct punishable in the absence of statutory authority or direct precedent. This article considers the origins and early use of the declaratory power in light of some of the questions that occupied key thinkers in Enlightenment Scotland to show how, in contrast to its contemporary opprobrium, the power might once have appeared unobjectionable. It then considers some more recent examples of judicial law making in Scots criminal law and suggests that this nuanced historical understanding casts them in a potentially more favourable light. Beyond their relevance to Scots law, these observations resonate with more general debates about the requirements of legality, legal authority, the limits of judicial discretion and the relationship between laws and the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the shift in the economic direction in the 20th century in Great Britain. Topics discussed include the divisive changes in economic direction, corporatist interventions to stimulate aggregate demand, the Conservative Party's adaptation to the post-1945 mixed economy, related elements of economic management that influenced changes in economic direction after 1979 and a case study of the Scottish coalfields to show the changes in economic direction in the 1940s and 1980s.

The study examines historic occupational lead poisoning (occupational plumbism) amongst the mining labour force at Tyndrum lead mine in the Scottish southern highlands in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries set against the backdrop of the wider national context. Traditional archival research is combined with environmental science to both identify incidence of poisoning and the historic health risk factors that were specific to the industry, particularly at the surface of the mine. Emphasis is placed upon employment practices, technology and wider social conditions such as diet and alcohol and the toxicity of the different compounds of lead (mineralogy) that the workers were exposed too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will describe social networks and the concepts of social network analysis. It will then move on to describe some of the uses social network analysis has been put to in historical research. This will be followed by a description of the People of Medieval Scotland database, which provides the data for this research. Finally, the social network analysis techniques used in this research will be described and the preliminary results that reveal findings that traditional historical methods had not will be discussed, including identifying an additional role played by Duncan II Earl of Fife, and using network density model for the diffusion of innovations to identify opinion leaders in medieval Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on archival research and oral history interviews, this article compares the characteristics of the relationships between police officers and communities in the Glasgow conurbation with those in the highlands and islands of Scotland in the period c. 1900-70. Rejecting the uniform or linear narrative suggested by existing historiography, it argues that these relationships were diverse, complex and shaped by local cultural, social and economic factors. By analysing the grassroots or everyday policing delivered by the urban beat officer and village constable, it reconstructs a social history of policing in twentieth-century Scotland. Moreover, the article identifies key constitutive elements that enabled or disrupted the forging of trust and legitimacy in Glasgow and the highlands in an era still associated by some with a 'golden age of policing'. The article focuses in particular on the capacity of discretion, 'insider' status and embeddedness within local settlements to deliver effective policing, enhancing conclusions about best practice that have been drawn from studies of more recently formalized 'community policing' initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the reception of the works by German dramatist August von Kotzebue (1761–1819) in Scotland during the Enlightenment. It considers references to Kotzebue in the writings of Scottish physicist John Robison, a founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and author of "Proofs of a Conspiracy," as well as novelist Walter Scott's essay for Encyclopedia Britannica "Essay on the Drama."

Michael Colliery in east Fife was the largest National Coal Board (NCB) unit in Scotland when it closed in 1967, following a disastrous fire which killed nine miners. The NCB, operating within the constraints of the Labour government's policy framework, decided not to invest in Michael's recovery, although this would have secured profitable production within five years and access to thirtyplus years of coal reserves. This outcome, which had major local economic implications, demonstrates that deindustrialization is a willed and highly politicized process. The Labour government ignored workforce entreaties to override the NCB's decision and invest to bring the pit back into production, but made significant localized adjustments to regional policy that within a year attracted a major employer to the area, the Distillers Company Limited. The article relates the closure to moral economy arguments about deindustrialization. It shows that coal closures in the 1960s, while actually more extensive than those of the 1980s, were managed very differently, with attention to the interests of the workers and communities affected, and an emphasis on cultivating alternative industrial employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented in which the author discusses what are identified as universal principles of resistance to colonialism among the indigenous peoples the Gaels and Native North Americans in the Scottish Highlands, known as a' Ghàidhealtachd, and the North American West. It examines the significance of storytellers in the perpetuation of mythology within indigenous societies, the social structures of Gaels and Native North Americans, and distinct environmental conditions. It also discusses Native American tribes and Scottish clans.

This article examines the extent and nature of hospital and almshouse provision in early modern Scotland. It suggests that in order to understand early modern poor relief more fully, more attention needs to be paid to the variety of possible sources of welfare, not all necessarily associated with Poor Laws and compulsory or statutory provision. Hospital provision was an important component of welfare, and indeed was closely related to the wider apparatus of relief. The article argues in particular that the Protestant Reformation of 1560 was an important factor in improving both the provision of funding for hospitals, and the effectiveness of their administration. Although it initially posed a potential threat to the network of late-medieval hospitals and caused some disruption, the Reformation's creation of a network of local church courts, and in particular the kirk session, was crucial to the operation of both surviving pre-Reformation hospitals and the new foundations which emerged in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The article also assesses the limitations of the church's achievements, and notes that rural areas enjoyed much less secure hospital provision. Finally, the article offers a case-study of life in Glasgow hospitals, moving beyond the institutional mechanisms involved in hospital fundraising and administration to explore the experiences of inmates themselves. Future studies of early modern poverty will need to take much greater account of hospitals' role in the ecology of relief, and of the church's ongoing role in welfare provision, narratives of secularisation notwithstanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present scholarly focus on Unionist-nationalism has obscured crucial features of late nineteenth-century Scottish political life. In a period of acute political crisis precipitated by the introduction of William Gladstone’s first Irish Home Rule bill, there emerged a movement for the restoration of an Edinburgh parliament. Led by the Scottish Home Rule Association, campaigners promoted a fundamental reassessment of Scotland’s post-1707 history, and argued that only a reinstated legislature could arrest a process of decay which they associated with the failures of a London-oriented Union. In setting out to demolish what we have come to understand as the Unionist-nationalist case, Home Rulers initially sought assistance from the Liberal party, which had been electorally dominant in Scotland since 1832. Their virulent attacks on the party, its organisational machinery and its leaders are far more illuminating for our understanding of how Liberalism operated after 1886 than has previously been understood. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the historiography, the law, and the practice of irregular marriage in Britain. It argues that there has been a confusion of terms in the historiography of irregular marriage that has served to obscure its meaning, pattern, and incidence. Using evidence from Scotland where irregular marriage continued to be legally valid until 1939 (with one form remaining legally valid until 2006), the article argues that despite its legally valid status, the interpretation of what constituted irregular marriage was extremely limited and that it served as a de facto or functional equivalent to civil marriage.In the formal legal sense Scotland had stood virtually alone amongst Western European countries in enshrining simple exchange of consent as sufficient basis for marriage. However, in practice Scotland was very similar to other countries in what was regarded as acceptable forms of contracting marriage and the same stigma was attached to informal or irregular unions that we see elsewhere. However, as elsewhere, the majority of people conformed to the legal rules and the legal paradigms of marriage, but equally there was no neat correspondence between legal codes and social practice with ordinary people adopting a more flexible definition of marriage than the official one. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the nature of Scottish urban ambition during the Enlightenment period, through assessing the pattern of public building construction in selected burghs against the general historiography of Georgian towns. Using principally Scottish burgh council minutes and contemporary publications, it studies the improvement agenda as the context for civic building, and questions whether it provided a discernible process and chronology for the construction activity. In reviewing the symbolic role of public buildings in particular, the article ponders whether there was indeed a British urban experience toward the end of the first century of parliamentary union. [1] It concludes that both in the historically different Scottish urbanism and the distinctive manner in which Scots burghs responded to improvement, the urban experience north and south of the border was significantly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the friendship between Huguenot poet Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas and King James VI of Scotland in the 16th century, and how their relationship affected Du Bartas popularity. The poet's diplomatic work for King Henri de Navarre of France is discussed, as well as his efforts to negotiate marriage between James and Henri's sister Catherine de Bourbon. Du Bartas route from France to Scotland is described, as well as his reputation in the court of Queen Elizabeth, and the author discusses the connection between diplomacy and English translations of French poetry.

The article discusses the use of dress, particularly the tartan, by Scottish Highland elites to portray the Highlands of Scotland as modern, economically developed and loyal to Great Britain from 1745 to 1815. The relationship between Scottish Highlanders' expression of cultural identity through material culture and Great Britain's political party the Whig Party is discussed. The Highland elites' use of dress, including to represent social hierarchy, social status, and the Highlands' relationship with British imperialism through the Highlands' putative martial culture, is also discussed.

Depopulation was an important issue affecting the lives of the inhabitants of rural Scotland in the inter-war years and throughout the twentieth century. Yet this has been a neglected area in the emergent historiography of rural Britain. Indeed, Scotland is rarely represented in studies of rural Britain in the twentieth century. Rural areas are similarly marginalized in the historiography of twentieth-century Scotland. By considering the role of women in addressing the problem of rural depopulation, specifically the Scottish Women's Rural Institutes, this article will therefore make a unique contribution to the historiography of rural Britain in terms of its gendered and geographical focus. The Scottish Women's Rural Institutes contributed to debates concerning the effects of depopulation on rural areas through its demands for improved housing. In its cooperation with government agencies in Scotland, and by giving evidence to relevant government commissions, the Scottish Women's Rural Institutes and its members were able to influence decision making relating to the provision and standard of housing in rural areas. By doing so this organization was able to satisfy its aim of attempting to improve the housing inhabited by its members and, related to this, prevent further rural depopulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Health services continue to be seen as significant settings for health improvement, and developments continue to be made in the nature of such work, means of optimal delivery and outcomes. This paper builds on previous work by reporting on activity in a series of sites within ‘NHS Health Scotland's (NHS HS)’ Health Promoting Health Service (HPHS) initiative. The objectives of the review were to: describe the achievements of HPHS sites, assess the degree of influence and embedding of the HPHS approach, review the support functions provided by ‘NHS HS' and identify the challenges to implementation and sustainability. The review identified a variety of activity associated with HPHS, ranging from a topic focused/behaviour change approach to efforts to re-orientate organizational features. The role that NHS HS played in developing settings capacity was largely endorsed, and there was, despite the existence of some barriers, evidence that HPHS was being successfully embedded within health service organizational policies and procedures. In particular, the role of a national level strategic guidance document to NHS CEOs [‘Chief Executive Letter (14)'] is noted as having been significant in creating a conducive context for HPHS. In this context, the paper concludes by reflecting more broadly on the current status of settings-based health improvement and suggests that on the basis of this review there should be optimism in pursuing a relatively expansive vision of health improvement in this particular setting and potentially others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on analysis of a sample of around twenty towns of different size and character, and distributed across the country, this article examines the role and place of enlightenment in the provincial Scottish town during the later Georgian period. In so doing, it questions a series of assumptions commonly made in recent writing about Georgian towns in Britain about an almost symbiotic relationship between commerce, enlightenment, and politeness. However illuminating it might be for England, such a model has very limited validity for Scottish towns. The bulk of the article, however, investigates how far there was an urban dynamic behind the spread of enlightenment values and culture in Scottish society in this period, how best to conceive of this dynamic, and how powerfully and among whom it operated. Using evidence of lists of subscribers to libraries, private book collections as revealed in inventories of moveable estates compiled at death, and the business records of a provincial bookseller, an attempt is made to map more extensively than hitherto the social and geographical boundaries of enlightenment culture in urban Scotland in this period. A further theme is the growth of what can be termed a popular enlightenment, a development closely linked to the impact of the French Revolution and associated germination of a radical politics among the Scottish labouring classes. The article is thus designed to deepen understanding of a crucial phase in modern Scottish urbanization, but also the reception in British society of enlightenment ideas and values. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The post-devolution settlement in 1999 created the environment for major national policy and legislative reform across all dimensions of Scottish life. This paper seeks to understand better the place of child and family-oriented social work in post-devolution Scotland. Scottish social work policy in general and children's services policy in particular are analysed to consider where policy makers appear to locate social work resources. An alternative reading of these post-devolution policies suggests that a policy ‘effect’ is being produced that appears to lock social work out of early intervention and prevention. Ambiguities and hidden elements reveal an identity for social work in policy that primarily aligns it with control functions where balancing care and control and the use of involuntary measures is to the fore—the ‘hard cases’. This analysis points to the importance of social work taking a critical distance to policy formation and what it may mean for its identity and contribution to meeting the needs of the most vulnerable children growing up in Scotland today. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The rebellion against Charles I that began in Scotland in 1637 became the catalyst for a series of wars that spanned his British dominions.This article will show that the civil wars of the mid seventeenth century created the conditions for a fiscal revolution in Scotland. A preliminary analysis of the central and local government structures that enabled superior resource extraction suggests that the sixteen-forties was a period of accelerated development in the formation of the Scottish state. Although the parliamentary regime governing the country from 1638 did not survive the English invasion of 1650–1, its financial innovations would influence subsequent regimes for the rest of the century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased medical involvement in maternal welfare has been linked with the introduction of local authority administered schemes associated with government concern for women's health that reached a peak during the First World War. Although local studies have noted the work of philanthropic groups, the implication has been that their contribution to the medicalisation of childbirth was small. This article uses analysis of the personal health records of users of Edinburgh's maternity charities to argue that the process of medicalisation was begun by these charities, and preceded the introduction of the Edinburgh Maternity and Child Welfare Scheme in 1917. However, whilst it is argued that initially the Scheme had limited impact, the article concludes that its funding and stability offered the opportunity for more dynamic management of abnormal pregnancies. Thus this encouraged a gradual shift in attitude to birth from an essentially physiological event to a potentially pathological incident. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

John Dudgeon, a Scottish physician practising medicine in China in the second half of the nineteenth century, wrote extensively on the diet, dress, housing and social customs of the Chinese and their implications for health. While Dudgeon's contemporaries were highly critical of Chinese sanitary conditions and personal hygiene, he argued that China's lifestyle and urban conditions were superior to those in Europe. Dudgeon's observations in China, combined with his views on deteriorating economic conditions and heightened social tensions in Scotland, resulted in his critical reflections on British metropolitan culture and lifestyle. His admiration of Chinese hygiene and his conception of the diseases of civilisation were closely connected to his nostalgic vision of a paternalistic society. It is the contention of this paper that Dudgeon's eccentric medical ideas manifested the interplay between metropolitan medical theories and the overseas experiences of a British physician in China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author replies to criticism of his article "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity," which appeared in the November 2005 issue of the journal. He discusses the actions of British king Charles I in the 17th century as they related to political issues in Scotland. The author addresses criticism concerning the perceived failures of accessibility on the part of Charles I and the alleged poor performances of local administrators during his reign. The article also discusses Charles I's act of revocation and the actions of the Scottish parliament.

The author discusses the article "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity," by Mark Kishlansky, which appeared in the November 2005 issue of "Past and Present." It examines Charles's treatment of the Scots during his revocation of 1625, the "Scottish Prayer Book" released in 1637, and assesses the Scottish policies of Charles as compared to his father's reign. The author states that Charles's revocation was closer in scope than other historians have argued and that Kishlansky introduces the prospect of a reappraisal of comparisons between Charles and his father.

This paper identifies 'key moments' over a forty-year period of the history of Scottish social work, from the publication of Social Work and the Community in 1966 to the outcome of the 21st Century Review contained in Changing Lives of 2006. A recurring theme is the Scottish dimension, for social work in Scotland needs to be understood as distinct in many important respects from social work elsewhere in the UK. The paper traces the evolution of a vision - of a unified profession promoting social equality - underlying Social Work and the Community, arguing that its redefinition in Changing Lives represents both a departure from the earlier, radical aspirations and an opportunity for Scottish social workers to re-examine the question of professionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historiography of Scottish poor relief from the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth century conventionally portrays it as an undeveloped version of the English system. It assumes that the lack of structured care based on rating (that was the foundation of the English model) equates to parsimony. By focusing on limited entitlements and debates on disablement, historians have studied exclusion more than provision. This article gives a different emphasis on poor relief in Scotland through a study of a particular group of the deserving poor. Offering a general discussion illuminated by detailed case studies, its aim is to locate dangerous insane paupers within the structures of Scottish poor relief and to assess how distinctively they were treated compared with the merely poor. It also outlines change over time in the legal parameters governing pauper lunatics and particularly the changes in law and practice during the 1800s and 1810s. Finally, it seeks to demonstrate the strength of the commitment to caring for the insane as an element of the deserving poor and to show how a system based more on casual charity than that of England could nevertheless be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the cultural misinterpretations that followed from the Scottish nobles’ fondness for adopting the title and martial appearance of castles for their Renaissance country seats. It examines the distortions and misunderstandings that led to the continuing presumption that Scotland did not participate in the European architectural Renaissance. Using contemporary sources, the buildings themselves and recent research, it offers a cultural explanation for the seemingly martial nature of Scottish architecture in terms of expressing rank and lineage, and proclaiming political allegiance. It suggests that a reinterpretation of such buildings as self-sustaining country seats can offer much to other social and cultural aspects of British history of that period. It concludes by suggesting that the architecture of the late seventeenth century, far from indicating a classicization or assimilation with England, represented the apogee of a confident national architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Scottish Cervical Screening Programme currently offers three‐yearly screening to all women between the ages of 20 and 60. However, previous studies have indicated that well‐screened women over the age of 50 are likely to be at low risk of cervical neoplasia. This study aimed to explore the implications of discharging these women from screening in a typical area of Scotland [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reports on the essence of the 2001 general election in Scotland in the country's contemporary political history. It states that the said election was held after the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999 and adopted the Additional Member System wherein no single party obtained an overall majority and seats were distributed between the four main political parties in Scotland which include the Scottish National Party, Labour, Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. It mentions the comparison between the 1997 election where the people in Scotland used their votes in operating the different electoral systems and in splitting the votes between the two parties.

The records of parliament are basic sources for Scottish historians. The statutes themselves illuminate politics and government policy; the attendance lists too are useful for political history. However, the records for much of this period are incomplete, even fragmentary. This article analyses the editorial approach of the published Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, and identifies further material not found in it. Not only are there additional statutes and attendance lists, but also additional parliaments. In particular, a contemporary list of the acts of the Reformation Parliament (1560) is fully discussed and evaluated for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the recovery of St. Andrews Castle by the French in 1547 and its restitution to the government of Scotland. Murder of St. Andrews Archbishop David Beaton; Repercussions and recriminations of the recovery; Background on the Scottish government's attempts to raise siege; Implications of the event on France's naval policy and diplomacy.

Discusses the origins and development of dermatology in Glasgow, Scotland. Nature of vesicular disease; Educational background and contributions of physician Thomas McCall Anderson in he field of dermatology; History background of the organization of Glasgow Skin Dispensary by A. B. Buchanan; Early proliferation of dermatologists.

Studies the social conditions of women, work and collective action of jute workers in Dundee, Scotland between the years 1870 to 1906. Debates and literature on work, community and family; Impact of gender and family ideologies on the form of the women's worker resistance; Consideration of trade unionism as encompassing all collectivist tendencies.