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Background Clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) were in early development when fieldwork took place. Public Health (PH) was moving into the local authority, and new ways of working were being established. Methods Three qualitative case studies in the North of England were undertaken using three different data collection methods: observations, interviews and the collection of documents that were related to the project. Comprehensive field notes were taken during observations, analysed alongside interview transcriptions and collected documentation using the software programme Atlas.ti. Results The relationship between the CCG and their local PH team was in development at the time of data collection. Three different PH roles could be discerned from the data: 'co-owner', 'service provider' and 'critical friend'. These roles impacted on the utilization of PH by CCGs and the wider relationship between the CCG and PH. Conclusions These models are 'ideal types', and in reality the CCG-PH relationship in most areas will contain elements of all three models. However, to think of them as set out in this paper is instructive for both CCGs and PH. It is important that CCGs and their PH colleagues to think clearly about what they are trying to achieve and how that can most effectively work together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the methodological approaches and challenges associated with tracing and contacting former social welfare service users in the course of long-term outcome research. Historical case file data were analysed on 117 ‘hard to reach’ children and young people identified as having behavioural problems, including sexual behavioural problems. Various publicly available internet and social network resources were used to try and trace these individuals in adulthood, at least a decade after the identification of their behaviour problems in childhood. Using these approaches, it was possible to locate individuals in 69 per cent of cases. The use of social network sites, such as Facebook, in social research is discussed, together with an appraisal of the practicalities and ethics of such approaches. The implications for social work practice more generally of the emergence of new technologies for tracing and maintaining contact with service users are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background Identifying ethnic inequalities in health requires data with sufficiently 'granular' (fine detailed) classifications of ethnicity to capture sub-group variation in healthcare use, risk factors and health behaviors. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), in the USA, commissioned us to explore granular approaches to ethnicity data collection outside of the USA, commencing with the European Union. Methods We examined official data sources (population censuses/registers) within the EU-28 to determine the granularity of their approach to ethnicity. When ethnic information was not available, related variables were sought (e.g. country of birth). Results Within the EU-28, we found 55% of countries collected data on ethnicity. However, only 26% of these countries (England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) had a granular approach, with half of these being within the UK. Estonia, Lithuania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Republic of Cyprus and Slovenia collected one to six categories. A 'write-in' option only was found in Latvia, Romania and the Czech Republic. Forty-five percent of countries did not collect ethnicity data but collected other related variables. Conclusions (i) Although there is reasonable attention to the diversity of ethnic groups in data collection, a granular approach does not predominate within EU-28 classifications. (ii) Where ethnicity is collected, it is conceptualized in different ways and diverse terminology is used. (iii) A write-in option provides the most granular approach. (iv) Almost half of the countries did not collect data on ethnicity, but did collect related variables that could be used as a proxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Community pharmacies are now commissioned nationally in England to provide a seasonal influenza vaccination service. However, there is little evidence about the effectiveness of a pharmacy-based immunization service in improving uptake. Methods The Donabedian framework was used to evaluate a community pharmacy service in the West Midlands from a commissioning perspective. A mixed methods approach was adopted, including provider and patient surveys, data from the national influenza vaccination returns and an electronic pharmacy data recording system. Results Patient satisfaction with the service was high. There was no increase in uptake rates. Impact on reaching new patients was limited. The service had an appropriate information system to record activity. Promotion and signposting for the service was weak. Poor engagement with stakeholders led to dissatisfaction and General Practitioner complaints. Commissioners responded to emerging issues to ensure the pharmacies’ set up was compliant with the Service Level Agreement. Conclusions Improvements in convenience and choice for patients did not result in an increase in uptake rates. With a national pharmacy influenza programme, local arrangements to optimize the service may be limited. Clear arrangements for activity transfer and recording, partnership working and a good communications strategy are crucial in achieving a positive outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Widespread testing for chlamydia is expected to result in a reduction in prevalence. In 2008, coverage indicators introduced by the Department of Health (DH) required collection and submission of all tests performed outside of genitourinary medicine clinics. No mechanism existed to collect community-based tests conducted outside of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme. The Health Protection Agency Regional Epidemiology Unit in the East of England (EoE) set up a new system to routinely collect and submit these tests on behalf of the regional Primary Care Organizations (PCOs). Methods Testing data were requested from all laboratories commissioned to undertake chlamydia testing by EoE PCOs. Data were imported into a bespoke Structured Query Language server database and automated data processing routines were run. Data fulfilling national criteria were submitted for inclusion in the DH indicators. Results High-quality data were submitted to set deadlines with minimum impact on laboratories. Completeness of data variables varied by laboratory and by variable type. After complex data processing, 96% of laboratory reported tests in the 15–24 year age range were eligible for submission. Conclusions This centralized method of data collection provides high-quality data, allowing for further analysis, which can be used to inform improvements in health care. These methods could be transferred to any of the hundreds of organisms for which similar laboratory data exist. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]